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Comprehensive Guide to Water Treatment Processes

The document discusses various water treatment processes. Primary treatment involves removing large solids, grit, oils and grease through screens and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms to biologically degrade organic compounds through aerobic or anaerobic processes. Tertiary treatment further removes residuals through filtration, adsorption, oxidation and disinfection. The appropriate treatment process depends on wastewater characteristics, effluent quality requirements, costs and available land. Biological treatments include lagoons, activated sludge and trickling filters. Physical-chemical treatments include ion exchange, precipitation, coagulation, adsorption and chemical oxidation.

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31 views18 pages

Comprehensive Guide to Water Treatment Processes

The document discusses various water treatment processes. Primary treatment involves removing large solids, grit, oils and grease through screens and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms to biologically degrade organic compounds through aerobic or anaerobic processes. Tertiary treatment further removes residuals through filtration, adsorption, oxidation and disinfection. The appropriate treatment process depends on wastewater characteristics, effluent quality requirements, costs and available land. Biological treatments include lagoons, activated sludge and trickling filters. Physical-chemical treatments include ion exchange, precipitation, coagulation, adsorption and chemical oxidation.

Uploaded by

Cz
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

Effluent

Primary
treatment

Secondary
Treatment

runoff

Tertiary
treatment

Water Treatment Processes

PRIMARY TREATMENT
to prepare the wastewater for biological treatment
Purpose

treatment

Remove large solids, grit

screening

Remove oils, grease


And suspended solids

Flotation,
Sedimentation
Coagulation
filtration

Adjust the pH

Neutralization

Water Treatment Processes

For process wastewaters


to remove toxic pollutants
- Heavy metal removal, precipitation
- oxidation / reduction for toxic organic
pollutants removal
- adsorption i.e. Activated carbon
- stripping, ion exchange
etc.

Water Treatment Processes

SECONDARY TREATMENT
- Biological degradation of organic compounds
(aerobic / anaerobic)
- Microorganisms and solids will be allowed
to settle
- Recycle of a fraction of sludge
** toxic residues have to be removed prior to
biological treatment **

Water Treatment Processes

TERTIARY TREATMENT
to remove specific types of residuals
- filtration : to remove suspended or colloidal solids
- adsorption, chemical oxidation : remove organics
- ozonation, chlorination : disinfection
** all these processes have their place in overall
Wastewater treatment scheme **

Water Treatment Processes

SELECTION OF A TREATMENT PROCESS


Depends upon :
1. Characteristics of the wastewater
- Form of pollutants

 suspension
 colloidal
 dissolved

- Biodegradability
- Toxicity of the components

Water Treatment Processes

2. The required effluent quality


3. The costs
4. The availibility of land

Water Treatment Processes

Preliminary analysis
Organic stream
volatile

Stream
+heavy metals

Mineral stream

Toxic/
nonbiodegradable

Toxic substance treatment


biodegradable
Equalization, neutralization
Oil, grease, solids removal

Biological treatment

Final disposal

Technologies for toxic wastewaters treatment


Reverse osmosis
Ion exchange
filtration

Precipitation
Oxidation/
reduction
Heavy
metals

water

Discharge
recycle,
treatment

Granular carbon
adsorption
Anaerobic treatment
Wet air oxidation
Chemical oxidation
Organics

Air or Stream
stripping
Volatile
Organics
NH3

Biological waste treatment


Method

mode of
operation

degree of
treatment

land
requirement

Lagoon

- intermittent
- continuous
discharge
- facultative
- anaerobic

intermediate

earth dug
10-60 days
retention

Aerated
Lagoon

complete mix high in summer earth basins


low in winter
8.55-17.1
m2/(m3/d)

Method
Activated
Sludge

mode of
operation

degree of
treatment

complete mixed
plug flow
sludge recycle

Trickling
Filter

continuous
application

RBC

multistage
continuous

Anaerobic complete
mix

land
requirement

earth or concrete
>90 %
removal
0.56 2.62
of organics m2/(m3/d)
intermediate
or high

intermediate
or high
intermediate

5.52-34.4
m2/(1000m3/d)

Physical and chemical waste treatment


Method

waste

Ion
Exchange

plating
nuclear

mode

degree of treatment

continuous demineralized water


filtration
product recovery

Reduction
plating
batch
Precipitation heavy metal

complete removal
of Cr & heavy metals

Coagulation paper board batch


refinery
rubber, paint
textile

complete removal
of suspended
and colloidal matters

Water Treatment Processes

Method

waste

mode

degree of treatment

Adsorption toxic or
organic
refractory

column of
activated
carbon

complete removal
of most organics

Chemical
Oxidation

batch or
partial or
continuous O3 complete oxidation
or catalyzed
H 2 O2

toxic &
refractory
organics

Water Treatment Processes

Ex. Municipal wastewater


Water

disinfection

screening

Sedimentation tank

clarifier
Sludge thickening
Anearobic digesters

Land uses

Belt presses

Aeration tank

Water Treatment Processes

Ex. Drinking water

Raw water
(source water)

Coagulation/
flocculation

Disinfection

sedimentation

filtration
(Layer of charcoal,
sand,Gravel)

Water Treatment Processes

Pure water treatment

Ex. Oil removal and separation

Corrugated Plate Interceptors (CPIs)

Efficient gravity separators


Removal of gross solids and free oil
>75% free oil removal
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)

Ex. Wastewater from sulfite Pulp and paper


Conventional treatment comprises
1. Preliminary treatment
2. Primary or physical treatment (sedimentation)
3. Secondary or biological treatment
(activated sludge, aerated 1 lagoons or biofiltration)
4. Sludge treatments (sludge dewatering)

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