Classification of StructuresI.

Solid Beams
I. Solid Beam Members
Examples:
Circular Concrete Columns
Rectangular Concrete Beam
Rectangular Timber beams

Stress-Deformation
Theories
an Overview

Overview of Stress- Deformation

Theories

Solid Beams/Columns

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

Solid Beams Theories

Solid Beam Theories:
1. Euler-Bernouilli Beam Theory

T dimensions
Two
di
i
(x(
sec height and width)
are comparable but
very small relative to
third dimension
(Span)
Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

Under bending, it is assumed that only

the axial strain is significant leading to
the plane section remains plane and
normal to member axis

Under Torsion, only in-plane shear

strains are induced (out-of-plane
stresses due to torsion neglected)
Simplest theory
Focus of undergraduate studies
Accurate for Long span members but
inaccurate for short span/deep beam

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

ClassificationII. Plates under Bending

Solid Beam Theories

Solid Beam Theories (cont):
2. Timoshenko Beam Theory

II. Plates under Bending:

g
Flat structure in which one of the
dimensions (thickness) is very
small relative to other two
dimensions (width + breadth)
Loading is normal to the plane of
the plate

Accounts for shear deformation

Retains the plane section remains plane
assumption but relaxes the assumption of
normality of section to member axis

3. Bickford Beam Theory

Relaxes the plane section remains plane
assumption and replaces it with a cubic
distribution for the longitudinal displacement
Valid only for Rectangular cross-section.
cross-section
Resolves the contradiction in boundary
condition (related to traction at extreme fibres)
arising in Timoshenko Beam

More complex
Applicable for long and short span (deep)
beams
Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

Overview of Stress Deformation

Theories

Plate Bending Example:

Flat Slabs

Plates under Bending

Flat Slabs in
a Concrete
High rise
building

Plate Bending
g Theories

Displacements, strains, stresses are functions of

two coordinates (x,y)
Plate has three rigidities due to bending about x,
bending about y, and twist

1. Kirchoff Plate Bending Theory

A 2D dimensional EB theory for thin plates

Based on the the Love-Kirchoff assumption:
A fibre initially normal to the mid-surface remains
rigid
g and perpendicular
p p
to the mid-surface
f
throughout
g
deformation

Equilibrium Condition (PDE):

4 w ( x, y )
4 w ( x, y ) 4 w ( x, y )
Et 3
+2
+

= q ( x, y )
4
x 2 y 2
y 4
12 (1 2 ) x

Compare to EI
Overview of Stress-Deformation
Theories

d 4w
= q ( x)
dx 4

Overview of Stress Deformation

Theories

Plates under Bending

Plates under Bending

2. The Mindlin-Reissner Plate

Bending Theory
A 2D generalization of the Timoshenko
Beam in which the assumption that a
fibre initially normal to the plate midsurface remains rigid is retained.
Assumption that the fibre remains
perpendicular to the middle surface is
relaxed
relaxed.

3. The Reddy Bickford Plate

Bending Theory
A 2D generalization of the
Bickford beam theory involving
a cubic distribution of the
normal stresses across the plate
thickness
More Complex
Suitable for thick plates
Also applicable for thin plates

More Complex
Suitable for thick plates
Also applicable for thin plates
Overview of Stress Deformation
Theories

Classification
III. Plane Stress Problems

Overview of Stress Deformation

Theories

10

Concrete Corbel/
Brige Pier
P

III. Plane Stress Problems

Like plate problems, this is a flat
structure in which one of the
dimensions (thickness) is very small
relative to the other two dimensions
(along x, y directions)
Unlike plate problems, loading lies in
the plane of the structure
Example
Concrete Corbel (Short and Deep
Cantilever) Subject to in-plane loading

Overview of Stress Deformation

Theories

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Overview of Stress Deformation

Theories

12

Classification IV. Plate

under Bending + Plane
Stress/Plate Buckling

Plane Stress Problems

Plane Stress Theories
Out of plane stresses zz , yz , xz
are negligible
In-Plane Displacements
u ( x, y ) , v ( x, y ) induce in-plane
stresses xx ( x, y ) , yy ( x, y ) , xy ( x, y )
Airy
y Stress Function Solution in 2D
Elasticity (Introductory Elasticity)
is an example of solution techniques
developed to solve this class of
problems
Overview of Stress Deformation
Theories

Description:
Plates under combined action of
1. Out-of-plane loads (inducing plate
bending),
2. In-plane loads (similar to plane stress
problems)
Interaction between both types of load/response is
negligible: Conduct two separate analysis of
plate under bending (Solution Type II) and
Plane Stress Analysis (Solution Type III)
Interaction between both types of load/response is
is important:

Use: Second Order Plate bending analysis

Examples: Flange or Web local buckling

13

Overview of Stress Deformation

Theories

Plate (Local) Buckling

in Steel Members

14

Plate Buckling
Kirchoff Plate Bending Theory including Second
order
d effects/Buckling
ff t /B kli

2D dimensional Euler Bernouilli Theory in the

deformed configuration
Based on the The Love-Kirchoff assumption:
A fibre initially normal to the mid-surface
remains perpendicular to the mid-surface
throughout deformation
Forms the theoretical basis of classifications rules
for Local buckling for steel members
Equilibrium Condition (PDE):
4 w ( x, y )
4 w ( x, y ) 4 w ( x , y )
Et 3
+2
+

