Drilling Engineering-1

Drill string Design

Dr. Samir khaled

7:28 PM

Dr. Samir Khaled

Introduction
The drillstring has several functions:

- transmit rotation to the drillbit.

- exerts weight on bits (WOB)
- guides & controls trajectory of the bit
- allows fluid circulation

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Dr. Samir Khaled

Drillstring Components
The components of
drillsting:
1. Drill Pipe
2. Drill Collar
3. Accessories including:
- HWDP
- Stabilizers
- Reamer
Specials Subs
- Directional control
equipment
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Dr. Samir Khaled

Drill Pipe Selection

Table 1: DP grade and yield strength

Only grade E, G and S are actually

used in oilwell drilling.
API established guidelines for Drill
Pipe as follows:
- New = no wear, never been used
- Premium = uniform wear, 80% wall
thickness of new pipe
- Class 2 = 65% wall thickness
of new pipe
- Class 3 = 55% wall thickness
of new pipe

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Dr. Samir Khaled

Drill Collar (DC) Selection

There are two types of DC :
- Slick DC
- Spiral DC
In areas where differential sticking is
a possibility spiral DC should be
used in order to minimize contact
area with formation

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Dr. Samir Khaled

Drill Collar (DC) Selection

The drill collars are the first
section of the drill string to
be designed.
The length and size of the
drill collars will affect the
grade, weight ,and
dimensions of drill pipe to be
used.

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Dr. Samir Khaled

Table 2: Drill Collar & Hole Size

Drill Collars Strapping

Length

Fish neck

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elevator
recess

slip
recess

Dr. Samir Khaled

Drill Collar Weight & Neutral Point

Tension

Neutral
point

Compression

Design
WOB

WOB

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Neutral Point (NP) to tension should be

in drill collars
Dr. Samir Khaled

Procedure for Selecting DC

1) Determine the Buoyancy Factor (BF) of the mud weight:
MW = mud weight, ppg
65.5 = weight of a gallon of steel, ppg
MW

BF 1

65.5

2) Calculate the required drill collar length to achieve desired

WOB:

DCLength

WOB

0.85 x BF x Wdc

WOB = weight on bit, lbf (x1000)

Wdc = DC weight in air, lb/ft
0.85 = safety factor
BF = buoyancy factor, dimensionless
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Dr. Samir Khaled

For directional well:

DC Lengthvertical
DCLength
cos I
I = well inclination

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Exercise DP-01
Number And Size Of Drill Collars

Determine the number of 9 inch OD by 3 in ID drill

collars required to provide a weight-on-bit of 55,000
lbf assuming
Hole deviation = 0
Mud density

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= 12 ppg

Dr. Samir Khaled

11

Solution DP-1
Air weight of Drill collars = WOB / Buoyancy Factor
BF = 1- (12/65.5)=0.817

Weight of Drill Collars

= 55,000/0.817

= 67,319 lbf

Hence, required weight of DCs = 67,319 /0.85 = 79,199 lbf

In practice only 85% of the drill collar weight is used as WOB, the
remaining is placed in tension
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Solution contd
Drill Collar size is OD/ID, 9/3. From calculations, the weight
per foot for the size is 192 lb/ft.
(Most Drill Collars come in 30 ft lengths)

One drill collar weighs= 30*192=5,760 lb

Number of Drill collars = 79,199 / 5,760 = 13.75
==> 14 Joints
Calculate Number of drill collars in directional drilling at inclination
angle = 30 deg.
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Drill pipe

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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DRILLING TUBULAR CLASSIFICATION AND CONDITION

Tool Joint Condition Bands

Classification bands for drillpipe and tool joints

Stencil marking for permanent classification.

One punch mark = Premium Class
Two punch marks = Class 2
Three punch marks = Class 3
* Colour bands on the pipe are for presentation purposes only and do not represent a class or condition.
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Drill Pipe Classification

2 3/8 to 6 5/8 refers to OD of pipe body

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Range 1 18 to 22 ft,

Range 2 27 to 30ft ,

Range 3 38 to45ft

E - 75, X 95, G 105, S 135

the numbers denote 1000s of psi minimum yield stress

[Link] depending upon the size of pipe different weight

ranges
[Link]

API classification for used pipe

For example a drill pipe could be - 5, Range 2, G-105, 19.5ppf,

Dr. Samir Khaled
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New7:28 PM

TOOL JOINTS AND UPSETS

THE PIPE BODY IS OF SEAMLESS CONSTRUCTION

EXTERNAL UPSET ( EU )

INTERNAL UPSET
( IU )

INTERNAL-EXTERNAL UPSET
( IEU )

Pins usually have 350 tapered shoulders

Boxes usually have 180 tapered shoulders

PIN
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BOX
Dr. Samir Khaled

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TOOL JOINTS AND UPSETS

Where the pipe joins the tooljoint, the pipe wall thickness is
increased or upset.
This increased thickness is used to decrease the frequency of
pipe failure at the point where the pipe meets the tool-joint.
The drill-pipe can have
Internal upsets (IU), ( OD stays the same )
External upsets (EU), ( ID stays the same )
Internal and External Upsets (IEU).

