Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 !
6 H2O + 6 CO2
H 2O
CO2
Light
NADP +
ADP
+ P
LIGHT
REACTIONS
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
Chapter 9
NADPH
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
O2
6 H2O + 6 CO2 ! C6H12O6 + 6 O2
memorize
sugar
Outline
! Light
! Chloroplasts
! Photosynthesis
! Light Dependent Reactions
! Carbon Fixation Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
! Other Autotrophs
! Photosynthesis and Environment
Visible light:
small part of the
electromagnetic
spectrum
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Photons: packets of light energy
Text
Nucleus
Photosynthesis:
Electron acceptor
captures the
energetic electron
and passes it to a
chain of acceptors
CHLOROPLAST:
site of photosynthesis
mesophyll is where all the chloroplast are
mesophyl is the photosynthetic l
stomara is plural for stoma
not all plant part would nee
stoma vs thylokoid light fixation
Chlorophyll: light-trapping,
green photosynthetic pigment
abort red and blue but reflect green
Light
Chloroplast
Absorbed light
Reflected light
Why Are Plants Green?
Text
chlorophyl A is the most significant
Structure of
chlorophyll
red pigment in the blood because of the FE in the middle of the
structure
Heme
Photosynthesis: Overall Reaction
GER
Reduction
lightlight
energy
energy
12 H26OCO
+ 62 CO
+
6
O
+
6
H
O
+ 62H2O! !C6HC
H
O
+
6
O
12O
6
2
2
6 12 6
2
chlorophyll
LEO chlorophyll
Reactants:
Products:
Oxidation
12 H2O
6 CO2
C6H12O6
6
H 2O
6
O2
CO2 and H2O are the reactants in photosynth
Overview of Photosynthesis:
2 Part Reaction
photo
synthesis
Light Dependent Reactions:
convert light energy into the chemical
energy of NADPH and ATP
! Light breaks down water
into:
! oxygen
! H+
! electrons
Exam 2 start here
Electron transfer agent,
hotosynthesis is going to staty
Excitation of isolated
chlorophyll molecule
Energy of electron
e-
Excited
state Text
Heat
Photon
Chlorophyll
molecule
Light Dependent Reactions:
convert light energy into the chemical
energy of NADPH and ATP
! Light breaks down water
into:
! oxygen
! H+
! electrons
! Light also:
! phosphorylates ADP !
ATP
! reduces NADP ! NADPH
NADPH: electron carrier, reduced form of NADP
(these are similar to NAD and NADH, with the addition of a phosphate group)
will provide electrons to power the carbon fixation reactions
electron
acceptor
e-
Chloroplast
Photon
Thylakoid
membrane
Electron Transport Chain
and ATP Synthesis
! Energy from electrons passing through ETC is used to
pump protons from stroma into thylakoid lumen,
forming a proton gradient across thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid lumen
Thylakoid membrane
reduced
Stroma
Stroma
Thylakoid lumen
Thylakoid membrane
Protons (H+)
Protons in the Thylakoid Space/Lumen
Protons can only diffuse though the
thylakoid membrane by passing
through the enzyme that catalyzes
ADP + Pi ! ATP
ATP Synthase
ATP Synthesis Comparison
Key
Higher [H+]
Lower [H+]
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
MITOCHONDRION
STRUCTURE
H+
Diffusion
Thylakoid
space
Intermembrance
space
Membrance
Electron
transport
chain
ATP
Synthase
Matrix
ADP+
Stroma
P
H+
ATP
The ATP is going to be use in the carbon fixation Rxn
Carbon Fixation Reactions:
incorporate CO2 into organic molecules
3 Phases:
! 1. CO2 uptake: a CO2 molecule is captured by the 5 carbon
compound RuBP (ribulose biphosphate)
! 2. Carbon reduction: energy and reducing power of ATP and
NADPH are used to reduce molecules to the 3 carbon
compound G3P (2 G3P molecules = hexose molecule)
Glucose
! 3. RuBP regeneration
! requires ATP
Calvin Cycle
CO2
the energy that drives the cycle comes
from ATP and NADPH (products of the
light-dependent reactions)
Carbon uptake
(5C) RuBP
RuBP is regenerated
6 3C CO2
RuBP captures
5Calvin
carbon molecules
Cycle
3C
2 G3P molecules5=hexose
(sugar)
Reduction
Glucose
G3P
Overview of the Calvin Cycle
Light
H 2O
CO2
Input
3 (Entering one
CO2 at a time)
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTION
ATP
NADPH
O2
Rubisco
[CH2O] (sugar)
3 P
3 P
Short-lived
intermediate
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
3-Phosphoglycerate
ATP
6 ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
3 ADP
3
ATP
6 P
1,3-Bisphoglycerate
6 NADPH
6 NADPH+
6 P
P
(G3P)
1 glucose = 6 turns
1 G3P= 3 turns(require 3 CO2)
2 G3P= 1 glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
G3P
(a sugar)
Output
Glucose and
other organic
compounds
CO2
H 2O
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ Pi
Light
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
reducing
Chloroplast
O2
given off
carbon fixation reaction
makes sugar
sugar
Overview of Photosynthesis:
takes place in the cloroplast
2 Part Reaction
Summary of Reactions
photosynthesis:anabolic rxn and endergonic rxn
Needed Materials
End Products
Light dependent reactions
light energy, pigments,
(chlorophyll) electrons,
NADP, H2O, electron
acceptors (ETC), proton
gradient, ADP + Pi, ATP
synthase
NADPH, O2, ATP
Carbon fixation reactions
RuBP, CO2, ATP,
NADPH, necessary
enzymes
carbohydrates, NADP,
ADP + Pi
Photoautotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
! Obtain energy from oxidizing reduced
inorganic molecules (ex. hydrogen
sulfide, nitrite, ammonia)
! Some of the captured energy is then
used to carry out carbon fixation
Black smoker in the Atlantic Ocean
Photosynthesis and Life on Earth
! Photoautotrophs produce virtually all organic molecules used
as energy and carbon sources by chemoheterotrophs
! Remove CO2 from the atmosphere
enter though the stomata
! When light splits water molecules, this releases O2 : required by all
aerobic organisms for aerobic respiration
! O2 converted to O3 in the stratosphere shields the planet from
damaging UV light O3= is oxone
Key Concepts from Chapter 9
! Light energy powers photosynthesis, which is essential to plants
and most life on Earth
! Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and requires the pigment
chlorophyll
! Photosynthesis is a redox process
! Light-dependent reactions convert light energy to the chemical
energy of NADPH and ATP
! Carbon fixation reactions incorporate CO2 into organic molecules
! Not all autotrophs are photoautotrophs
! Photosynthesis is important to plants and also other organisms