Latin Study Guide
1st Declension
Singula Feminine
r
Nom -a 2nd Declension
Gen -ae
Dat -ae
Acc -am
Abl -ā
Plural
Nom -ae
Gen -arum
Dat -is
Acc -as
Abl -is
Singula Masculine Neuter
r
Nom -us / -r -um
Gen -i -i
Dat -o -o
Acc -um -um
Abl -o -o
Plural
Nom -i -a
Gen -orum -orum
Dat -is -is
Acc -os -a
Abl -is -is
3rd Declension 4th Declension
Singula Masc/Fem Neuter Singular Masculine Neuter
r Nom -us -ū
Nom ~ (root) ~ Gen -ūs -ūs
Gen -is -is Dat -uī -ū
Dat -i -i Acc -um -ū
Acc -em ~ Abl -ū -ū
Abl -e -e Plural
Plural Nom -ūs -ua
Nom -es -a Gen -uum -uum
Gen -um -um Dat -ibus -ibus
Dat -ibus -ibus Acc -ūs -ua
Acc -es -a Abl -ibus -ibus
Abl -ibus -ibus
5th Declension
Singular Masc/Fem
Nom -es
Gen -eī
Dat -eī
Acc -em
Abl -e
Plural
Nom -es
Gen -erum
Dat -ebus
Acc -es
Abl -ebus
Present Tense – “goes, is going” Imperfect Tense – “was going, used to go”
Sing Plural Sing Plural
1 -o -mus 1 -bam -bamus
2 -s -tis 2 -bas -batis
3 -t -nt 3 -bat -bant
Perfect Tense – “went, have gone” Future Tense – “will go”
Sing Plural 1 and 2 3 and 4
1 -ī -imus
2 -isti -istis
3 -īt -ērunt
Sing Plural Sing Plural About Noun-Adjective Agreement:
rd *
31 Declension
-bo Adjectives
-bimus -am -emus
2 -bis -bitis -es -etis Nouns and adjectives must be the
Singula
3 Masc/Fem
-bit -buntNeuter-et -ent same in terms of gender, number, and case.
r These criteria are determined by the ending
Nom -is -e each word has. If both the noun and the
Gen -is -is adjective are 1st or 2nd declension, the
Dat -i -i endings will be the same. If the adjective is
Acc -em -e 1st or 2nd but the noun is third, the endings
Abl -i -i will not look alike, but their meaning
Plural (gender, number, case) will be the same.
Nom -es -ia This holds true for any combination of
Gen -ium -ium declensions for nouns and adjectives. So,
Dat -ibus -ibus look at the ending of the noun, figure out its
Acc -es -ia gender, number, and case, then find the
similar ending for the adjective.
Abl -ibus -ibus
**
The endings for 1st and 2nd declension
adjectives are the same as the noun endings.
This, These That, Those
Singula Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Masculine Feminin Neuter
r e
Nom hic haec hoc Nom ille illa illud
Gen huius huius huius Gen illius illius illius
Dat huic huic huic Dat illī illī illī
Acc hunc hanc hoc Acc illum illam illum
Abl hōc hāc hōc Abl illō illā illō
Plural Plural
Nom hī hae haec Nom illī illae illa
Gen horum harum horum Gen illorum illarum illorum
Dat hīs hīs hīs Dat illīs illīs illīs
Acc hōs hās haec Acc illōs illās illa
Abl hīs hīs hīs Abl illīs illīs illīs
Personal Pronouns – used to refer to me/we (1st), you/you all (2nd), and he/she/it/they(3rd). They
can also be used reflexively when the subject is the same as the object. “I saw myself” becomes
“Ego vidi me”
Singular First Person Second Third Masculine Third Feminine Third Neuter
Person
Nom ego tu is ea id
Gen mei tui eius eius eius
Dat mihi tibi ei ei ei
Acc me te eum eam id
Abl me te eo ea eo
Plural
Nom nos vos ei eae ea
Gen nostri/nostrum vestri/vestrum eorum earum eorum
Dat nobis vobis eis eis eis
Acc nos vos eos eas ea
Abl nobis vobis eis eis eis
Reflexive Pronouns for Third Person – used when a third person (he/she/they) is the subject and
the object. “Marcus saw himself.” The forms are the same for singular and plural.
Singular and Third Reflexive
Plural
Nom ~
Gen sui (of himself)
Dat sibi (to himself)
Acc se (himself as object)
Abl se (himself in a prepositional phrase)
Reflexive Adjectives – there are also adjectives that refer back to the subject. They are like any
other adjectives in terms of use, so do not be confused with what they mean.
1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
meus, -a, -um tuus, -a, -um suus, -a, -um
noster, nostra, nostrum vester, vestra, vestrum suus, -a, -um
They are translated like this – “I have my book (1st)” “You carried your bag (2nd)” “He took his
own book (3rd)”. When a person takes someone else’s things, then you would use ‘eius’,
because reflexive adjectives only are used when the object belongs to the subject! Otherwise, it is
not reflexive because the subject and the object are two different people!
Uses of the 4 principal parts of verbs:
First – the present, 1st person singular form. “I love, I am loving”
Second – the present, active, infinitive form. It is used to find the present, future, and imperfect
stems. “To love”. Chop off the -re and use the ‘ama’ part to form the other tenses.
Third – the perfect, 1st person singular for. It is used to find the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect stems. “I loved”. Chop off the -ī and use the ‘amav’ to form the other tenses.
Fourth – the perfect passive participle. It is used to find the passive perfect form of a verb.
“have been loved”. Use this with a present form of the verb sum, esse.
Example: Amo, Amare, Amavī, Amatus.
Passive Voice: the subject has the action of the verb performed upon him, instead of performing
the action. “these things were said” instead of “I said these things”. You may include the
subject of the active verb in a prepositional phrase “these things were said by me.”
Passives are recognized by -r, -ris, -tur type endings.
Uses of Cases:
Nominative – the subject. “I threw his ball to you in the field.”
Genitive – indicates possession. “I threw his (of him) ball to you in the field.”
Dative – indirect object. Receives the direct object. “I threw his ball to you in the field.”
Accusative – direct object. Receives the action of the verb. “I threw his ball to you in the field.”
Ablative – prepositional phrases, among others. “I threw his ball to you in the field.”
Ablatives can also be used in these ways:
Means, Agent, Instrument. What you used to accomplish the verb. “I beat him
with a stick”
Manner. How you did the verb. “I beat him with great anger”
Respect. In what way does the verb apply. “a beautiful maiden, called
Andromeda” or “Andromeda with respect to name”
Description. “monsters of horrible appearance.”
Time when or time within which. “woke up in the middle of the night”
Place where. Usually a prepositional phrase.
Vocative – direct address. “Marcus, be quiet!”
Parsing:
For Nouns: Gender (masc/fem), number (sing/pl), case, reason (why it’s in the case)
For Adjectives: Gender, number, case, noun it describes
For Verbs: Tense, Voice (active/passive), Mood (indicative/imperative/infinitive), person
(1/2/3), number (sg/pl)