Mathematics SKE, Strand J UNIT J1 Reflections, Rotations and Enlargements: Text

STRAND J: TRANSFORMATIONS,
VECTORS and
MATRICES
J1 Reflections, Rotations and
Enlargements
Text

Contents

Section

J1.1 Reflections

J1.2 Rotations

J1.3 Enlargements

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 Mathematics SKE: STRAND J UNIT J1 Reflections, Rotations and Enlargements: Text

J1 Reflections, Rotations and

Enlargements
J1.1 Reflections
Reflections are obtained when you draw the image that would be obtained in a mirror.

Mirror Line

Every point on a reflected image is always the same distance from the mirror line as the
original. This is shown below.
Mirror Line

Note
Distances are always measured at right angles to the mirror line.

Worked Example 1
Draw the reflection of the shape in the mirror line shown.
Mirror Line

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Mirror Line

Solution
The lines added to the diagram show how
to find the position of each point after it
has been reflected.

Remember that the image of each point is

the same distance from the mirror line as
the original.
Mirror Line

The points can then be joined to give

the reflected image.

If the construction lines have been

drawn in pencil they can be rubbed
out.

Worked Example 2
Reflect this shape in the
mirror line shown in the Mirror Line
diagram.

Solution
The lines are drawn at
right angles to the mirror
line. The points which
form the image must be Mirror Line
the same distance from
the mirror lines as the
original points. The
points which were on the
mirror line remain there.

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The points can then be Mirror Line

joined to give the
reflected image.

Exercises
1. Copy the diagrams below and draw the reflection of each object.
Mirror Line
(a) (b)

Mirror Line

Mirror Line

(c) (d)

Mirror
Line

(e) (f)

Mirror
Line

Mirror Line

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2. Copy each diagram and draw the reflection of each shape in the mirror line shown.

(a) (b)

(c)

(d) (e) (f)

3. (a) Draw a set of axes with x and y values from 5 to 5.

(b) Plot the points with coordinates

(1, 1), (1, 5), (4, 5), (4, 3), (2, 3), (2, 1).
Join the points in that order to form a shape.
(c) Reflect the image in the y-axis. Write down the coordinates of the corners of
this shape.
(d) Reflect the image obtained in (c) in the x-axis. List the coordinates of the
corners.
(e) Reflect the image obtained in (d) in the y-axis. Describe how this shape
could have been obtained directly from the original shape.
y
4. A student reflected his two initials,
the first in the y-axis and the second in
the x-axis, to obtain the image opposite.

Copy the diagram and show the x

original position of the initials.

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5. Copy the diagram below.
y

6
A B C D
4

x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Draw in the mirror line for each reflection described.

(a) AB (b) BC (c) CD (d) AD

y
6. (a) Copy the axes and shape shown.
4
(b) (i) Draw the reflection of the shape 3
in the y-axis.
2
(ii) Compare the coordinates of 1
each shape. x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(iii) Describe what happens to the -1
coordinates of a point when it -2
is reflected in the y-axis. -3
-4
(c) Repeat (b) using the x-axis.
X

7. (a) Copy the diagram and draw the

B
reflection of ABCD in the mirror line
XY.
A C
(b) ABCD has rotational symmetry.
Mark with a cross its centre of
D rotation.

8. (a) Find the area of the shaded shape.

(b) Copy the diagram and draw the

reflection of the shaded shape
in the mirror line.

Mirror Line

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 Mathematics SKE: STRAND J UNIT J1 Reflections, Rotations and Enlargements: Text

J1.2 Rotations
Rotations are obtained when a shape is rotated about a fixed point, called the centre of
rotation, through a specified angle. The diagram shows a number of rotations.

Rotation 90 Original position

anti-clockwise

Centre of Rotation

Rotation 90
Rotation 180 clockwise

It is often helpful to use tracing paper to find the position of a shape after a rotation.

Worked Example 1 y
Rotate the triangle ABC shown in the diagram through 90
A B
clockwise about the point with coordinates (0, 0). 6
5
4
3
2
1 C
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Solution -1
-2
y
-3
A B -4
6
-5
5
-6
4
3
2
C The diagram opposite shows how
1
x each vertex can be rotated through
Centre of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 90 to give the position of the new
Rotation -1
triangle.
-2 C' A'
-3
-4
-5
-6
B'

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Worked Example 2
The diagram shows the position of a shape A and the shapes, B, C, D, E and F which are
obtained from A by rotation.
y

8
F 7 A
6
5 B
4
D 3
2
1
x
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3 C
-4
-5
-6
E -7
-8

Describe the rotation which moves A onto each other shape.

Solution
The diagram shows the centres of rotation and how one vertex of the shape A was rotated.
y

8
F 7 A
6
5 B
4
D 3
2
1
x
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3 C
-4
-5
-6
E -7
-8

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Each rotation is now described.

A to B: Rotation of 180 about the point (5, 6).
A to C: Rotation of 180 about the point (3, 2).
A to D: Rotation of 90 anti-clockwise about the point (0, 0).
A to E: Rotation of 180 about the point (0, 0).
A to F: Rotation of 90 anti-clockwise about the point (0, 4).

y
Exercises
6
1. Copy the axes and triangle
5
shown opposite.
4
(a) Rotate A through 90 3
clockwise around (0, 0) 2 A
to obtain B. 1
x
(b) Rotate A through 90 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
anticlockwise around
-2
(0, 0) to obtain C.
-3
(c) Rotate A through 180 -4
around (0, 0) to obtain D. -5
-6

2. Repeat Question 1 for the triangle with coordinates (3, 1), (6, 2) and (0, 4).

3. Copy the axes and triangle shown below.

y

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Rotate the triangle through 180 using each of its vertices as the centre of rotation.

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4. Copy the axes and shape shown below.

6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

(a) Rotate the original shape through 90 clockwise around the point (1, 2).
(b) Rotate the original shape through 180 around the point (3, 4).
(c) Rotate the original shape through 90 clockwise around the point (1, 2 ).
(d) Rotate the original shape through 90 anti-clockwise around the point (0, 1).

5. Repeat Question 4 for the triangle with vertices at (2, 2), (1, 3) and (3, 5).

6. The diagram shows the position of a shape labelled A and other shapes which were
obtained by rotating A.
y

7
6
5
A
4
D
3
2
E
1
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
B
-3
-4
C
-5
-6

(a) Describe how each shape can be obtained from A by a rotation.

(b) Which shapes can be obtained by rotating the shape E?

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7. The shape A has been rotated to give each of the other shapes shown. For each
shape, find the centre of rotation.
y

13
B
12
11
E
10
9
A D
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
C
1
0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

8. (a) Describe how each shape shown below can be obtained from A by a rotation.
y

10
9
E A
8
7
6
B
5
4
C
3
2
D
1
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

(b) Which shapes cannot be obtained from C by a rotation?

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9. On a set of axes with x and y values from 2 to 12, draw the triangle with vertices
at the points (0, 0), (4, 5) and (1, 4).

(a) Rotate the triangle through 90 clockwise about the point (5, 6).
(b) Rotate the second triangle through 90 clockwise about the point (4, 3).
(c) Describe how to obtain the third triangle from the original triangle by a
single rotation.

10. The shape B can be obtained from A by two rotations. Describe these rotations.
y

7
B
6
5
4
3
A
2
1
0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

J1.3 Enlargements
An enlargement is a transformation which enlarges (or reduces) the size of an image. Each
enlargement is described in terms of a centre of enlargement and a scale factor.

A''

A'

O
Centre of
Enlargement Scale Factor 2 Scale Factor 4

The example shows how the original, A, was enlarged with scale factors 2 and 4. A line
from the centre of enlargement passes through the corresponding vertex of each image.

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J1.3

Note
The distances, OA and OA , are related to OA:
OA = 2 OA
OA = 4 OA

The same is true of all the other distances between O and corresponding points on the
images.

Worked Example 1
Enlarge the triangle shown using the centre of enlargement marked and scale factor 3.

B
Centre of O
Enlargement

Solution
The first step is to draw lines from the centre of enlargement through each vertex of the
triangle as shown below.