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Drill string Design Criteria

The criteria used in drill string
design are :
- Collapse
- Tension
- Dogleg Severity Analysis

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Collapse Design
The criteria to be used as worst case for the collapse
design of DP is typically a DST. The maximum collapse
pressure should be determined for an empty string, with
mud hydrostatic pressure acting on the outside of the DP.

A design factor is used in constructing the collapse

design line. The design factor to be used for this full
evacuation scenario is 1.0.
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Collapse Calculation
L x 1 L Y x 2
Pc

19.251
19.251
Where:
- Pc = collapse pressure (psia)
- Y = depth to fluid inside DP (f)
- L = total depth of well (ft)
- 1 = fluid density outside DP (ppg)
- 2 = fluid density inside DP (ppg)
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Collapse Calculation
Design Factor in Collapse

collapse resis tan ce of Drillpipe

DF
collapse pressure( Pc )
a DF of 1.125 is normally used
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Tension Design
(Tensile Force) or

Axial Loads

Weight Carried
The greatest tension (P) on drillstring occurs
at top joint at the maximum drilled depth.

P Ldp xWdp Ldc xWdc x BF

Where :
Ldp = length of DP per foot
Wdp = weight of DP per unit length
Ldc = length of DC per foot
Wdc = weight of DC per unit length
BF = Buoyancy Factor
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Tension Design
(Tensile Force)

The drillstring should not be designed to its

maximum yield strength to prevent the DP
from yielding and deforming.

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Tension Design
(Tensile Force)
To prevent deformation damage to drill pipe,
API recommends that the use of maximum
allowable design load (Pa), given by :

Pa 0.9 x Pt
Where :
- Pa = max. allowable design load in tension, lb
- Pt = theoretical yield strength from API tables, lb
- 0.9 = a constant relating proportional limit to yield strength
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Tension Design
(Tensile Force
From above (tensile force) equation, we obtain:
MOP = Pa P
DF = Pa / P
where :
MOP = margin of overpull, lbs
DF = design factor, dimensionless

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Maximum hole depth

The maximum length of Drill Pipe that can be used is obtained
by combining equations 1 and 3 and solving for the length of
Drill Pipe

Wdc
Pt0.9MOP
Ldp

Ldc
Wdp BF
Wdp

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Tension Design Procedure

1- Determine

maximum design loads Pa

Pa 0.9 x Pt
2- Calculate

total load at surface P using

P Ldp xWdp Ldc xWdc x BF

3- Margin

of overpull MOP

MOP = Pa P
4- The maximum length of Drill Pipe that can be used

Ldp
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Wdc
Pt0.9 MOP

Ldc
Wdp BFDr. Samir Khaled
Wdp

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Dogleg Severity Analysis

The most common DP failure is fatigue wear.
Fatigue is tendency of material to fracture
under repeated cyclic stress and chemical
attack.
A DP fatigue wear generally occurs because
the outer wall of the pipe in a dogleg is
stretched resulting in additional tension
loads.
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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DRILLING FATIGUE FAILURES

Compression

Tension

Pipe Bends Due To

Hole Shape
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Pipe Buckles Due To

Excessive Weight
Being Applied
Dr. Samir Khaled

Collars Buckle
When Weight Is
Applied To Bit

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DRILLING TUBULAR FATIGUE FAILURES

HOW FATIGUE HAPPENS

Compression

Tension

Pipe Bends Due To

Hole Shape
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Pipe Buckles Due

To Excessive
Weight Being
Dr. Samir Khaled
Applied

Collars Buckle
When Weight Is
Applied To Bit
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Maximum Torque

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Heavy-Walled Drillpipe HWDP

The HWDP has the same OD as
standard drillpipe but with much
reduced inside diameter 3
HWDP is used between standard
drillpiple and drillcollars to provide
a smooth transition between the
section of drillstring components
In directional & horizontal wells ,
The HWDP is used to provide
part or all weight on bit while
drilling
Spiral drillpipe
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Stabiliser
Stabilisers are tools
placed above the drill
bit and along the
bottom hole assembly.
BHA to control hole
deviation, and prevent
differential sticking .
They achieve these
function by centralising
drillstring .
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Stabiliser

Type of stabilisers
Rotating stablisers
Non- Rotating stablisers
Integral blade machined from high
steel alloy. The blades can either be
straight or spiral

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Non- Rotating stablisers

The main components are : Rubber
Sleeve And a mandrel, the sleeve is
designed to remain static while
sleeve & the drill string rotating
This type is used to prevent reaming
of the hole walls during drilling
operation to protect Dc from wall
contact
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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Roller Reamers

Roller reamers are used to replace near bit and

string stabilisers in bottom hole assemblies where
high torque and swelling formation .
Roller reamers have 3 or 6 cutters sets

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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Specials Subs

The word sub refers to any short length of pipe,

collar, casing
Crossover Sub (XO sub) - A crossover sub is designed with
different threaded ends for changes between different
sizes and types of drillpipe or collars.
Shock Sub - This is run behind the bit. It has a steel
spring or rubber packing to absorb the impact of the bit
bouncing on hard formations, thereby damaging the
rest of the drillstring.
Bit Sub - This is a short sub with a box on both ends so
that the drill bit and collars may be connected to their
pin ends

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Dr. Samir Khaled

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