Chapter 1
Biomedical Engineering
an Introduction
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
1. Integrated Engineering focuses
on Interdisciplinary Emerging Technologies
Nanotechnology
Civil
Mechanical
Mechatronics
Electrical
Computer
Software
Chemical
Biomedical
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
2. Definition of
Biomedical Engineering* (1)
Biomedical engineering is a discipline that advances
knowledge in engineering, biology, medicine, and
improves human health trough cross-disciplinary that
integrate engineering sciences with the biology sciences
and clinical practices.
It includes:
the acquisition of knowledge and understanding of living
system through innovative and substantive application
experimental and analytical techniques based on
engineering sciences
the development of new devices, algorithms, processes
and system that advances biology and medicine and
improves medical practice and healthcare delivery
* Whitaker foundation
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
2. Definition of
Biomedical Engineering* (2)
Biomedical Engineering (BME) =
Multidisciplinary field, that applies engineering &
scientific methods & technology, to Solve
Problems in Biology & Medicine
To process medical information
To assist medical procedures
To improve the quality of life through improving
Community Health Care
* Soegijardjo Soegijoko, BME-ITB
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
3. Some Majors Areas
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
More specific
Biomaterials
Biomechanics
Biosensors
Medical imaging
Molecular imaging
Nanotechnology
Telemedicine
Tissue engineering
Biosystem
Biotransport
Rehabilitation
engineering
Cellular engineering
Clinical engineering
Biostatistics
Bioinformatics
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
4. Medical Procedures*
Start
1. Data/information
Collection
2. Data processing &
analysis
3. Diagnosis
4. Therapy
5. Test (More
symptom ?)
- Further actions/
Follow up
1 Data Collection
2 Process &Analysis
3 Diagnosis
4 Therapy
t Yes
(symptom)
* Soegijardjo Soegijoko, BME ITB
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
5 Test
No
Stop
5. Medical Information
Text (alphanumeric data), e.g. patient data
Physiological Signal (bio-signals), e.g.: ECG,
EMG, EEG signals
Medical Images & biometrics:
Static images, e.g.: X-ray images; fingerprint, iris
Dynamic images, e.g.: visual image of heart pumping
action, lung respiratory action
Sound & voice, e.g.: heart sound, voice of
physician & patient
Combination of the above mentioned information
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
6. Bioinstrumentation
Apply fundamental measurement sciences to
biomedical
instrumentation
for
measuring
physiological variables that may originate
molecular, cellular or systemic process
May described by mechanical, electrical, chemical,
optical or other event
Uses sensor and/or transducer
Sensor must be designed so that/to
- minimized disturbance to measured variable
environment
- comply with the requirement of the living system
- maximize the SNR, achieve accuracy and repeatability
and
Measured signal is usually fed into a signal
processing algorithm for further conditioning and
analysis
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Bioinstrumentations in Dentistry
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Other Medical Instruments
USG
Hearing Aid
Stethoscope
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Biomedical Instrumentation
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
7. Biomaterial
Application of engineering materials to the
production
of
medical/biological/diagnostic
product
- design and development of new material often to
replace failing biological organs/limbs
Designing new materials that body will not reject.
The material must be :
- non toxic, noncarcicogenic, chemically inert, stable
and mechanically strong enough to withstand the
repeated forces of a life time
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Biomaterials in Dentistry
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Biomaterial
Knee Joint Prosthesis
Surgical operation: implant
SS316L, Ti alloy or Co-Cr alloy
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
*How [Link]
Artificial Heart*
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
8. Medical Imaging
Fundus camera
Fiberoptic Endoscope
X-Ray
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
PET
To guide the surgery
precisely
USG
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Some Biomedical Imaging Equipments
High
Field
MRI
Ultrasound
CAT Scan
Open
MRI
Mobile
MRI
X-ray for
Mammography
PET Scanner
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
9. Biosignal/ Biopotensial
Analysis biological data to uncover the
nature
of
underlying
physiological
phenomena
Signal processing
Time series analysis
Origins of signal variability
Transform and statistical techniques
Analysis of chaotic behavior of signal / fractal
analysis
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Biosignal Processing
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Biosignal Processing
Biomedical Signal Examples :
Arterial Blood Pressure
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
EEG
[Link]
Study of composition, properties and interaction of
biological tissues (such as bone, muscle, etc) and
fluid (such as blood, inter/intracelluler fluid, etc)
Study of motion, material deformation, flow within the
body and devices, transport of chemical constituent
across biological and synthetic media
Development of artificial heart, replacement heart
valves, artificial organs, patient assistance devices,
ergonomic design all fall within of realm of
biomechanics
biomechanics include both fluid mechanics and solid
mechanic at molecular, cellular, macroscopic organ or
system level
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Biomechanic
Motorized Wheel Chair
Remember Christopher Reeve?
Gait Analysis
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
Gait analysis
observational studies
sequential photographs
video recording
dynamic electromyography
force transducers, foot switches,
electrogoniometers, spotting systems
specialized transducers: physical
variable electrical signal digital
signal.
computer technology, to analyze data
obtained from different sources;
record & display digital signals as
dependent variables of time on a
graph with a common time axis.
3D studies
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
[Link] Engineering
Application of technology in healthcare
Clinical engineers typically work in hospital to assist
doctors/nurses with their medical technology needs
Managing diagnostic and laboratory equipment in
hospital, interface different equipment with each other
and/or with computer
Determine equipment needs
Search for and specify optimal equipment
Train healthcare workers on equipment
Perform maintenance and safety inspection
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
12. Cellular Engineering
Design of quantitative biochemical & biophysical
techniques and procedure for study &
manipulation of cell function , such as
Cell metabolism
Inter & intra cellular signalling & regulation
Biomolecular uptake & secretion
Cellular migration, adhesion, proliferation
Closely related to biochemistry, biophysics &
molecular biology
Example : stem cell tech, cloning tech
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
13. Rehabilitation Engineering
A new growing area in BME
Expand capabilities and improves the
quality of life individuals with physical
impairment
Design or modify new/old equipment for an
individual, or a group of individual with
specific disability
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
14. Where do Biomedical Engineering Work
In industry
Design of new biomedical equipment, performance testing for
new or proposed equipment, service engineer, etc
In government positions
Product testing and safety, establishing safety standard for
biomedical equipment and system
In hospital
Provide advice on selection and use of biomedical equipment,
supervise on medical device performance testing and
maintainance
In research institutions
Supervise laboratories and equipment, participate in or direct
research activities with other researcher with such backgrounds
such as engineering, medicine, nurse, biology etc
In academia
Academic research, training next generation biomedical/other
engineer
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
15. BME Society
American Institute for Medical and Biological
Engineering (AIMBE)
Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineer
(IEEE) in Medicine and Biology society
International Federation for Medical and
Biological Engineering (IFMBE)
SMBE Australia (Society for Medical &
Biomedical Engineering)
BES (Biomedical Engineering Singapore)
IBES (Indonesian Biomedical Engineering
Society) since 2002.
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation
References
Edwin L. Dove, Medical Image Processing Lecture
Notes, UIOWA
EMBS magazine
Proceeding BME Day 2007
Soegijardjo S, Lecture on BME, ITB
Webster. (1999). Medical Instrumentation : Application
and Design, Wiley, Singapore
The Whitaker Foundation.
[Link]
[Link]
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation