Math 55a: Honors Abstract Algebra
Homework Assignment #2 (10 September 2010):
Linear Algebra II
TFAE (The Following Are Equivalent): If I say this it means that, and if I
say that it means the other thing, and if I say the other thing. . . 1
This homework assignment consists of three problems on the basic definitions and properties of vector spaces and their dimensions, four problems showing these ideas in different contexts, and a bit more about modules. Problem set is due Friday, Sep. 17 in
class.
1. Solve Exercise 7 on page 35 of the Axler textbook for vector spaces over an arbitrary
field F; deduce
5 and 6. (F is the vector space defined on page 10;
Q Exercises
NB this is j=1 F, not j=1 F.)
2. What is the dimension of the vector space generated by. . .
i) The vectors (1, i, 1 + i, 0), (i, 1, 1 i, 0), and (1 i, 1 + i, 2, 0) in C4 ?
ii) The functions f (x) = sin(x), sin(x + /6), and sin(x + /3) in RR ?
iii) The n vectors
(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, . . . , 0, 0, 0),
(0, 1, 1, 0, 0, . . . , 0, 0, 0),
(0, 0, 1, 1, 0, . . . , 0, 0, 0),
..
.
(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, . . . , 1, 1, 0),
(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, . . . , 0, 1, 1),
(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, . . . , 0, 0, 1)
in Rn (n 2)? [Note the first coordinate of the last vector!]
3. Find a basis for:
i) The subspace {~x : x1 + + xn = 0} of F n (this is the space we called F0n ).
ii) The subspace {P : P (3) = 0} of P.
(In each case there are many right answers but even more wrong ones.)
4. (Polynomial interpolation.) Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be distinct elements of a field F . Prove
that the following are equivalent:
i) For any p1 , p2 , . . . , pn F there exists a unique polynomial P (x) of degree less
than n such that P (ai ) = pi for each i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
ii) The n vectors vi := (ai1 , ai2 , . . . , ain ) (0 i < n) in F n are linearly independent.
Then prove one (and thus both) of those statements. [Do not use determinants
even if you have seen them already!]
5. (Complexification of a real vector space.) Prove that for any R-vector space V one
may regard V V as a C-vector space VC by defining the scalar multiplication by
(a + ib)(v, w) = (av bw, aw + bv)
1 Definitions
of Terms Commonly Used in Higher Math, R. Glover et al.
for all a, b R and v, w V . [We shall later see that this is an example of a
tensor product, namely VC = V R C.] If V is finite dimensional, what is the
dimension of VC as a C-vector space?
6. Let V be a vector space over a field F , and let K a subfield of F (i.e., a subset
containing 0, 1 which is closed under , , and multiplicative inverse, and thus
constitutes a field with the arithmetic operations defined by restriction from K).
Note that V and F may also be regarded as K-vector spaces by restricting the
arithmetic operations appropriately. (For instance, C is an R-vector space of
dimension 2, and any C-vector space is automatically an R-vector space as well.)
Show that if m = dimK (F ) and n = dimF (V ) are finite, then so is d = dimK (V ),
and express d in terms of m and n.
7. Let F be a finite field, and let q be the number of elements of F . For some positive
integer n consider the F -vector space V = F n .
i) Prove that V has q n elements and
n1
Y
(q n q i ) = (q n 1)(q n q)(q n q 2 ) (q n q n1 )
i=0
ordered bases (e1 , e2 , . . . , en ).
ii) Now let k be an integer such that 0 k n. How many subspaces of dimension k
does V have?
We noted that the basic property av = 0 a = 0 or v = ~0 of vector spaces fails for
modules. But often in mathematics such failures are also opportunities . . .
Suppose M is a module over Z, which is to say an abelian group. For an integer n 6= 0,
we say x M is an n-torsion element if nx = 0, and a torsion element if it is n-torsion
for some n. Let M [n] be the set of n-torsion elements, and Mtors = n6=0 M [n] the set
of torsion elements. These are called the n-torsion subgroup and torsion subgroup
of M , a terminology justified by the first part of the next problem.
8. i) Prove that M [n] is a subgroup of M for each n, and that Mtors is a subgroup of M .
ii) How might (i) fail if we use the same definitions of M [n] and Mtors for a module M
over an arbitrary commutative ring A (with n now allowed to be any nonzero element of A)? How can you fix the definitions so (i) works (and still gives something
new a torsion submodule) in this generality?
9. An abelian group M is said to be divisible if for every nonzero integer n the map
M M, x 7 nx is surjective (i.e. the equation nx = b has a solution x M for
all b M ).
i) Give an example of a divisible group M 6= {0} whose only torsion element is 0.
ii) Give an example of a divisible group M 6= {0} such that M = Mtors . (A group M
satisfying M = Mtors is said to be a torsion group.)