4
x 2 y 2
y 4
12 1 2 x

2 w ( x, y ) 2 w ( x, y )
2 w ( x, y )
+ N xx
+ 2 N xy
+
= q ( x, y )
2

x 2
y 2

Compare to the Second Order Analysis Equation

for a Column d 4 w
d 2w
EI

Overview of Stress Deformation

Theories

15

dx 4

+P

dx 2

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

= q ( x)

16

ClassificationV. Plane Strain Problems

One dimension (z) is much larger
than the
th
th other
th two
t (x,y)
( )
Loads, boundary conditions, etc.
are dependent on only (x, y)
coordinates and independent of
coordinate z
A slice of unit width of the 3D
problem is isolated and analyzed

Earth Dam

Slice of unit width

Segment to be anlyzed as
plane strain probem

Examples:
Tunnel-Soil
Tunnel Soil interaction problems
Pipe Soil interaction problems
Long Earth Dam

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

z
Dam Extending on
both sides of z axis

17

18

Classification
VI. Shell Problems

Plane Strain Problems

`Techniques
q
for Solving
g Plane

V. Shell Structures

Strain Problems are similar to

those for Plane Stress Problems
(e.g., Airy Stress Function, etc.)

Overview of Stress Deformation

Theories

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

19

Curved Surfaces
Like plates, one dimension (thickness)
is very small compared to the other
two dimensions
Loading can occur normal to the shell
mid-surface (like plates) or in the plane
of the shell midsurface (like plane
stress problems).
E
Examples:
l
Hyperbolic Cooling Towers
Elevated Tanks
Structure Roof in the form of an
ellipsoid
Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

20

Shell Structures

Shell Theories
Shell Theories
Thin shell theories
Thick shell theories
Use of Shell Analysis
Shell theories are
useful for analyzing specialized
structures
Excellent tools frequently
q
y used in
research on steel structures as they
capture many important phenomena
(bucking, lateral buckling, residual
stresses, non-linear material behaviour)
Too complex for routine design

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

21

Classification
VII.3D Problems

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

22

3D Structures

3D problems
Most General and accurate representation
of a structure
Also, most complex type of solution
When all three dimensions are comparable
in magnitude
Examples:
Curved Dams,
Soil Pipe-interaction
Soil mass behind a retaining wall
Appropriate Theories/Solutions:
Mathematical Theory of Elasticity (3D)
Finite Element Analysis (3D)
Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

23

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

24

VIII. Thin Wall Beams another Important Class

of Problems
VIII Thin-Walled Members

Most of steel members used in

practice fall in this category

When all three dimensions are of different order

magnitudes, i.e.,

thickness << width << span

Examples:
Wide flange sections, channels, zed
sections, and folded plates, shear walls
Distinctive behaviour:
They
y undergo
g longitudinal
g
strains/stresses
under torsion, a feature not captured in
solid beam theory
Appropriate Theories:
Theories of thin walled members (Vlasov,
Benscoter, Gjelsvik)
Overview of Stress Deformation
Theories

Thin-Walled Beams

25

Examples

Therefore, the thin-wall beam

theory is of particular interest in
the analysis and design of steel
members

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

26

Thin Walled Members

Open Sections

Closed sections

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

27

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

28

Why the Vlasov theory?

Why the Vlasov theory?

Whyy studyy the Vlasov thinwalled beam theory?

3. It forms the basis of many code

formulas, such as
a. Torsional flexural buckling
expression for doubly symmetric
sections
2 EC
1
w

1. Accuracy and efficiency:

Models behaviour of steel
members accurately at a
relatively low computational
costt
2. Relative Simplicity: It is the
simplest thin-walled beam
theory available
Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

+ GJ 2
Fez =
( K L )2
Ar0
z z

b. Torsional
b
T i l flexural
fl
l buckling
b kli
equations for asymmetric sections
c. Critical moment expression
Mu =
29

Why the Vlasov theory?

4. It provides a formal and natural
way for the warping constant
for any section, which arises in
many steel design equations
5. It provides a good mathematical
description for the behaviour of
thin-walled section under
torsion

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

31

2
L

E
EI y GJ +
I y Cw
L
2

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

30

Summary of Elastic
Theories
Matehmatical Theory of Elasticity
(3D)

Most General
(complex)

Theory of Plates and Shells

(2D)

Theory of Thin Walled Beams

Suitable for common steel

members

Theory of Solid Beams

(1D)

Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

Most Restrictive
(Simple)

32

Cant we use 3D analysis for

thin-walled beam problems?
General theories ((e.g.,
g 3D)) are able
to accurately represent simpler
problems (e.g., thin-walled beams).

A beam can be considered thinwalled (Vlasov 1961) when

However, they result into

unnecessarily complicated solutions
It is therefore important to properly
classify the problem and apply the
most appropriate theory. For steel
members, Vlasov theory gives
reasonable results most of the time.
Overview of Stress
Deformation Theories

Classification Guidelines
for Thin-Walled Members

33

0.1,

d
0.1
l

where
= representative thickness
(web or flange thickness, etc.)
d = characteristic dimension of
the cross-section (flange
width, web height, etc..)
l = span of the beam
Overview of Stress Deformation
Theories

34