A'

B'
A

B
Centre of O
Enlargement

C'

As the scale factor is 3, then

OA = 3 OA
OB = 3 OB
OC = 3 OC

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J1.3 Mathematics SKE: STRAND J UNIT J1 Reflections, Rotations and Enlargements: Text

The points A , B and C have also been marked on the diagram. Once these points
have been found they can be used to draw the enlarged triangle.

A'

B'
A

B
Centre of O
Enlargement

C'

Worked Example 2
Enlarge the pentagon with scale factor 2 using the centre of enlargement marked on the
diagram.
D

E C
O
Centre of
Enlargement A B

Solution
The first step is to draw lines from the centre of enlargement which pass through the five
vertices of the pentagon.

D'

E' C'
E O C
Centre of
Enlargement A B
A' B'

As the scale factor is 2 the distances from the centre of enlargement to the vertices of the
image will be

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J1.3 Mathematics SKE: STRAND J UNIT J1 Reflections, Rotations and Enlargements: Text

OA = 2 OA
OB = 2 OB
OC = 2 OC
OD = 2 OD
OE = 2 OE .

These points can then be marked and joined to give the enlargement.

D'

E' C'
E O C
Centre of
Enlargement A B
A' B'

Worked Example 3
The diagram shows the square ABCD which has been enlarged to give the squares
A B C D and A B C D .

D'' C'

D' C'
D C

A B

A' B'

A'' B'

(a) Find the scale factor for each enlargement.

(b) Find the centre of enlargement.

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Solution
(a) The sides of the square ABCD are each 1.5 cm. The sides of the square
A B C D are 3 cm. As these are twice as long as the original, the scale factor for
this enlargement is 2.
The sides of the square A B C D are 6 cm, which is 4 times longer than the
original square. So the scale factor for this enlargement is 4.

(b) To find the centre of enlargement draw lines through A, A and A , then repeat
for B, B and B , C, C and C and D, D and D .

D'' C''

D' C'
D C

Centre of
Enlargement
A B

A' B'

A'' B''

These lines cross at the centre of enlargement as shown in the diagram.

Note
When the scale factor of an enlargement is a fraction, the size of the enlargement is reduced.
The image of the original is then between the centre of enlargement and the original.

Worked Example 4 A
The diagram shows three triangles.

ABC was enlarged with different

scale factors to give A B C and A'
A B C .
A''
(a) Find the centre of enlargement.
(b) Find the scale factor for each B'' B' B
enlargement.
C''
C'

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J1.3

Solution
(a) To find the centre of enlargement, lines should be drawn through the
corresponding points on each figure.

A'

A''

Centre of B'' B' B

Enlargement
C''
C'

(b) To find the scale factors, compare the lengths of sides in the different triangles.
First consider triangles ABC and A B C :
AC = 6 cm and A C = 3 cm ,
1
so A C = AC
2
1
which means that the scale factor is .
2

For triangles ABC and A B C ,

AC = 6 cm and A C = 1.5 cm ,
1
so A C = AC
4
1
which means that the scale factor is .
4

Worked Example 5
Enlarge the triangle shown with A

1
scale factor and centre of
3
enlargement as shown.

Centre of
Enlargement

C B

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J1.3

Solution
The first stage is to draw lines A
from each corner of the triangle
through the centre of enlargement.

A'

O B'
C'

C B

These points can then be joined A

to give the image.

A'

O B'
C'

C B

Then the corners of the image should be fixed so that

1
OA = OA
3
1
OB = OB
3
1
OC = OC
3

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J1.3 Mathematics SKE: STRAND J UNIT J1 Reflections, Rotations and Enlargements: Text

Exercises
1. Enlarge the triangle shown with scale factor 3 and the centre of enlargement
shown.
Centre of
Enlargement

2. Copy the diagrams below on to squared paper. Enlarge each shape with scale
factor 2 using the point marked as the centre of enlargement.

(a) (b)

Centre of
Enlargement
Centre of
Enlargement

(c) (d)
Centre of
Enlargement

Centre of
Enlargement

(e) (f)

Centre of Centre of
Enlargement Enlargement

3. (a) A boy writes his initials as shown below.

