Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
ES 623/ PE 610
DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
Lecture 19
Analog Filter Design
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Last Session
Introduction to DIF FFT Algorithm
Introduction to analog filters
Introduction to Butterworth filters
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Design of Low pass Filters
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Butterworth Filters
Magnitude squared frequency response :
2
H N ( j) =
1 +
c
2N
N is the order
c is the 3 dB cut off frequency in rad/sec
HP(j ) is prototype BW filter with c =1
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Normalized Butterworth filter response
(Prototype)
1
H ( j ) =
2N
1 + ( )
H NP ( j)
P
N
0.707
c=1
22 October 2010
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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
is called maximally flat at the origin
since all order derivatives exist and are zero.
H N ( j)
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
As N gets larger, H ( j) approaches an ideal
lowpass response. .
2
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Roll-off of Butterworth filters
GN () / dB
= 10 log[1 + ( / ) ]
2N
Roll-off = -20N dB/decade
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Design of LP BW filters
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Design of LP BW filters
The order of the filter is given by:
22 October 2010
[(
Gs /10
log 10
)(
Gp /10
1 / 10
2 log s / p
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
)]
10
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Cut-off frequency is given by:
c =
c =
(10
0 .1 G p
1
2N
or
(10
0 .1G s
1
2N
* Decided based on which specification has to be exactly met
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
11
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Transfer function
The poles occur in complex conjugate pairs &
should lie on LHP of s-plane.
The transfer function of normalized filter
HN(s) has zeros at infinity & poles uniformly
placed on unit circle at the following locations:
sk = e
22 October 2010
j ( 2 k + N 1) / 2 N
; k = 1,2,3,.......N
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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Transfer function
HN(s) = 1/BN(s) where BN(s) is BW polynomial for
normalized LPP BW filter.
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
13
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
The Polynomials Cont
H ( s ) / =c
22 October 2010
1
=
BN ( s / c )
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Example
1. Determine the lowest order of a Butterworth
LP filter with 1 dB attenuation at 1 KHz and a
minimum attenuation of 40 dB at 5 KHz.
Using
[(
log 10
Gs / 10
)(
G p / 10
1 / 10
2 log s / p
)]
N>=3.2811 or N=4
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
15
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Example
2. A Butterworth filter is to meet the following
specifications:
Ap = 1dB for = 4rad/sec
As 20 dB for 8 rad/sec.
Find the transfer function H(s) of the filter.
Ans: N=5
H (s) =
22 October 2010
2012.4
s 5 + 14.82s 4 + 109.8s 3 + 502.6 s 2 + 1422.3s + 2012
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Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Next Session
Design of highpass, bandpass and bandstop
filters
Introduction to Digital filters
22 October 2010
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17
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore
Thank You
22 October 2010
[Link] Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore
18