40

Introduction to Quantum Physics

CHAPTER OUTLINE

40.1 Blackbody Radiation and Plancks Hypothesis

40.2 The Photoelectric Effect
40.3 The Compton Effect
40.4 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
40.5 The Wave Properties of Particles
40.6 A New Model: The Quantum Particle
40.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited
40.8 The Uncertainty Principle

* An asterisk indicates a question or problem item new to this edition.

ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

OQ40.1 The ranking is d > a = e > b > c. The wavelength is described by

= h/p in all cases. For photons, the momentum is given by p = E/c,
so (a) is the same as (e), and (d) has a wavelength ten times larger.
For the particles with mass, pc = (E2 m2c4)1/2 = ([K + mc2]2 m2c4)1/2
= (K2 + 2Kmc2)1/2. Thus a particle with larger mass has more
momentum for the same kinetic energy, and a shorter wavelength.
OQ40.2 Answer (a). The x-ray photon transfers some of its energy to the
electron. Thus, its frequency must decrease.
OQ40.3 Answer (b). In Compton scattering, a photon of energy E = hf = hc/
is scattered from an electron at rest. The scattering sets the electron
into motion: the electron gains kinetic energy, so the photon loses
energy. Because the photon has less energy, its frequency is smaller
than E/h and its wavelength is larger than hc/E.

895
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 896 Introduction to Quantum Physics

OQ40.4 (i) Answer (d). Because P = IV, the power input to the filament has
increased by 8 2 = 16 times. The filament radiates this greater
power according to Stefans law, so its absolute temperature is
higher by the fourth root of 16: it is two times higher.
(ii) Answer (d). By Wiens displacement law, the wavelength
emitted with the highest intensity is inversely proportional the
temperature: the temperature is twice as large, so the
wavelength is half as large.
OQ40.5 Answer (a) and (c). One form of Heisenbergs uncertainty relation is
x px 2 , which says that one cannot determine both the
position and momentum of a particle with arbitrary accuracy.
Another form of this relation is E t 2 , which sets a limit on
how accurately the energy can be determined in a finite time interval.
OQ40.6 Answer: (a). The stopping potential is 1.00 V, so the maximum
kinetic energy is 1.00 eV. From Equation 40.9,
K max = hf = hc
hc 1240 eV nm
= = = 354 nm
+ K max ( 2.50 eV + 1.00 eV )
OQ40.7 Answer (c). UV light has the highest frequency of the three, and hence
each photon delivers more energy to a skin cell. This explains why
you can become sunburned on a cloudy day: clouds block visible light
and infrared, but not much ultraviolet. You usually do not become
sunburned through window glass, even though you can see the visible
light from the Sun coming through the window, because the glass
absorbs much of the ultraviolet and reemits it as infrared.
OQ40.8 Answer (d). Electron diffraction by crystals, first detected by the
Davisson-Germer experiment in 1927, confirmed de Broglies
hypothesis and, of the listed choices, most clearly demonstrates the
wave nature of electrons.
OQ40.9 Answer (c). We obtain the momentum of the electron from
1 p2
K= mu2 = = eV p = 2meV
2 2m
The de Broglie wavelength is then
h h
= =
p 2meV
6.626 1034 J s
=
2 ( 9.11 1031 kg ) ( 1.60 1019 C )( 50.0 V )
= 1.74 1010 m = 0.174 nm

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 Chapter 40 897

OQ40.10 The ranking is: electron, proton, helium nucleus. The comparative
masses of the particles of interest are mp 1840 me and mHe 4mp .
Assuming each particle is classical, its wavelength is inversely
proportional to its mass: = h/p = h/mv.
OQ40.11 (i) (a) and (c). Electrons and protons possess mass, therefore they
have rest energy ER = mc2. Photons do not have rest energy
they are never at rest.
(ii) (a) and (c). The electron and the proton have charges e and +e,
respectively; the photon has no charge.
(iii) (a), (b), and (c). The electron and proton carry energy
E = p 2 c 2 + ( mc 2 ) = K + mc 2 ; the photon carries energy E = hf.
2

(iv) (a), (b), and (c). The electron and proton carry momentum
p = mu, the photon carries momentum p = E/c, where E is its
energy.
(v) Answer (b). Because it is light.
(vi) (a), (b), and (c). Each has the same de Broglie wavelength
= h/p.
1 p2
OQ40.12 Answer (a). If we set K = mu2 = = eV, which is the same for
2 2m
both particles, then we see that the momentum is p = 2meV , so
the electron has the smaller momentum and therefore the longer
h h
wavelength = = .
p 2meV
OQ40.13 Answer (b). Diffraction, polarization, interference, and refraction are
all processes associated with waves. However, to understand the
photoelectric effect, we must think of the energy transmitted as light
coming in discrete packets, or quanta, called photons. Thus, the
photoelectric effect most clearly demonstrates the particle nature of
light.
OQ40.14 Answer (c). For the same uncertainty in speed, the particle with the
smaller mass has the smaller uncertainty in momentum, px = mvx ,

thus greater uncertainty in its position: x = . The
2px 2 mvx
mass of the electron is smaller than that of the proton, thus its
minimum possible uncertainty in position is greater than that of the
proton.

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 898 Introduction to Quantum Physics

ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

CQ40.1 In general, a turn of wire receives energy by two energy transfer

mechanisms: (1) electrical transmission and (2) absorption of
electromagnetic radiation from neighboring turns. Each turn of wire
emits radiation similar to blackbody radiation. For most turns, the
electromagnetic radiation absorbed comes from two neighbors. The
turns on the end, however, have only one neighbor so they receive
less energy input by electromagnetic radiation than the others. As a
result, they operate at a lower temperature and do not glow as
brightly.
CQ40.2 The Compton effect describes the scattering of photons from
electrons, while the photoelectric effect predicts the ejection of
electrons due to the absorption of photons by a material.
CQ40.3 Any object of macroscopic sizeincluding a grain of dusthas an
undetectably small wavelength, so any diffraction effects it might
exhibit are very small, effectively undetectable. Recall historically
how the diffraction of sound waves was at one time well known, but
the diffraction of light was not.
CQ40.4 No. The second metal may have a larger work function than the first,
in which case the incident photons may not have enough energy to
eject photoelectrons.
CQ40.5 The stopping potential measures the kinetic energy of the most
energetic photoelectrons. Each of them has gotten its energy from a
single photon. According to Plancks E = hf, the photon energy
depends on the frequency of the light. The intensity controls only the
number of photons reaching a unit area in a unit time.
CQ40.6 Wave theory predicts that the photoelectric effect should occur at any
frequency, provided the light intensity is high enough, or provided
that the light shines on the surface for a sufficient time interval so
that enough energy is delivered to the surface to eject electrons.
However, as seen in the photoelectric experiments, the light must
have a sufficiently high frequency for the effect to occur, and that
electrons are either ejected almost immediately (less than 109 seconds
after the surface is illuminated) or not at all, regardless of the
intensity.
CQ40.7 Ultraviolet light has shorter wavelength and higher photon energy
than any wavelength of visible light.

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 Chapter 40 899

CQ40.8 Our eyes are not able to detect all frequencies of electromagnetic
waves. For example, all objects that are above 0 K in temperature
emit electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region. This describes
everything in a dark room. We are only able to see objects that emit or
reflect electromagnetic radiation in the visible portion of the
spectrum.
CQ40.9 An electron has both classical-wave and classical-particle
characteristics. In single- and double-slit diffraction and interference
experiments, electrons behave like classical waves. An electron has
mass and charge. It carries kinetic energy and momentum in parcels
of definite size, as classical particles do. At the same time it has a
particular wavelength and frequency. Since an electron displays
characteristics of both classical waves and classical particles, it is
neither a classical wave nor a classical particle. It is customary to call
it a quantum particle, but another invented term, such as wavicle,
could serve equally well.
CQ40.10 A photon can interact with the photographic film at only one point.
A few photons would only give a few dots of exposure, apparently
randomly scattered.
1
CQ40.11 The wavelength of violet light is on the order of m, while the de
2
Broglie wavelength of an electron can be 4 orders of magnitude
smaller. The resolution is better (recall Rayleighs criterion) because
the diffraction effects are smaller.
CQ40.12 Light has both classical-wave and classical-particle characteristics. In
single- and double-slit experiments light behaves like a wave. In the
photoelectric effect light behaves like a particle. Light may be
characterized as an electromagnetic wave with a particular
wavelength or frequency, yet at the same time light may be
characterized as a stream of photons, each carrying a discrete energy,
hf. Since light displays both wave and particle characteristics, perhaps
it would be fair to call light a wavicle. It is customary to call a
photon a quantum particle, different from a classical particle.
CQ40.13 Comparing Equation 40.9 with the slope-intercept form of the
equation for a straight line, y = mx + b, we see
(a) that the slope in Figure 40.11 in the text is Plancks constant h
and
(b) that the y intercept is , the negative of the work function.
(c) If a different metal were used, the slope would remain the same
but the work function would be different. Thus, data for
different metals appear as parallel lines on the graph.