Centre of
Enlargement

Use the marked centre of enlargement to enlarge his initials with scale factor
(b) Repeat part (a) using your own initials.

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4. In each diagram below, the smaller shape has been enlarged to obtain the larger
shape. For each example state the scale factor.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)
(f)

5. Copy each diagram on to squared paper. Then find the centre of enlargement and
the scale factor when the smaller shape is enlarged to give the bigger shape.

(a) (b)

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(c) (d)

(e) (f)

6. Copy each diagram below and enlarge it with scale factor 3.

(a) (b)

Centre of
Enlargement
Centre of
Enlargement

7. (a) Draw a set of axes with x and y values from 0 to 15.

(b) Plot the points (2, 2), (6, 2), (6, 6) and (2, 6), then join them to form a
square.
(c) Enlarge the square with scale factor 3, using the point with coordinates
(3, 3) as the centre of enlargement.

8. (a) Draw a circle with centre at (4, 4) and radius 2.

(b) Enlarge the circle with scale factor 2 and centre of enlargement (4, 4).
(c) Enlarge the circle with scale factor 3 and centre (5, 5).

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9. A triangle with vertices at the points with coordinates (2, 1) (7, 1) and (7, 6) is
enlarged to give the triangle with coordinates at the points (6, 3), (21, 3) and (21, 18).
(a) Draw both triangles.
(b) What is the scale factor of the enlargement?
(c) What are the coordinates of the centre of enlargement?

10. (a) On a set of axes draw a triangle with vertices at (2, 0), (4, 0) and (3, 3).
(b) Enlarge the triangle with scale factor 2 using the point (0, 0) as the centre of
enlargement.
(c) Write down the coordinates of both triangles. How do they compare?
(d) What would you expect to be the coordinates of your triangle if it were to be
enlarged with scale factor 3 using (0, 0) as the centre of enlargement?
Check your answer by drawing the triangle.
(e) Enlarge your original triangle with a different centre. Is there a simple
relationship between the coordinates of the original and the enlargement,
when the centre of enlargement is used?

11. Using the point O as the centre of enlargement,

enlarge the rectangle with scale factor 3.

O
12.
The shaded square has sides of length 1 cm.
It is enlarged a number of times as shown.

(a) Copy and complete the table below

.
Length of Side of Square 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm 4 cm

Perimeter of Square 4 cm 8 cm 12 cm

Area of Square 1 cm2 4 cm2 16 cm2

The shaded square continues to be enlarged.

(b) Copy and complete the following table.

Length of Side of Square

Perimeter of Square

Area of Square 64 cm

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13. For each pair of objects, state the scale factor of an enlargement which produces
the smaller image from the larger one.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

(f)

14. In each example below, the smaller shape has been obtained from the larger shape
by an enlargement. For each example, state the scale factor and the coordinates of
the centre of enlargement.
y

12
(a) (b)

10

(c)
2

x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

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J1.3
15. The larger triangle shown below is reduced in size by using a photocopier to give
the smaller triangle.
C

Not to scale
C'
30 cm 50 cm
10 cm

A B A' B'
45 cm

(a) What is the scale factor of the enlargement which took place?
(b) What are the lengths of A C and B C ?

16. The parallelogram ABCD has vertices (6, 3), (9, 3), (12, 9) and (9, 9) respectively.
y (cm)

10
9 D C

8
7
6
5
4
3
A B
2
1
x (cm)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1
An enlargement scale factor and centre (0, 0) transforms parallelogram
3
ABCD onto parallelogram A B C D .

(a) (i) Draw the parallelogram A B C D .

(ii) Calculate the area of parallelogram A B C D .

(b) The side AB has length 3 cm. The original shape ABCD is now enlarged
2
with a scale factor of to give A B C D .
5
Calculate the length of the side A B .

Investigation
Points X and Y lie on a straight line AB. Given that AX : XB = 1 : 2 and
AY : YX = 2 : 3, write down the ratio AY : XB.

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