For each question, choose which of the four possible answers fits the space

best and write THE CORRECT LETTER into the empty box. Also, think about
why the other three answers are not possible
A

For each space, choose ONE word which you think best completes the
sentence. Look carefully at the words both before and after each space.

For each question, fill the space in the sentence using the base word given in
bold at the end. The required word may be a noun, adverb, adjective or verb
and it may be either positive (e.g. helpful) or negative (e.g. unhelpful). A

In the following text, six paragraphs have been removed. Above the extract you will find the
six removed paragraphs PLUS one paragraph which doesn't fit. Choose from the
paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap in the text (1-6). Remember, there is one
extra paragraph you do not need to use. Write only the correct letter in the empty boxes in
the text. Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces below. There is one extra you do not need
to use.

A. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for
the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new
opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the Scientific
revolution of the 17th century.
B. To capitalize upon these advances, it took a class of entrepreneurs, of which
the most famous is Richard Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions,
but these were actually the products of such as Thomas Highs and John Kay;
Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives,
and protected the machines.
C. In the United Kingdom, the Reform Act 1832 addressed the concentration of
population in districts with almost no representation in Parliament, expanding
the electorate, leading to the founding of modern political parties, and initiating
a series of reforms which would continue into the 20th century.
D. Furthermore, the stable political situation, in addition to the greater
receptiveness of the society (as compared to other European countries) are
reasons that add to this theory, enhancing its plausibility.
E. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food
production more efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing the surplus
population who could no longer find employment in agriculture into the cities to
seek work in the newly developed factories.
F. The transition to industrialization was not wholly smooth, for in England the
Luddites workers who saw their livelihoods threatened protested against
the process and sometimes sabotaged factories.
G. It was this process which started the urbanisation of areas in around the
west of the country. As agricultural workers lost their jobs on the farm, they
turned in increasing numbers to the city to provide them with employment.
Many new cities sprung up as factories were built close to raw supplies such as
coal and wool - and the people moved near the factories to find work.
The Industrial Revolution is the name given to
the
massive
social,
economic,
and
technological change in 18th century and
19th century Great Britain. It commenced with
the introduction of steam power (fuelled
primarily by coal) and powered, automated
machinery (primarily in textile manufacturing).

The causes of the Industrial Revolution were

complex and remain a topic for debate, with
some historians seeing the Revolution as an
outgrowth of social and institutional changes
wrought by the end of feudalism in Great
Britain following the English Civil War in the
17th century.

The technological and economic progress of

the Industrial Revolution gained momentum
with the introduction of steam-powered ships,
boats and railways. In the 19th Century it
spread throughout Western Europe and North
America, eventually impacting the rest of the
world.

1.

Causes

The colonial expansion of the 17th century

with the accompanying development of
international trade, creation of financial
markets and accumulation of capital is also
cited as a set of factors, as is the scientific
revolution of the 17th century.

The importance of a large domestic market

should also be considered an important
cause catalyst of the Industrial Revolution,
particularly explaining why it occurred in
Britain. In other nations (e.g. France),
markets were split up by local regions often
imposing tolls and tariffs on goods traded
among them. The restructuring of the
American domestic market would trigger the
second Industrial Revolution over 100 years
later.
Effects
The application of steam power to the
industrial processes of printing supported a
massive expansion of newspaper and
popular book publishing, which reinforced
rising literacy and demands for mass political
participation. Universal white male suffrage
was adopted in the United States, resulting in
the election of the popular General Andrew
Jackson in 1828 and the creation of political
parties organized for mass participation in
elections.

Use of the spinning wheel and hand loom

restricted the production capacity of the
industry, but several incremental advances
increased productivity to the extent that
manufactured cotton goods became the
dominant British export by the early decades
of the 19th century. India was displaced as
the premier supplier of cotton goods.
Step by step, individual inventors increased
the efficiency of the individual steps of
spinning (carding, twisting and spinning, and
subsequently rolling) so that the supply of
yarn fed a weaving industry that itself was
advancing with improvements to shuttles and
the loom or 'frame'. The output of an
individual labourer increased dramatically,
with the effect that these new machines were
a threat to employment, and early innovators
were attacked and their inventions wrecked.
The inventors often failed to exploit their
inventions, and fell on hard times.
3.

2.

In France, the July Revolution widened the

franchise and established a constitutional
monarchy.
Belgium
established
its
independence from the Netherlands, as a
constitutional monarchy, in 1830. Struggles
for liberal reforms in Switzerland's various
cantons in the 1830s had mixed results. A
further series of attempts at political reform or
revolution would sweep Europe in 1848, with
mixed results, and initiated massive migration
to North America, as well as parts of South
America, South Africa, and Australia.
Textile manufacture
In the early 18th century, British textile
manufacture was based on wool which was
processed by individual artisans, doing the
spinning and weaving on their own premises.
This system is called a cottage industry. Flax
and cotton were also used for fine materials,
but the processing was difficult because of
the pre-processing needed, and thus goods
in these materials made only a small
proportion of the output.