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 900 Introduction to Quantum Physics

CQ40.14 The discovery of electron diffraction by Davisson and Germer was a

fundamental advance in our understanding of the motion of material
particles. Newtons laws fail to properly describe the motion of an
object with small mass. It moves as a wave, not as a classical particle.
Proceeding from this recognition, the development of quantum
mechanics made possible describing the motion of electrons in
atoms; understanding molecular structure and the behavior of matter
at the atomic scale, including electronics, photonics, and engineered
materials; accounting for the motion of nucleons in nuclei; and
studying elementary particles.
CQ40.15 The spacing between repeating structures on the surface of the
feathers or scales is on the order of 1/2 the wavelength of light. An
optical microscope would not have the resolution to see such fine
detail, while an electron microscope can. The electrons can have
much shorter wavelength.
CQ40.16 The intensity of electron waves in some small region of space
determines the probability that an electron will be found in that
region.
CQ40.17 The first flaw is that the RayleighJeans law predicts that the
intensity of short wavelength radiation emitted by a black body
approaches infinity as the wavelength decreases. This is known as
the ultraviolet catastrophe. The second flaw is the prediction of much
more power output from a black body than is shown experimentally.
The intensity of radiation from the black body is given by the area
under the red I (, T) vs. curve in Figure 40.5 in the text, not by the
area under the blue curve.
Plancks Law dealt with both of these issues and brought the theory
into agreement with the experimental data by adding an exponential
term to the denominator that depends on 1/. This keeps both the
predicted intensity from approaching infinity as the wavelength
decreases and the area under the curve finite.

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 Chapter 40 901

SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

Section 40.1 Blackbody Radiation and Plancks Hypothesis

P40.1 The absolute temperature of the heating element is
T = 150C + 273 = 423 K
The peak wavelength is, from Equation 40.2,
maxT = 2.898 103 m K

2.898 103 m K 2.898 103 m K

max = = = 6.85 106 m
T 423 K
or 6.85 m, which is in the infrared region of the spectrum.
P40.2 (a) From Equation 40.2,
2.898 103 m K
max = = 999 nm
2900 K
(b) The wavelength emitted at the greatest intensity is in the infrared
(greater than 700 nm), and according to the graph in Active
Figure 40.3, much more energy is radiated at wavelengths longer
than max than at shorter wavelengths.
P40.3 (a) For lightning,
2.898 103 m K 2.898 103 m K
max = ~ 4
~ 107 m
T 10 K
For the explosion,
2.898 103 m K
max ~ 7
~ 1010 m
10 K
(b) Lightning: ultraviolet; explosion: x-ray and gamma ray
P40.4 (a) The peak radiation occurs at approximately 560 nm wavelength.
From Wiens displacement law,
0.289 8 102 m K 0.289 8 102 m K
T= = 5200 K
max 560 109 m
(b) Clearly, a firefly is not at this temperature, so
this is not blackbody radiation .

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 902 Introduction to Quantum Physics

P40.5 The energy of a single 500-nm photon is:

hc ( 6.626 10 J s ) ( 3.00 10 m/s )

34 8

E = hf = =
500 109 m
= 3.98 1019 J
The energy entering the eye each second
E = Pt = IAt

= ( 4.00 1011 W/m 2 ) ( 8.50 103 m ) ( 1.00 s )
2

4
15
= 2.27 10 J
The number of photons required to yield this energy is
E 2.27 1015 J
n= = = 5.71 103 photons
E 3.98 1019 J/photon
P40.6 (i) Plancks equation is E = hf. The photon energies are:
1.00 eV
(a) E = hf = ( 6.626 1034 J s ) ( 620 1012 s 1 )
1.60 1019 J
= 2.57 eV

1.00 eV
(b) E = hf = ( 6.626 1034 J s ) ( 3.10 109 s 1 )
1.60 1019 J
= 1.28 105 eV

1.00 eV
(c) E = hf = ( 6.626 1034 J s ) ( 46.0 106 s 1 )
1.60 1019 J
= 1.91 107 eV
(ii) Wavelengths:
c 3.00 108 m/s
(a) = = = 4.84 107 m = 484 nm
f 620 10 Hz
12

c 3.00 108 m/s

(b) = = = 9.68 102 m = 9.68 cm
f 3.10 10 Hz
9

c 3.00 108 m/s

(c) = = = 6.52 m
f 46.0 106 Hz

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 Chapter 40 903

(iii) Part of spectrum:

(a) visible light ( blue )

(b) radio wave

(c) radio wave

P40.7 From Wiens displacement law,
2.898 103 m K 2.898 103 m K
2.99 10 K
3
(a) T= = 9
max 970 10 m

2.898 103 m K 2.898 103 m K

(b) T= = 2.00 10 4 K
max 145 109 m
P40.8 Each photon has an energy
E = hf = ( 6.626 1034 ) ( 99.7 106 ) = 6.61 1026 J
This implies that there are
150 103 J/s
26
= 2.27 1030 photons/s
6.61 10 J/photon
P40.9 From Equation 40.2, Wiens displacement law,
2.898 103 m K
T= = 5.18 103 K
560 109 m
P40.10 (a) From Stefans law (Equation 40.1), P = eA T 4 . If the sun emits as
a black body, e = 1.
14
P
T=
eA
14

3.85 1026 W
=
4
1 4 ( 6.96 10 m ) ( 5.67 10 W/m K )
8 2
8 2

= 5.78 103 K

2.898 103 m K 2.898 103 m K

(b) max = =
T 5.78 103 K
= 5.01 107 m = 501 nm

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 904 Introduction to Quantum Physics

P40.11 Plancks radiation law, Equation 40.6, gives the intensity-per-

wavelength (W/m2-wavelength). Because the range of the wavelengths
is small, we treat the wavelength as the average = ( 1 + 2 ) 2 . Taking
E to be the average photon energy and n to be the number of photons
emitted each second, we multiply by area and wavelength range to
have energy-per-time leaving the hole:

P = I( ,T) A
2 hc 2
=
2hc ( + )k T
( 2 1 ) ( d 2 ) 2

( 1 + 2 ) 2 e 1 2 B 1
5

= En = nhf
hc 2hc
where E hf =
1 + 2
Solving for n,

P 8 2 cd 2 ( 2 1 )
n= =
E
( 1 + 2 )4 e ( 1 2 ) B 1
2hc + k T

Substituting numerical values and suppressing units,

8 2 ( 3.00 108 m/s ) ( 0.050 0 103 m ) ( 1.00 109 m )

2

n=
2( 6.626 1034 )( 3.00 108 )
( 1 001 109 )( 1.38 1023 )( 7.50 103 )
(1 001 10 m ) e 1
9 4

5.90 1016 s
n= = 1.30 1015 s
( e 1)
3.84

P40.12 (a) From Stefans law,

P = eA T 4
= 1( 20.0 104 m 2 ) ( 5.67 108 W/m 2 K 4 ) ( 5 000 K )
4

= 7.09 10 4 W
(b) From Wiens displacement law,
maxT = max ( 5 000 K ) = 2.898 103 m K max = 580 nm

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 Chapter 40 905

(c) We compute:

hc ( 6.626 10 J s ) ( 3.00 10 m/s )

34 8

= = 2.88 106 m
k BT (1.38 10 J/K )( 5 000 K )
23

The power per wavelength interval is

2 hc 2 A
P ( ) = AI ( ) = ,
5 exp ( hc kBT ) 1
and

2 hc 2 A = 2 ( 6.626 1034 J s ) ( 3.00 108 m/s ) ( 20.0 104 m 2 )

2

= 7.50 1019 J m 4 /s
7.50 1019 J m 4 /s
P ( 580 nm ) =
( 580 10 m ) exp ( 2.88 m 0.580 m ) 1
9 5

1.15 1013 J/m s

=
e 4.973 1
= 7.99 10 W/m
10

(d)(i) The other values are computed similarly:

hc 2 hc 2 A
e hc kBT 1 P ( ), W/m
kBT 5
(d) 1.00 nm 2882.6 7.96 101251 7.50 1026 9.42 101226
(e) 5.00 nm 576.5 2.40 10250 2.40 1023 1.00 10227
(f) 400 nm 7.21 1347 7.32 1013 5.44 1010
(g) 700 nm 4.12 60.4 4.46 1012 7.38 1010
(h) 1.00 mm 0.00288 0.00289 7.50 104 0.260
(i) 10.0 cm 2.88 105 2.88 105 7.50 1014 2.60 109

(j) We approximate the area under the P () versus curve, between

400 nm and 700 nm, as the product of the average power per
wavelength times the range of wavelength:

( )
P = P
( 5.44 + 7.38 ) 1010 W/m
= ( 700 400 ) 109 m
2
= 1.92 10 4 W 19 kW

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 906 Introduction to Quantum Physics

P40.13 (a) The mass of the sphere is

4 4 3
m = V = r 3 = ( 7.86 103 kg/m 3 ) ( 0.0200 m )
3 3
= 0.263 kg

(b) From Stefans law,

P = AeT 4 = ( 4 r 2 ) eT 4

P = ( 5.67 108 W/m 2 K 4 ) 4 ( 0.0200 m ) ( 0.860 ) ( 293 K )

2 4

= 1.81 W
(c) It emits but does not absorb radiation, so its temperature must
drop according to
dT f
Q = mcT = mc T f Ti ( )
dQ
dt
= mc
dt
dT f dQ dt P
= =
dt mc mc
1.81 J/s
=
( 0.263 kg )( 448 J/kg C)
= 0.015 3 C / s = 0.919 C / min

(d) maxT = 2.898 103 m K

2.898 103 m K
max = = 9.89 106 m = 9.89 m (infrared)
293 K
hc ( 6.626 10 J s ) ( 3.00 10 m/s )
34 8

(e) E = hf = = 6
= 2.01 1020 J
9.89 10 m
(f) The energy output each second is carried by photons according to
N
P= E
t
N P 1.81 J/s
= = = 8.98 1019 photon/s
t E 2.01 1020 J/photon
Matter is coupled to radiation quite strongly, in terms of photon
numbers.

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 Chapter 40 907

P40.14 Plancks radiation law is

2 hc 2
I ( , T ) = 5 hc k T
( )
.
e B 1
For long wavelengths, the exponent hc kBT is small. Using the series
expansion
x2 x3
e = 1+ x +
x
+ +
2! 3!
Plancks law reduces to
2 hc 2 2 hc 2 2 ckBT
I (, T ) = =
( 1 + hc kBT +) 1 ( hc kBT )
5 5
4
which is the RayleighJeans law, for very long wavelengths.
P40.15 From the figure, at maximum horizontal displacement x, the bob is at
height h = L L2 x 2 . Then the pendulums total energy is

E = mgh = mg L L2 x 2( )
E = ( 1.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) 1.00 m ( (1.00 m )2 ( 0.0300 m )2 )
= 4.41 103 J

ANS. FIG. P40.15

The frequency of oscillation is

1 g 1 9.80 m/s 2
f = = = = 0.498 Hz
2 2 L 2 1.00 m
The energy is quantized:
E = nhf
Therefore,
E 4.41 103 J
n= =
hf ( 6.626 1034 J s ) ( 0.498 s 1 )

= 1.34 1031

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 908 Introduction to Quantum Physics

*P40.16 (a) The physical length of the pulse is

= vt = ( 3.00 108 m s ) ( 14.0 1012 s ) = 4.20 mm

(b) We find the number of photons from

hc ( 6.626 10 J s ) ( 3.00 10 m/s )
34 8
E= = 9
= 2.86 1019 J
694.3 10 m
Then,
3.00 J
N= = 1.05 1019 photons
2.86 1019 J
(c) The volume of the beam is
V = ( 4.20 mm ) ( 3.00 mm )2 = 119 mm 3

The number of photons per cubic millimeter is

1.05 1019 photons
n= = 8.82 1016 mm 3
119 mm 3

Section 40.2 The Photoelectric Effect

*P40.17 (a) The cutoff wavelength is given by Equation 40.12:
hc ( 6.626 1034 J s ) ( 2.998 108 m s )
c = = = 295 nm
( 4.20 eV ) ( 1.602 1019 J eV )

which corresponds to a frequency of

c 2.998 108 m s
fc = = = 1.02 1015 Hz
c 295 109 m
hc
(b) We find the stopping potential from = + eVS :

(6.626 1034 )( 2.998 108 ) = ( 4.20 eV ) 1.602 1019
9 ( J eV )
180 10
+ ( 1.602 1019 ) VS

Therefore, VS = 2.69 V .

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 Chapter 40 909

P40.18 (a) At the cutoff wavelength, the energy of the photons is equal to the
work function (Kmax = 0):
hc hc 1 240 nm eV
= = = = 288 nm
4.31 eV
(b) This is the cutoff frequency:
c 3.00 108 m/s
f = = 9
= 1.04 1015 Hz
288 10 m
(c) The maximum kinetic energy is the difference between the energy
of the photons and the work function:
K max = E = 5.50 eV 4.31 eV = 1.19 eV

P40.19 (a) Einsteins photoelectric effect equation is Kmax = hf and the

energy required to raise an electron through a 1-V potential is 1
eV, so that
K max = eVs = 0.376 eV
The energy of a photon from the mercury lamp is:
hc (6.626 1034 J s)(2.998 108 m/s) 1 eV
hf = =
546.1 10 m9
1.602 10 J
19

1240 eV nm
= = 2.27 eV
546.1 nm
Therefore, the work function for this metal is:
= hf K max = 2.27eV 0.376eV = 1.89eV

(b) For the yellow light, = 587.5 nm and the photon energy is
hc 1240 eV nm
hf = = = 2.11eV
587.5nm
Therefore the maximum energy that can be given to an ejected
electron is
K max = hf = 2.11eV 1.89eV = 0.216eV
so the stopping voltage is
Vs = 0.216 V
P40.20 (a) The energy of a photon with a wavelength of 400 nm is

hc ( 6.63 10 J s ) ( 3.00 10 m/s )

34 8
1 eV
E= = 9 19
400 10 m 1.60 10 J
= 3.11 eV

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 910 Introduction to Quantum Physics

The energy of a photon with wavelength 400 nm is calculated

to be 3.11 eV. Now compare this energy with the given work
functions. Of these metals, only lithium shows the photoelectric
effect because its work function is less than the energy of the
photon.

(b) For lithium,

K max = E

=
(6.63 10 34
J s ) ( 3.00 108 m/s ) 1 eV
400 10 m 9 19
1.60 10 J
2.30 eV
= 0.808 eV
P40.21 The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons is
1 1
= ( 9.11 1031 kg ) ( 4.60 105 m/s )
2
K max = 2
mumax
2 2
20
= 9.64 10 J = 0.602 eV
(a) The work function is
1240 eV nm
= E K max = 0.602 eV = 1.38 eV
625 nm
(b) At the cutoff frequency, the energy of the photons equals the
work function:
1.38 eV 1.60 1019 J
E = hf = f = =
h 6.626 1034 J s 1 eV

= 3.34 1014 Hz
19
P40.22 (a) The energy needed is E = 1.00 eV = 1.60 10 J.
The energy absorbed in time interval t is
E = Pt = IAt
So,
E 1.60 1019 J
t = = = 1.28 107 s
IA ( 500 J/s m ) ( 2.82 10 m )
2 15 2

= 148 days

(b) The result for part (a) does not agree at all with the experimental
observations.
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 Chapter 40 911

P40.23 Ultraviolet photons will be absorbed to knock electrons out of the

sphere with maximum kinetic energy K max = hf . As the sphere loses
charge, it becomes more positive relative to V = 0 at r = . Eventually,
the sphere will accumulate enough charge +Q that the potential
difference between the spheres surface and infinity reaches the
stopping potential of the photoelectrons, at which point no more
electrons can escape.
hc 1 hc
K max = = eVs Vs =
e

k eQ 1 hc
and = Vs = .
r e
Therefore,
r hc
Q=
eke
Solving for Q gives
5.00 102 m
Q=
(1.602 1019 C)( 8.99 109 N m2 / C2 )
( 6.626 1034 J s ) ( 2.998 108 m/s )

200 109 m

1.602 1019 J
4.70 eV
1 eV
= 8.34 1012 C
P40.24 (a) The energy of photons is
hc 1240 nm eV
E= = = 8.27 eV
150 nm
(b) The photon energy is larger than the work function.
(c) KEmax = E = 8.27 eV 6.35 eV = 1.92 eV
K max 1.92 eV
(d) K max = eVs Vs = = = 1.92 V
e e

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 912 Introduction to Quantum Physics

Section 40.3 The Compton Effect

P40.25 From the Compton shift equation, the wavelength shift of the scattered
x-rays is
h
= ( 1 cos )
me c
6.63 1034 J s
= ( 1 cos 55.0)
( 9.11 1031 kg )( 3.00 108 m/s )
1 nm
= 1.03 1012 m 9 = 1.03 103 nm
10 m
P40.26 We note that = ( ) + ( ) .

ANS. FIG. P40.26

At A, the scattering angle is , and
h
= (1 cos )
me c
At B, the scattering angle is 180 , and
h h
=
me c
[ 1 cos ( 180 )] =
me c
[1 + cos ]
Therefore,
= ( ) + ( )
h h 2h
= (1 + cos ) + (1 cos ) =
me c me c me c
2 ( 6.63 1034 J s )
=
( 9.11 10 31
kg ) ( 3.00 108 m/s )

= 4.85 1012 m

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 Chapter 40 913

*P40.27 This is Compton scattering through 180:

hc ( 6.626 1034 J s ) ( 3.00 108 m s )
E0 = = = 11.3 keV
0 ( 0.110 109 m ) ( 1.60 1019 J eV )
h
= ( 1 cos ) = ( 2.43 1012 m ) ( 1 cos180 )
me c
= 4.85 1012 m
hc
= 0 + = 0.115 nm, so E = = 10.8 keV.

By conservation of momentum for the photon-
electron system,
h h
0
i=

( )
i + pe i

1 1
and pe = h + , ANS. FIG. P40.27
0

( 3.00 108 m s ) c
pe = ( 6.626 10 34
J s)
1.60 1019 J eV

( 1
+
1
0.110 10 m 0.115 109 m
9 )
22.1 keV
=
c
By conservation of system energy, 11.3 keV = 10.8 keV + Ke , so that
K e = 478 eV .