He created the cotton mill which brought the

production processes together in a factory,
and he developed the use of power - first
horse power, then water power and finally
steam power - which made cotton
manufacture a mechanised industry.
Why Europe?
One question that has been of active interest
to historians is why the Industrial Revolution
occurred in Europe and not in other parts of
the world, particularly China. Numerous
factors have been suggested including
ecology, government, and culture. Benjamin
Elman argues that China was in a high level
equilibrium trap in which the non-industrial
methods were efficient enough to prevent use
of industrial methods with high capital costs.
Kenneth Pommeranz, in The Great
Divergence, argues that Europe and China
were remarkably similar in 1700, and that the
crucial differences which created the
Industrial Revolution in Europe were sources
of coal near manufacturing centres and raw
materials such as food and wood from the
New World which allowed Europe to
economically expand in a way that China

could not. Indeed, a combination of all of

these factors is possible.
Why Great Britain?
The debate around the concept of the initial
start-up of the Industrial Revolution also
concerns the thirty to hundred year lead the
British had over the continental European
countries and America. Some have stressed
the importance of natural or financial
resources the United Kingdom received from
its many overseas colonies or that profits
from the British slave trade between Africa
and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial
investment.
Alternatively, the greater liberalisation of trade
from a large merchant base may have been
able to utilise scientific and technological
developments emerging in the UK and
elsewhere more effectively than other states
with stronger monarchies, such as China's
Emperors and Russia's Tzars.
The UK's extensive exporting cottage
industries also ensured markets were already
open for many forms of early manufactured
goods. The nature of conflict in the period
resulted in most British warfare being
conducted
overseas,
reducing
the
devastating effects of territorial conquest
impacting much of the rest of Europe.
Another theory believes that Great Britain
was able to succeed in the Industrial
Revolution due to its dense population for its
small geographical size, and the availability of
natural resources like copper, tin and coal,
giving
excellent
conditions
for
the
development and expansion of industry.
4.

The "Protestant work ethic"

Another theory is that the British advance
was due to the presence of an
entrepreneurial class which believed in
progress, technology, and hard work. The
existence of this class is often linked to the
Protestant work ethic and the status of socalled Dissenter Protestant sects that had
flourished with the English revolution.

Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of

law, which followed the establishment of the
prototype of constitutional monarchy in Great
Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1689,
and the emergence of a stable financial
market there based on the management of
the National Debt by the Bank of England,
contributed to the capacity for, and interest in,
private financial investment in industrial
ventures.
The Dissenters found themselves barred or
discouraged from some public offices when
the restoration of the monarchy took place
and membership in the official Anglican
church became, once more, an important
advantage.
Historians sometimes consider this social
factor to be extremely important, along with
the nature of the national economies
involved. While members of these sects were
excluded from certain circles of the
government, they were considered as fellow
Protestants, to a limited extent, by many in
the middle class, such as traditional
financiers or other businessmen.
5.

This argument has, on the whole, tended to

neglect the fact that several inventors and
entrepreneurs were rational free thinkers or
"Philosophers" typical of a certain class of
British intellectuals in the late 18th century,
and were by no means normal church goers
or members of religious sects.
Examples of these free thinkers were the
Lunar Society of Birmingham (which
flourished from 1765 to 1809). Its members
were exceptional in that they were among the
very few who were conscious that an
industrial revolution was then taking place in
Great Britain. They actively worked as a
group to encourage it, not least by investing
in it and conducting scientific experiments
which led to innovative products.
6.

Industrialization also led to the creation of the

factory. One of the earliest reformers of early
factory conditions was Robert Owen. Josiah
Wedgwood was another prominent early

industrialist. The factory system was largely

responsible for the rise of the modern city, as
workers migrated into the cities in search of
employment in the factories

Question 1 -: b.

Question 2 -: a.

Question 3 -: c.

Question 4 -: b.

Question 5 -: c.

Question 6 -: b.

Question 7 -: a.

Question 8 -: a.

Question 9 -: c.

Question 10 b. .

Question 1 -: off.

must

Question 2 -: contrary.

event

Question 3 -: made.

off

Question 4 -: no.

all

Question 5 -: up.

than

Question 6 -: come.

did

Question 7 -: addition.

of

Question 8 - great.

of

Question 1 -: daily.

upbringing

Question 2 -: mysterious.

fraudulent

Question 3 -: dishonesty.

informally

Question 4 -: engraving.

befriend

Question 5 -: implications.

overcrowding

Question 6 -: innumerable.

revolutionary

Question 7 -: worldwide.

wooden

Question 8 -: spherical.

Completion

Reading
e,

c,

b,

d,

a,