Check: E 2 = p 2 c 2 + me2 c 4 or ( me c 2 + Ke )2 = ( pc )2 + ( me c 2 )2
( 511 keV + 0.478 keV )2 = ( 22.1 keV )2 + ( 511 keV )2
2.62 105 keV 2 = 2.62 105 keV 2
h
P40.28 (a) and (b) From = (1 cos ) we calculate the wavelength of the
me c
scattered photon. For example, at = 30 we have
+ = 120 1012 m
6.626 1034 J s
+ (1 cos 30.0 )
( 9.11 1031 kg )( 2.998 108 m/s )
= 120.3 1012 m

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 914 Introduction to Quantum Physics

The electron carries off the energy the photon loses:

hc hc
Ke =
0

=
(6.626 10 J s ) ( 2.998 10
34 8
m/s )
(1.602 10 J/eV ) 19

1 1

120 10 m 120.3 10 m
12 12

= 27.9 eV
The other entries are computed similarly.

, degrees 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

', pm 120.0 120.3 121.2 122.4 123.6 124.5 124.8

Ke, eV 0 27.9 104 205 305 376 402

(c) 180. We could answer like this: The photon imparts the greatest
momentum to the originally stationary electron in a head-on
collision. Here the photon recoils straight back and the electron
has maximum kinetic energy.

E0
P40.29 With Ke = E and Ke = E0 E, we have E = E0 E E = .
2
hc hc hc
We also have = ; therefore, = = 2 = 2 0 .
E E0 2 E0
By the Compton equation,
= 0 + C ( 1 cos ) 2 0 = 0 + C ( 1 cos )
Therefore,
0 0.001 60
1 cos = = = 70.0
C 0.002 43
P40.30 (a) To compute the Compton shift, we first determine the electrons
kinetic energy:
1 1
me u2 = ( 9.11 1031 kg ) ( 1.40 106 m/s )
2
K=
2 2
19
= 8.93 10 J = 5.58 eV

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 Chapter 40 915

Then,
hc 1 240 eV nm
E0 = = = 1 550 eV
0 0.800 nm

hc 1 240 eV nm
E = E0 K and = = = 0.803 nm
E 1 550 eV 5.58 eV
and the Compton shift is
= 0 = 0.002 89 nm = 2.89 pm

(b) = C ( 1 cos )

0.002 89 nm
cos = 1 = 1 = 0.189 = 101
C 0.002 43 nm

P40.31 The photon has momentum p0 = E0 c = h 0 before scattering and

momentum p = h after scattering. The electron momentum after
scattering is pe.
(a) Conservation of momentum in the x direction gives
p0 = p cos + pe cos

h h
or = + pe cos . [1]
0

Conservation of momentum in the y direction gives

0 = p sin pe sin
which (neglecting the trivial solution = 0) gives
h
pe = p = [2]

Substituting [2] into [1] gives
h 2h
= cos
0
or = 2 0 cos . [3]
Substitute [3] into the Compton equation:
h
0 = ( 1 cos )
me c
h
( 20 cos ) 0 = m c (1 cos )
e

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 916 Introduction to Quantum Physics

Solving,
h h
2 0 + m c cos = 0 + m c
e e

hc h hc h
2 E + m c cos = E + m c
0 e 0 e

1 1
2
me c E0
( 2me c 2 + E0 ) cos = 2
me c E0
( me c 2 + E0 )

me c 2 + E0 0.511 MeV + 0.880 MeV

cos = = = 0.731
2me c + E0 2 ( 0.511 MeV ) + 0.880 MeV
2

= 43.0
(b) Using equation [3]:
hc hc E0 0.880 MeV
E = = = = = 0.602 MeV
0 ( 2 cos ) 2 cos 2 cos 43.0
Then,
E 0.602 MeV
p = = = 3.21 1022 kg m s
c c
(c) From energy conservation:
K e = E0 E = 0.880 MeV 0.602 MeV = 0.278 MeV
From equation [2],

1.60 10 J
23
0.602 MeV c
pe = p =
c 3.00 1022 m/s 1 MeV
22
= 3.21 10 kg m/s

P40.32 The photon has momentum p0 = E0 c = h 0 before scattering and

momentum p = h after scattering. The electron momentum after
scattering is pe.
(a) Conservation of momentum in the x direction gives
p0 = p cos + pe cos

h h
or = + pe cos . [1]
0

Conservation of momentum in the y direction gives

0 = p sin pe sin

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 Chapter 40 917

which (neglecting the trivial solution = 0) gives

h
pe = p = [2]

Substituting [2] into [1] gives
h 2h
= cos
0
or = 2 0 cos . [3]
Substitute [3] into the Compton equation:
h
0 = (1 cos )
me c
h
( 20 cos ) 0 = m c (1 cos )
e

h h
2 + cos = +
me c
0 0
me c

hc h hc h
2 +
E m c cos = +
0 e E0 me c

1 1
2
me c E0
( 2me c 2 + E0 ) cos = 2
me c E0
( me c 2 + E0 )

me c 2 + E0 me c 2 + E0
1
cos = = cos
2me c 2 + E0 2me c 2 + E0

(b) Using equation [3]:

hc hc E0 E0 ( 2me c 2 + E0 )
E = = = =
0 ( 2 cos ) 2 cos 2 ( me c 2 + E0 )

E E0 ( 2me c + E0 )
2

Then, p = = .
c 2c ( me c 2 + E0 )

(c) From energy conservation:

E0 ( 2me c 2 + E0 )
K e = E0 E = E0
2 ( me c 2 + E0 )

2E0 ( me c 2 + E0 ) E0 ( 2me c 2 + E0 )
=
2 ( me c 2 + E0 )

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 918 Introduction to Quantum Physics

Ke =
( 2E m c
0 e
2
+ 2E02 ) ( 2E0 me c 2 + E02 )
2 ( me c 2 + E0 )

2E0 me c 2 + 2E02 2E0 me c 2 E02 E02

= =
2 ( me c 2 + E0 ) 2 ( me c 2 + E0 )

From equation [2],

E0 ( 2me c 2 + E0 )
pe = p =
2c ( me c 2 + E0 )

h
P40.33 (a) From =
me c
(1 cos ):
6.626 1034 J s
= (1 cos 37.0)
( 9.11 1031 kg )( 2.998 108 m/s )
= 4.89 1013 m = 4.89 104 nm
hc 1 240 eV nm
(b) 0 = = = 4.13 103 nm
E 300 103 eV
and
= 0 + = 4.62 1012 m = 4.62 103 nm
hc 1 240 eV nm
E = = 3
= 2.68 105 eV = 268 keV
4.62 10 nm
(c) K e = E0 E = 31.7 keV

P40.34 (a) It is, because Comptons equation and the conservation of vector
momentum give three independent equations in the unknowns
, 0 , and u.

(b) Assuming the photon is incident along the x direction, the

equations are
h h
0 = (1 cos 90.0) = 0 + [1]
me c me c
and
h
px = 0 = me ucos 20.0
0
h
py = 0 = me usin 20.0

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 Chapter 40 919

Dividing the latter two equations gives

0
= tan 20.0 [2]

Substituting equation [2] into equation [1] gives
h
= tan 20.0 +
me c
h hc
= =
me c ( 1 tan 20.0 ) me c ( 1 tan 20.0 )
2

1240 eV nm
=
( 0.511 106 eV )(1 tan 20.0)
= 3.82 103 nm = 3.82 1012 m = 3.82 pm

P40.35 We treat the electron non-relativistically because

u 2.18 106 m/s
= = 0.007 27 < 0.01
c 3.00 103 m/s
The electrons final kinetic energy is
1
Kf = me u2 .
2
This is the energy lost by the photon:
hc hc
E = hf0 hf = = Kf [1]
0
From the Compton equation, we have
h
= 0 = (1 cos ) [2]
me c
h
= 0 + (1 cos ) [3]
me c
Substitute [2] and [3] into [1]:
hc hc ( 0 ) hc h hc
Kf = = = ( 1 cos )
0 0 me c 0

h2 c ( 1 cos )
Kf =
h
me c0 0 + ( 1 cos )
me c

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 920 Introduction to Quantum Physics

Solving,
h h2 c
me c0 0 + ( 1 cos ) = ( 1 cos )
me c Kf
h2 c
me c02 + h ( 1 cos ) 0 ( 1 cos ) = 0
Kf

(a) Solve for 0 :

h2 c
h ( 1 cos ) [ ( ) ] ( ) (1 cos )
2
h 1 cos 4 me c
K f
0 =
2me c

4h2 me c 2
h ( 1 cos ) [ ( ) ] 1 m u2 (1 cos )
2
h 1 cos +
2 e
0 =
2me c

8h2 c 2
h ( 1 cos ) [ ( ) ] u2 (1 cos )
2
h 1 cos +

0 =
2me c

h ( 1 cos ) 8c 2
= 1 1 + 2
2me c u ( 1 cos )
Only the positive answer is physical:
h ( 1 cos ) 8c 2
0 = 1 + 1 + 2
2me c u ( 1 cos )

=
(6.63 10 34
J s )( 1 cos17.4 )
2 ( 9.11 10 31
kg ) ( 3.00 108 m/s )

8 ( 3.00 108 m/s )
2

1 + 1 +
( 2.18 106 m/s ) ( 1 cos17.4 )
2

= 1.01 1010 m = 0.101 nm
(b) From [3],
h
= 0 + (1 cos )
me c

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 Chapter 40 921

Substituting,

h ( 1 cos ) 8c 2 h
= 1 + 1 + 2 + ( 1 cos )
2me c u ( 1 cos ) me c

h 3 1 8c 2
= ( 1 cos ) + 1 + 2
me c 2 2 u ( 1 cos )
= 1.0116 1010 m
The electron scattering angle is . By conservation of momentum
in the transverse direction:
h h
0 = sin me usin sin = sin
me u
h
= sin 1 sin
me u
6.63 1034 J s
= sin 1 sin 17.4
( 9.11 10 kg ) ( 2.18 10 m/s )
31 6

= 80.7
P40.36 Maximum energy loss appears as maximum increase in wavelength,
which occurs for scattering angle 180. Then,
h 2h
=
mc
( 1 cos180 ) =
mc
where m is the mass of the target particle. The fractional energy loss is
E0 E hc 0 hc 0 2h mc
= = = =
E0 hc 0 0 + 0 + 2h mc
hc E E 2h mc 2E0
Further, 0 = , so 0 = = .
E0 E0 hc E0 + 2h mc mc + 2E0
2

(a) For scattering from a free electron, mc2 = 0.511 MeV, so

E0 E 2 ( 0.511 MeV )
= = 0.667
E0 0.511 MeV + 2 ( 0.511 MeV )

(b) For scattering from a free proton, mc2 = 938 MeV, and
E0 E 2 ( 0.511 MeV )
= = 0.001 09
E0 938 MeV + 2 ( 0.511 MeV )

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 922 Introduction to Quantum Physics

Section 40.4 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves

P40.37 With photon energy E = hf = 10.0 eV, a photon would have

E 10.0 ( 1.602 10 J )
19

f = = = 2.42 1015 Hz
h 6.626 1034 J s
and
c 3.00 108 m/s
= = = 124 nm
f 2.41 1015 Hz

To have photon energy 10 eV or greater, according to this definition,

ionizing radiation is the ultraviolet light, x-rays, and rays with
wavelength shorter than 124 nm; that is, with frequency higher than
2.42 1015 Hz.

P40.38 The photon energy is

hc ( 6.626 10 J s ) ( 3.00 10 m/s )

34 8

E= = 9
= 3.14 1019 J
633 10 m
The power carried by the beam is

( 2.00 10 18
photons/s ) ( 3.14 1019 J/photon ) = 0.628 W
Its intensity is the average Poynting vector

P 0.628 W
I = Savg = = = 2.61 105 W m 2
r 2
1.75 10 m
3 2

2
(a) To find the electric field, we use
1 E2
Savg = Erms Brms = max
0 2 0c
Solving,

( )
12
Emax = 2 0 cSavg

= 2 ( 4 107 T m/A ) ( 3.00 108 m/s )

( 2.61 105 W/m 2 )

12

= 1.40 10 4 N/C = 14.0 kV/m

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 Chapter 40 923

Emax 1.40 10 4 N/C

(b) Bmax = = = 4.68 105 T = 46.8 T
c 3.00 10 m/s
8

E
(c) Each photon carries momentum . The beam transports
c
P
momentum at the rate . It imparts momentum to a perfectly
c
reflecting surface at the rate
2P 2 ( 0.628 W )
= force = = 4.19 109 N = 4.19 nN
c 3.00 108 m/s
(d) The block of ice absorbs energy mL = Pt melting

Pt ( 0.628 W ) 1.50 ( 3 600 s )

m= = = 1.02 102 kg = 10.2 g
L 3.33 105 J/kg

Section 40.5 The Wave Properties of Particles

h 6.63 1034 J s
P40.39 (a) p= = 7
= 1.66 1027 kg m/s
4.00 10 m
(b) From p = me u,

p 1.66 1027 kg m/s

u= = = 1.82 103 m/s = 1.82 km/s
me 9.11 1031 kg

h 1 me2 u2 p2
P40.40 (a) Electron: = and K = me u =
2
= ,
p 2 2me 2me

so p = 2me K

h 6.626 1034 J s
and = =
2me K 2 ( 9.11 1031 kg )( 3.00 )( 1.60 1019 J )
= 7.09 1010 m = 0.709 nm
c E
(b) Photon: = and E = hf, so f = ,
f h
hc 1240 eV nm
and = = = 413 nm .
E 3.00 eV

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 924 Introduction to Quantum Physics

h
P40.41 Since the de Broglie wavelength is = , the electron momentum is:
p

h 6.626 1034 J s
p= 11
= 6.626 1023 kg m s
1.00 10 m
(a) For electrons, the relativistic answer is more precisely correct.
Suppressing units,

K e = p 2 c 2 + ( me c 2 ) me c 2 = ( pc )2 + ( me c 2 )
2 2
me c 2
2
1 MeV
= ( 6.626 1023 ) ( 2.998 108 ) + ( 0.511)
2
13
1.602 10 J
0.511
= 0.0148 MeV = 14.8 keV

or, ignoring relativistic correction,

(6.626 1023 ) 1 keV = 15.1 keV

2
p2
Ke = =
2me 2 ( 9.11 1031 ) 1.602 1016 J

(b) For photons (suppressing units):

1 keV
E = pc = ( 6.626 1023 ) ( 2.998 108 ) 16
1.602 10 J
= 124 keV
P40.42 The de Broglie wavelength of the proton is
h h 6.626 1034 J s
= = =
p mu ( 1.67 1027 kg ) ( 1.00 106 m/s )

= 3.97 1013 m
P40.43 Refer to Figure P40.43 (or ANS. FIG.
P40.43). For Bragg reflection, the
angle is measured from the
reflecting plane to the incident beam,
as shown in Figure 38.23. Angle is
measured from the incident beam to
the reflected (scattered) beam. The
law of reflection applies relative to
the normal to the plane (the dashed ANS. FIG. P40.43(a)
line), so the angles of incidence and
reflection are equal to /2. The angle between the reflecting plane and

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 Chapter 40 925

the normal is 90, so

+ = 90
2
From the condition for Bragg
reflection, we have

m = 2d sin = 2d sin 90
2
ANS. FIG. P40.43(b)

= 2d cos
2
The vertical beam is incident along the normal to the horizontal lattice
planes which contain atoms that are separated by distance a, and the
reflecting lattice planes form the angle /2 with the horizontal planes
because the normal to the reflecting planes forms the angle /2 with
the vertical beam. Therefore, the spacing of the reflecting lattice planes

is d = a sin .
2
Thus, for the first maximum, with m = 1,

= 2 a sin cos = a sin
2 2

We know that
h h
= =
p 2me K
6.626 1034 J s
= = 1.67 1010 m
2 ( 9.11 10 31
kg ) ( 54.0 1.60 10 19
J)

Therefore, the lattice spacing is

1.67 1010 m
a= = = 2.18 1010 = 0.218 nm
sin sin 50.0

h 6.626 1034 J s
P40.44 (a) ~ 1014 m or less, so p =~ 14
1019 kg m/s or
10 m
more. The energy of the electron is, suppressing units,

E = p 2 c 2 + me2 c 4

~ (10 ) ( 3 10 ) + ( 9 10 ) ( 3 10 )
19 2 8 2 31 2 8 4

or E ~ 1011 J ~ 108 eV or more

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 926 Introduction to Quantum Physics

so that

K = E me c 2 ~ 108 eV ( 0.5 106 eV ) ~ 108 eV or more

(b) If the nucleus contains ten protons, the electric potential energy of
the electron-nucleus system would be

ke q1q2 ( 9 10 N m C ) 10 ( 1.60 10 C ) ( e )
9 2 2 19

Ue = ~
r 0.5 1014 m
~ 106 eV
(c) With its K + U e ~ 108 eV >> 0, the electron could not be confined
to the nucleus.
P40.45 (a) From E = mc 2 ,
E 20 000 MeV
= 2
= = 3.91 10 4
mc 0.511 MeV
(b) We find the momentum of the particle from

pc = E 2 ( mc 2 )
2 1/2
= ( 20 000 MeV ) ( 0.511 MeV )
2 2

= 20.0 GeV
Then,

p = 20.0 GeV/c = 1.07 1017 kg m/s

(c) The electrons wavelength is

h 6.626 1034 J s
= = = 6.21 1017 m
p 1.07 1017 kg m/s
(d) The wavelength is two orders of magnitude smaller than the size
of the nucleus.
P40.46 Given the assumption in the problem statement, for significant
diffraction to occur, we must have
h h
w10 =10 =10
p mu

where u is the speed of the student as he passes through the doorway.

The variable we do not know here is the speed u, so lets solve for it:
h
u10
mw
This expression will give the upper limit to the speed of the student.

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 Chapter 40 927

Substitute numerical values:

6.6261034 J s 34
u10 =1.110 m/s
( 80kg ) ( 0.75m )
This is an extremely low velocity. It is impossible for the student to
walk this slowly. At this speed, if the thickness of the wall in which the
door is built is 15 cm, the time interval required for the student to pass
through the door is 1.4 1033 s, which is 1015 times the age of the
Universe.
P40.47 (a) For the electron,
h h
K = ( 1) me c 2 and = =
p me u
For the photon,
c ch ch ch
Eph = K and ph = = = =
f E K ( 1) me c 2
Then the ratio is
ph ch me u u 1
= = , where =
( 1) me c h
2
1 c 1 u2 c 2

(b) For u = 0.900c,

ph
=
1 ( 0.900) = 1.60
1 ( 0.900 ) 1

2
( 1 ( 0.900 )
2
) 1

(c) The ratio for a particular particle speed does not depend on the
particle mass: There would be no change.
(d) For u = 0.001 00c,
ph
=
1 ( 0.001 00) = 2.00 103
1 ( 0.001 00 ) 1

2
( 1 ( 0.001 00 )
2
) 1
u
(e) As 1 , and 1 becomes nearly equal to . Then,
c

(1) = 1
m
1 2
u u2 1 u
2
1 u2
(f) As 0 , 1 1 1 2 1= and
c c 2 2 c 2 c2

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 928 Introduction to Quantum Physics

uc 2c
1 =
m (1 2 )( u c ) u
2 2

P40.48 (a) E2 = p2c2 + m2c4 with E = hf,

h h
p= and mc =
C
Substituting, we find that
2
h2 c 2 h2 c 2 f 1 1
h2 f 2 = + 2 and = 2 + 2
2 C c C
f 1 1
(b) No. For a photon, = . The third term in the equation
c C
above for particles with mass shows that they will always have a
different frequency from photons of the same wavelength.

Section 40.6 A New Model: The Quantum Particle

P40.49 (a) The particle is freely moving, so we attribute no potential energy
to it. Its energy is
1 h
E=K=
2
mu2 = hf =
2
( 2 f ) =
For its momentum we have
h h 2
p = mu = = = k
2
Thus,
K p
= and k =

Then the phase speed is
mu2 h u
vphase = f = =
2h mu 2
(b) We see that the phase speed is only one-half of the experimentally
measurable speed u at which the quantum particle transports
mass, energy, and momentum. In the textbooks Active Figure
28.17, individual wave crests would move forward more slowly
than their envelope moves forward, so individual crests would
appear to move backward relative to the packet containing them.
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 Chapter 40 929

P40.50 As a bonus, we begin by proving that the phase speed v p = is not
k
the speed of the particle.

p 2 c 2 + m2 c 4 2 m 2 u2 c 2 + m 2 c 4
vp = = =
k mu 2 m 2 u2

c2 c2 u2 c2 c2
= c 1+ = c 1 + 1 = c 1 + 1 =
2 u2 u2 c 2 u2 u
In fact, the phase speed is larger than the speed of light! A point of
constant phase in the wave function carries no mass, no energy, and no
information.
Now for the group speed:
d d ( ) dE d
vg = = = = m2 c 4 + p 2 c 2
dk d ( k ) dp dp

1 2 4 p2c 4
( m c + p 2 c 2 ) ( 0 + 2pc 2 ) =
1 2
=
2 p 2 c 2 + m2 c 4

2 m 2 u2
=c
2 m 2 u2 + m 2 c 2

u2 ( 1 u2 c 2 ) u2 ( 1 u2 c 2 )
=c =c =u
u2 ( 1 u2 c 2 ) + c 2 (u 2
+ c 2 u2 ) ( 1 u2 c 2 )

It is this speed at which mass, energy, and momentum are transported.

Section 40.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited

h 6.626 1034 J s
P40.51 (a) = = = 9.92 107 m = 992 nm
mu ( 1.67 10 kg ) ( 0.400 m/s )
27

(b) For destructive interference in a multiple-slit experiment,

1
d sin = m + , with m = 0 for the first minimum. Also,
2
y 1
= tan sin = , so
L 2 d

L ( 9.92 10 m )( 10.0 m )
7

y = L tan = = = 4.96 mm
2d 2 ( 1.00 103 m )

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 930 Introduction to Quantum Physics

(c) No; there is no way to identify the slit through which the
neutron passed. Even if one neutron at a time is incident
on the pair of slits, an interference pattern still develops
on the detector array. Therefore, each neutron in effect
passes through both slits.

P40.52 We find the speed of each electron from energy conservation in the
firing process:
1
E = 0 = Kf +Uf = mu2 eV
2

2eV 2 ( 1.60 1019 C ) ( 45.0 V )

u= = = 3.98 106 m/s
m 9.11 1031 kg
The time of flight is
x 0.280 m
t = = = 7.04 108 s
u 3.98 106 m/s
The current when electrons are 28 cm apart is
q e 1.60 1019 C
I= = = 8 = 2.27 1012 A
t t 7.04 10 s
P40.53 Consider the first bright band away from the center:
d sin = m
1 0.400 10
3

( 0.060 0 10 6
m ) 20.0 102 mm
sin tan

= ( 1) = 1.20 1010 m
h h h
And since = = , so me u = ,
p me u
and
1 m 2 u2 h2 h2
K= me u2 = e = = eV V =
2 2me 2me 2 2eme 2
Therefore,

(6.626 10 J s)
34 2

V =
2 ( 1.60 1019 C ) ( 9.11 10 kg ) ( 1.20 1010 m )
31 2

= 105 V

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 Chapter 40 931

Section 40.8 The Uncertainty Principle

P40.54 (a) The uncertainty principle states px = mux , so
2
h 2 J s
u = = 0.250 m/s
4 mx 4 ( 2.00 kg )( 1.00 m )
(b) The duck might move by (0.250 m/s)(5.00 s) = 1.25 m. With an
original position uncertainty of 1.00 m, we can think of x
growing to 1.00 m + 1.25 m = 2.25 m .

P40.55 The uncertainty principle states xpx , where
2
px = mu and = h/2 .
Both the electron and bullet have a velocity uncertainty
u = (0.000 100)(500m/s) = 0.050 0m/s
For the electron, the minimum uncertainty in position is
h 6.626 10 34 J s
x = = = 1.16mm
4 mu 4 ( 9.11 10 31 kg ) (0.0500m/s)
For the bullet,
h 6.626 10 34 Js
x = = = 5.28 10 32 m
4 mu 4 (0.0200kg)(0.0500m/s)
P40.56 The momentum of the block is p = mv, and if the mass is known
precisely, the uncertainty in the momentum is p = mv. From the
uncertainty principle, x px 2 , so if there is an uncertainty of
x = 0.150 cm = 1.50 103 m in the position of the particle, the
minimum uncertainty in its speed is
( px )min = h
( vx )min = m 4 m( x )max
6.63 1034 J s
= = 7.03 1032 m/s
4 ( 0.500 kg ) ( 1.50 10 m )
3

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 932 Introduction to Quantum Physics

P40.57 The maximum time one can use in measuring the energy of the particle
is equal to the lifetime of the particle, or tmax 2 s . One form of the
uncertainty principle is E t 2 . Thus, the minimum uncertainty
one can have in the measurement of a muons energy is
h 6.626 1034 J s
Emin = = = 3 1029 J 2 1010 eV
4 tmax 4 ( 2 106 s )
P40.58 Assume the rifle is firing horizontally and let the distance between the
rifle and the target be L. The uncertainty in the vertical position of the
particle as it leaves the end of the rifle is y = 2.00 mm. The
uncertainty principle will allow us to approximate the uncertainty in
the vertical momentum of the particles (ignoring gravitational
acceleration):

ypy py
2 2y
The time interval for the particle to reach the screen is, from the
particle under constant velocity model,
L
t=
vx
During this time interval, again from the particle under constant
velocity model, the particle moves in the vertical direction by a
distance (again ignoring gravitational effects)
L L
yt =vy t=vy =py
vx px
where yt is the vertical distance though which the particle moves
when it arrives at the target and py is the vertical momentum of the
particle. Because the particles begin with zero vertical momentum, lets
assume that the vertical momentum of the particles is on the order of
the uncertainty in the vertical momentum. Then,
L
yt
2y px
What we dont know in this expression is the distance L, so lets solve
for it:
2px yyt
L

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 Chapter 40 933

Substitute numerical values:

2 ( 0.00100kg ) ( 100m/s ) ( 0.00200m ) ( 0.0100m )
L
1.0551034 J s
41028 m
According to Table 1.1, this distance is two orders of magnitude larger
than the distance from the Earth to the most remote known quasar. In
conclusion, then, for rifles fired at targets at reasonable distances away,
a spread of 1.00 cm due to the uncertainty principle would be impossible.
P40.59 With x = 1 1014 m, the uncertainty principle requires
1.0551034 J s
px = = 5.3 1021 kg m/s
2x 2 ( 110 m )
14

The average momentum of the particle bound in a stationary nucleus

is zero. The uncertainty in momentum measures the standard
deviation of the momentum, so we take p 5.3 1021 kg m/s .
For an electron, the non-relativistic approximation p = meu would
predict u 6 109 m/s , which is impossible because u cannot be
greater than c. Thus, a better solution would be to use

E = ( me c 2 ) + ( pc )
2 12
2
9.9 MeV = me c
2

to find the speed (with mec2 = 0.511 MeV):
1
19.4 = so u 0.998 67c
1 u2 c 2
For a proton,
p 5.3 1021 kg m/s
u= = 27
= 3.2 106 m/s = 0.011c
m 1.67 10 kg
about one-hundredth the speed of light.

Additional Problems
P40.60 From each wavelength we find the corresponding frequency using the
relation f = c, where c is the speed of light:

c
For 1 = 588 10 9 mf1 = = 5.10 1014 Hz
1

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 934 Introduction to Quantum Physics

For 2 = 505 10 9 mf2 = 5.94 1014 Hz

3 = 445 10 9 mf3 = 6.74 1014 Hz

4 = 399 10 9 mf 4 = 7.52 1014 Hz

(a) We plot each point on an energy versus frequency graph, as
shown in ANS. FIG. P40.60. We extend a straight line through
the set of 4 points, as far as the negative y intercept.

ANS. FIG. P40.60

(b) Our basic equation is Kmax = hf . Therefore, an experimental
value for Plancks constant is the slope of the K-f graph, which
can be found from a least-squares fit or from reading the graph
as:
Rise 1.25eV 0.25eV
hexp = =
Run 6.5 1014 Hz 4.0 1014 Hz
= 4.0 10 15 eV s = 6.4 10 34 J s

From the scatter of the data points on the graph, we estimate the
uncertainty of the slope to be about 3%. Thus we choose to show
two significant figures in writing the experimental value of
Plancks constant.
(c) Again from the linear equation Kmax = hf , the work function for
the metal surface is the negative of the y-intercept of the graph, so
exp = ( 1.4 eV ) = 1.4 eV
Based on the range of slopes that appear to fit the data, the
estimated uncertainty of the work function is 5%.

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 Chapter 40 935

*P40.61 From the circular path the electrons follow in the magnetic field, the
magnetic force is centripetal,
me v 2
F = ma: evB = me v = eBR
R
so the maximum kinetic energy is seen to be:

K max
1 ( m v ) = e 2 B2 R 2
= me v 2 = e
2

2 2me 2me

(1.602 10 C ) ( 2.00 105 T ) ( 0.200 m )

19 2 2 2

=
2 ( 9.11 1031 kg )
= 2.25 1019 J = 1.40 eV
From the photoelectric equation,
hc
K max = hf =

Thus, the work function is
hc 1240 eV nm
= K max = 1.40 eV = 1.36 eV
450 nm
P40.62 From the circular path the electrons follow in the magnetic field, the
magnetic force is centripetal,
me v 2
F = ma: evB = me v = eBR
R
so maximum kinetic energy is seen to be:

K max
1 ( m v ) = e 2 B2 R 2
= me v 2 = e
2

2 2me 2me
From the photoelectric equation,
hc
K max = hf =

Thus, the work function is

hc hc e 2 B2 R 2
= K max =
2me

P40.63 The condition on electric power delivered to the filament is

( V )2 ( V )2 A = ( V )2 r 2 , ( V )2 r 2
P = I V = = so = .
R P

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 936 Introduction to Quantum Physics

Here P = 75.0 W, = 7.13 107 m, and V = 120 V. As the filament

radiates in steady state, it must emit all of this power through its
lateral surface area P = eAT 4 = e2 rT 4 .
(a) We combine the conditions by substitution:
( V )2 r 2 4
P = e2 r T
P
P2
r3 =
2 e ( V ) 2T 4
2

=
(7.13 10 7
m )( 75.0 W )
2

2 ( 5.67 108 W/m 2 K 4 )( 0.450 )( 120 V ) 2 ( 2 900 K )

2 4

r = 1.98 105 m

( 75.0 W ) ( 7.13 107 m ) ( 0.333 m )

12 12
P
r= =
( V ) ( 120 V )
2 2

= 1.98 105 m

=
( V )2 r 2 =
(120 V )2 r 2 = 0.333 m
(b)
P (7.13 107 m )(75.0 W )
P40.64 We first isolate the terms involving in Equations 40.13 and 40.14,
h h
me ucos = cos
0
h
me usin = sin

We then square and add to eliminate :
2 2
h h h
( me ucos ) + ( me usin )
2 2
= cos + sin
0

1 1 2 cos
2 me2 u2 = h2 2 + 2
0 0

u2 c 2 h2 1 1 2 cos
= + 2
(1 u c ) me c 0 0
2 2 2 2 2

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 Chapter 40 937

h2 1 1 2 cos
Defining b = 2+ 2 , the above equation becomes
me2 c 2 0 0

u2 c 2
=b u2 c 2 = b ( 1 u2 c 2 )
( 1 u2 c 2 )
b
u2 c 2 =
(1 + b )
Substitute into Equation 40.12 for the cutoff wavelength,
1 2
h 1 1 b
1+ = = 1 = 1+ b
me c 0 1 + b
Squaring each side then gives
2
2h 1 1 h2 1 1
1+ +
me c 0 me2 c 2 0
h2 1 1 2 cos
= 1+ 2 2 2 + 2
me c 0 0
Eliminating terms,

2h 1 1 h2 1 2 1
c2 + + 2 + 2
me c 0 me2 c 2 0 0

h2 1 1 2 cos
= c + 2 2 2 + 2
2

me c 0 0

2 h 1 1 h2 2 h2 2 cos
=
me c 0 me2 c 2 0 m2 c 2
e 0

0 1 cos
me c h = h
0 0
0

me c ( 0 ) h = hcos
Rearranging this gives Equation 40.11,
h
0 = (1 cos )
me c

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 938 Introduction to Quantum Physics

h
P40.65 We use VS = f .
e e
From two points on the graph in ANS. FIG.
P40.65,
h
0 = ( 4.1 1014 Hz )
e e
and ANS. FIG. P40.65

h
3.3 V = ( 12 1014 Hz )
e e
Combining these two expressions we find:
(a) = 1.7 eV
h
(b) = 4.2 1015 V s
e
hc h ec
(c) At the cutoff wavelength, = = , or
c e c

c = ( 4.2 1015 V s ) ( 1.60 1019 C )

( 3.00 10 m/s ) 8

(1.7 eV ) (1.60 10 J/eV ) 19

= 7.3 102 nm
h
P40.66 Equation 40.11 states = (1 cos ) = 0 for the scattered
me c
photon. The initial energy of a photon is E0 = hc 0 . Its energy after
scattering is
1
hc hc h
E = = = hc 0 + (1 cos )
0 + me c
1
hc hc
E = 1 + (1 cos )
0 me c 0
2

1 1
hc hc E
E = 1 + (1 cos ) = E0 1 + 0 2 (1 cos )
0 me c 0
2
me c

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 Chapter 40 939

P40.67 (a) We use energy conservation in the daredevil-Earth system to find

the speed of the daredevil just before he makes a splash:
1
mgy i = mu2f
2
gives

u f = 2gy i = 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 )( 50.0 m ) = 31.3 m/s

The de Broglie wavelength is then

h 6.626 1034 J s
= = = 2.82 1037 m
mu ( 75.0 kg ) ( 31.3 m/s )
This is too small to be observable.
(b) Equation 40.26 gives us the energy-lifetime version of the
uncertainty principle:

Et
2
substituting numerical values,
6.626 1034 J s
E = 1.05 1032 J
4 ( 5.00 10 s )
3

(c) We find the percent error from

E 1.05 1032 J
= = 2.87 1035%
E ( 75.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )( 50.0 m )

P40.68 The definition of the Compton wavelength is C = h/mec. The de

Broglie wavelength is = h/p . We take the ratio of the Compton
wavelength to the de Broglie wavelength, and square it:
2
C p2
=
( me c )2
From Equation 39.27, the momentum for a slowly-moving or rapidly-
moving object is described by
E 2 me 2 c 4
p2 =
c2
Substituting and simplifying,

C
2
( E 2 me2 c 4 ) E
2

= = 1
( me c 2 ) me c 2
2

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 940 Introduction to Quantum Physics

2
C E
and = 2
1
me c
P40.69 (a) We find the energy of one photon:

hf = K max +
1
= ( 9.11 1031 kg ) ( 420 103 m/s )
2

2
1.6 1019 J
+ ( 3.44 eV ) 19
= 6.31 10 J
1 eV
The number intensity of photon bombardment is
I 550 J/s m 2 1 m 2 1 electron emitted
=
hf 6.31 1019 J/photon 10 4 cm 2 1 photon absorbed
electrons
= 8.72 1016
s cm 2
(b) The density of the current the imagined electrons comprise is
electrons C
J = 8.72 1016 2
1.60 1019
s cm electron
C
= 0.014 0 = 14.0 mA/cm 2
s cm 2

(c) Many photons are likely reflected or give their energy to the
metal as internal energy, so the actual current is probably a small
fraction of 14.0 mA.
P40.70 From the uncertainty principle,

Et ( mc 2 ) t =
2 2
Therefore,
m h h
= =
m 4 c ( t ) m 4 ( t ) ER
2

6.626 1034 J s 1 MeV

=
4 ( 8.70 10 s )( 135 MeV ) 1.60 1013 J
17

= 2.81 108

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 Chapter 40 941

P40.71 (a) To find the de Broglie wavelength of the neutron, we first

determine its momentum,
p = mu = 2mE
= 2 ( 1.67 1027 kg ) ( 0.040 0 eV ) ( 1.60 1019 J eV )
= 4.62 1024 kg m/s
Then,
h 6.626 1034 J s
= = 24
= 1.43 1010 m = 0.143 nm
mu 4.62 10 kg m/s
(b) This is of the same order of magnitude as the spacing between
atoms in a crystal.
(c) Because the wavelength is about the same as the spacing,
diffraction effects should occur.
A diffraction pattern with maxima and minima at the same angles
can be produced with x-rays, with neutrons, and with electrons of
much higher kinetic energy, by using incident quantum particles
with the same wavelength.

Challenge Problems
*P40.72 (a) At the top of the ladder, the woman holds a pellet inside a small
region xi . Thus, the uncertainty principle requires her to release

it with typical horizontal momentum px = mvx = . It falls
2xi
1 2H
to the floor in a travel time given by H = 0 + gt 2 as t = , so
2 g
the total width of the impact points is
2H A
x f = xi + ( vx ) t = xi + = xi +
2mxi g xi

2H
where A = .
2m g

d ( x f ) A
To minimize x f , we require =0 or 1 = 0,
d ( xi ) xi2

so xi = A.

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 942 Introduction to Quantum Physics

The minimum width of the impact points is

14
A 2 2H
( x ) f min = xi +
xi xi =
=2 A=
m g
A

2 ( 1.0546 10 J s )
34 12 14
2 ( 2.00 m )
(b) ( x )f min =
5.00 104 kg 9.80 m s 2

= 5.19 1016 m

P40.73 (a) The Doppler shift increases the apparent frequency of the
incident light.
(b) If v = 0.280c,
1+ v c 1.28
f = f = ( 7.00 1014 Hz ) = 9.33 1014 Hz
1 v c 0.720
Therefore,
= hf
1 eV
= ( 6.626 1034 J s ) ( 9.33 1014 Hz ) 19
1.602 10 J
= 3.86 eV
(c) At v = 0.900c,
1+ v c 1.900
f = f = ( 7.00 1014 Hz ) = 3.05 1015 Hz
1 v c 0.100
and
K max = hf
1.00 eV
= ( 6.626 1034 J s ) ( 3.05 1015 Hz )
1.602 1019 J
3.86 eV
= 8.76 eV
P40.74 We show that if all of the energy of a photon is transmitted to an
electron, momentum will not be conserved. In general, a photon of
energy E0 = hc 0 scatters off an electron at rest, resulting in the
photon having energy E = hc and the electron having kinetic
energy Ke. Energy conservation requires E0 = E + K e , or
hc hc
= + me c 2 ( 1)
0
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 Chapter 40 943

If the photon is absorbed, then E = hc = 0 , and the above equation

becomes
hc
= me c 2 ( 1) [1]
0
Because the photon is absorbed, momentum conservation requires the
momentum of the electron be in the same direction as the momentum
of the original photon:
E h
p0 = = = me u [2]
c 0
From [1], we find that
h
= +1 [3]
0 me c
2
0 me c
and u = c 1 [4]
h + m c 0 e

Substituting [3] and [4] into [2] reveals the inconsistency:

2
h h 0 me c
= 1+ m c 1
0 0 me c e h + m c
0 e

0 me c + h h ( h + 2 0 me c ) h h + 2 0 me c
= =
0 ( h + 0me c )2 0 h

This is impossible, so all of the energy of a photon cannot be

transmitted to an electron.
P40.75 (a) Starting with Plancks law,
2 hc 2
I (, T ) =
5 e hc kB T 1

the total power radiated per unit area

2 hc 2
I ( , T ) d = 5 e hc kBT 1 d
0 0
hc hc
Change variables by letting x = , so dx = d .
k BT k BT 2
Note that as varies from 0 , x varies from 0 .

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 944 Introduction to Quantum Physics

Then,

2 kB4T 4 0
x3 2 kB4T 4 4
I ( , T ) d = x dx =
0 h3 c 2 ( e 1) h3 c 2 15

Therefore,

2 5 kB4 4
I ( , T ) d = 15h3 c 2 T = T
4

(b) From part (a),

2 5 ( 1.38 1023 J/K )

4
2 5 kB4
= =
15h3 c 2 15 ( 6.626 1034 J s )3 ( 3.00 108 m/s )2

= 5.67 108 W/m 2 K 4

P40.76 (a) Plancks law states
2 hc 2
I ( , T ) = 5 hc k T
1
= 2 hc 2 5 e hc kB T 1 .
e B 1

To find the wavelength at which this distribution has a

maximum, compute
dI 1
= 2 hc 2 5 6 e hc kBT 1
d
2 hc
5 e hc kBT 1 e hc kBT 2 =0
kBT

dI 2 hc 2 hc e hc kBT
= 6 hc kBT 5 + =0
d e 1 kBT e hc kBT 1

hc
Letting x = , the condition for a maximum becomes
k BT
xe x
= 5 . We zero in on the solution to this transcendental
ex 1
equation by iterations as shown in the table on the following
page.

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 Chapter 40 945

x xe x ( e x 1) x xe x ( e x 1)

4.000 00 4.074 629 4 4.964 50 4.999 403 0

4.500 00 4.550 552 1 4.965 50 5.000 374 9

5.000 00 5.033 918 3 4.965 00 4.999 889 0

4.900 00 4.936 762 0 4.965 25 5.000 132 0

4.950 00 4.985 313 0 4.965 13 5.000 015 3

4.975 00 5.009 609 0 4.965 07 4.999 957 0

4.963 00 4.997 945 2 4.965 10 4.999 986 2

4.969 00 5.003 776 7 4.965 115 5.000 000 8

4.966 00 5.000 860 9

The solution is found to be

hc hc
x= = 4.965 115 and maxT =
max kBT 4.965 115kB
(b) Thus,

max T=
(6.626 075 10 34
J s ) ( 2.997 925 108 m/s )
4.965 115 ( 1.380 658 1023 J/K )

= 2.897 755 103 m K

This result agrees with Wiens experimental value of

maxT = 2.898 103 m K for this constant.

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 946 Introduction to Quantum Physics

ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

P40.2 (a) 999 nm; (b) The wavelength emitted at the greatest intensity is in
the infrared (greater than 700 nm), and according to the graph in
Active Figure 40.3, much more energy is radiated at wavelengths
longer than max than at shorter wavelengths.
P40.4 (a) 5 200 K; (b) This is not blackbody radiation.
P40.6 i: (a) 2.57 eV, (b) 1.28 105 eV, (c) 1.91 107 eV; ii: (a) 484 nm, (b) 9.68
cm, (c) 6.52 m; iii: (a) visible light (blue), (b) radio wave, (c) radio wave
P40.8 2.27 1030 photon/s
P40.10 (a) 5.78 103 K; (b) 501 nm
P40.12 (a) 7.09 104 W; (b) 580 nm; (c) 7.99 1010 W/m; (di) See table in
P40.12; (j) 19 kW
P40.14 See P40.14 for full explanation.
P40.16 (a) 4.20 mm; (b) 1.05 1019 photons; (c) 8.82 1016 mm3
P40.18 (a) 288 nm; (b) 1.04 1015 Hz; (c) 1.19 eV
P40.20 (a) The energy of a photon with wavelength 400 nm is calculated to be
3.11 eV. Now compare this energy with the given work functions. Of
these metals, only lithium shows the photoelectric effect because its
work function is less than the energy of the photon; (b) 0.808 eV
P40.22 (a) 148 days; (b) The result for part (a) does not agree at all with the
experimental observations.
P40.24 (a) 8.27 eV; (b) The photon energy is larger than the work function;
(c) 1.92 eV; (d) 1.92 V
P40.26 4.85 1012 m
P40.28 (a and b) See P40.28 for full answer; (c) 180. We could answer like this:
The photon imparts the greatest momentum to the originally
stationary electron in a head-on collision. Here the photon recoils
straight back, and the electron has maximum kinetic energy.
P40.30 (a) 2.89 pm; (b) = 101
m c2 + E E0 ( 2me c 2 + E0 ) E0 ( 2me c 2 + E0 )
P40.32 (a) = cos 1 e 2 0 ; (b) E = , p = ;
2me c + E0 2 ( me c 2 + E0 ) 2c ( me c 2 + E0 )

E02 E0 ( 2me c 2 + E0 )
(c) K e = ,pe =
2 ( me c 2 + E0 ) 2c ( me c 2 + E0 )

2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 40 947

P40.34 (a) It is because Comptons equation and the conservation of vector

momentum give three independent equations in the unknowns , 0 ,
and u; (b) 3.82 pm
P40.36 (a) 0.667; (b) 0.001 09
P40.38 (a) 14.0 kV/m; (b) 46.8 T; (c) 4.19 nN; (d) 10.2 g
P40.40 (a) 0.709 nm; (b) 413 nm
P40.42 3.97 1013 m
P40.44 (a) ~108 eV; (b) ~ 106 eV; (c) The electron could not be confined to the
nucleus.
P40.46 The speed with which the student passes through the door is an
extremely low velocity. It is impossible for the student to walk this
slowly. At this speed, if the thickness of the wall in which the door is
built is 15 cm, the time interval required for the student to pass
through the door is 1.4 1033 s, which is 1015 times the age of the
Universe.
P40.48 (a) See P40.48(a) for full explanation; (b) They will always have a
different frequency from photons of the same wavelength.
P40.50 See P40.50 for the full explanation.
P40.52 2.27 1012 A
P40.54 (a) 0.250 m/s; (b) 2.25 m
P40.56 7.03 1032 m/s
P40.58 For the rifles fired at targets at reasonable distances away, a spread of
1.00 cm due to the uncertainty principle would be impossible.
P40.60 (a) See graph in ANS. FIG. P40.60 (b) 6.4 1034 J s; (c) 1.4 eV
hc e 2 B2 R 2
P40.62
2me
P40.64 See P40.64 for full explanation.
P40.66 See P40.66 for full explanation.
P40.68 See P40.68 for full explanation.
P40.70 2.81 108
P40.72 (a) See P40.72(a) for full explanation; (b) 5.19 1016 m
P40.74 See P40.74 for full explanation.
P40.76 (a) See P40.76 for full explanation; (b) 2.897 755 103 m K

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