Journal of Structural Engineering Vol.
23, No 1, March April 2014
No. 43-T4
Analytical Study On GFRP Tension Members
Karthikeyan. M
Asarudeen.A, Manikandan. C, Mohamed
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Sameer. A and Abdul kather sathik.P.I
M.I.E.T Engineering College, Trichy.
UG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, M.I.E.T
rmksv2000@[Link]
Engineering College, Trichy.
ABSTRACT
bolted connections, which are fabricated from fiber-
Structural applications of composite laminates are
reinforced composite materials. Most of the information is
increasing with the drive for high strength, lightweight
based on the experience gained from the aeronautical and
component design. These applications usually require
joining composites either to composites or metals. The Most
automotive industries (Tsiang 1984; Vinson 1989). To
commonly joints are formed using mechanical fasteners.
date, there is little research on advanced composite
Therefore suitable prediction methods must be developed to
materials for civil engineering [Link] civil
determine failure strength and failure modes of these bolted
structural applications the connections are required to
[Link] use of fiber-reinforced composite materials
carry unusually high loads for long periods of time. These
for the construction of civil engineering structures is
connections are often subjected to fluctuating and extreme
relatively new. Structural members are routinely joined by
environmental conditions and, in many cases, are seldom
bolted connections. Bolted connections are relatively easy to
inspected on a regular [Link] types of connections
assemble and maintain, and are capable of transferring the
are currently used for structural members. These include
high loads that typically occur in civil engineering
structures. Currently there is a serious lack of knowledge on
bolted, bonded, combined bolted and bonded, and
the behavior and design of bolted connections for fiber-
interlocking
reinforced [Link] the test results ananalytical
applications bolted connections are easier to assemble and
model and design procedure were eveloped as proposed in a
disassemble, easier to maintain, and are usually the most
companion paper.
cost-effective (Cosenza 1987; Godwin and Matthews
connections.
For
civil
engineering
1980).Nahla K. Hassan et al (1996) have conducted 3D
Keywords: Tension Member, Glass Fiber Reinforced
FE analysis on single and multi-bolted connections to
Polymer (GFRP), Bolted connections and Edge & Edge
determine the failure process. The strains and
Distance.
load-
displacement relationship of the specimens analyzed
INTRODUCTION
with the fiber orientation at 00, 450
to the load. Analytical results
The increasing number of successful applications
and 900 with respect
shows that the
of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates in realizing
magnitudes of the net
civil structures as well as their subsequent technological
near the hole boundary and decrease rapidly
development
the bolt hole at a distance equal to the hole diameter.
have
attracted
the
attention
of
the
tensile stresses are very high
away from
international scientific community, a special interest being
TYPE OF FAILURE
given to understand in greater detail all aspects connected
to the use of new materials. There is a serious lack of
The failure modes of are usually classified into
knowledge on the behavior of civil structural
the net-section failure, shear-out failure, bearing failure
243
and fastener shear failure,Net-section failure is transverse
to the direction of theconnecting force, between hole and
hole and/or side edges of anyone of the components being
joined. It is caused primarily by tangentialstresses at the
hole edge and, for a joint subjected to uniaxialload, occurs
when the ratio of by-pass load to bearing load is highor
when the ratio (d/w) of the hole diameter to plate width is
[Link]-out failure is caused by shear stresses and
occursalong shear-out planes on the hole boundary in the
principal fastenerload direction. Shear-out failure occurs
in laminates where the end distance (e) is short. Shear-out
failure also occurs in highlyorthotropic laminates, such as
pultruded
laminates,
[Link]
failure
independentlyof
occurs
in
the
the
end
material
immediately adjacent to the contact area between the bolt
fastener and the laminate and is caused primarily by
compressive stresses acting on the hole surface. It is likely
to occur when the ratio (d/w) is low or when the ratio of
by-pass load to bearing load is low. Bearing failure is
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
The basis of the finite element method is the
strongly affected by lateral constraint (clamping force),
plies
representation of a body or a structure by an assemblage
[Link] shear failure is caused by high
of subdivisions called finite elements. For many
shear stress in the bolt fastener.
engineering problems analytical solutions are not suitable
since
lateral
constraint
prevents
because of the complexity of the material properties, the
boundary conditions and the structure itself. The Finite
Element Method translates partial differential equation
problems into a set of linear algebraic equations.
[K]{q} = {F}
where,
K Stiffness Matrix
q Nodal displacement
vector F Nodal vector force
Applies the load gradually, in increments. Also performs
equilibrium iterations at each load increment to drive the
incremental solution to equilibrium. Solves the equation
by using Newton-Raphson equilibrium
[KT]{Du}
{F}
{Fnr}
[KT]
= tangent stiffness matrix
{Du}
{F} {F
= displacement increment
= external load vector
= internal force vector
Iterations continue until {F} - {Fnr} (difference between
external and internal loads) is within a tolerance.
[KT
Nr
4
equilibrium
2 3 Iterations
u
Displacement
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The bearing strength and the strength efficiency
of all types of connections, with 90 fibre orientation with
respect to the applied load, increased with increasing the
edge-distance-to-hole-diameter
[Link]
load-
displacement behaviour of the connections is linear up to
failure regardless of the modes of failure or the fibre
GFRP LAYER PROPERTIES
It may be used for layered applications for
modelling composite shells or sandwich [Link]
accuracy in modeling composite shells is governed by the
first-order shear-deformation theory (usually referred to
as Mindlin-Reissner shell theory). In Mindlin-Reissner,
the shear strain, and shear stress, across the thickness of
the plate is not neglected in this theory. However, the
shear strain is constant across the thickness of the
[Link] geometry and the element type have to be
considered [Link] element is typically used for
structure where the thickness is negligible compared to its
length and width. Ansys provides large choices of
elements
orientation with respect to the applied load.
DISCUSSION
The high strength-to-weight ratio and noncorrosion characteristics of fiber-reinforced composites
make them extremely attractive as structural materials.
For fiber orientation parallel to the load, the edge distance
to hole diameter ratio (e/d), has a significant effect on the
mode of failure of connections of bolts. From the
analytical and experimental results, the behavior of GFRP
tension members was studied and it is observed that the
failure mode is predominant in bearing among the
shearing, bearing and block shear failure.
CONCLUSION
The
high
strength-to-weight
ratio
and
noncorrosion characteristics of glass fiber-reinforced
polymer make them extremely attractive as structural
materials. However, the lack of understanding of the
behavior of advanced polymer materials has limited their
acceptance and [Link] results show that the
magnitudes of the net tensile stresses are very high near
the hole boundary, but then decrease rapidly away from
the bolt hole at a distance equal to the hole diameter. This
confirms the inefficiency of very wide [Link] finite
element analysis verified the uneven distribution of
beating forces among the bolts of the FRPconnections
having more than one row of bolts, when compared to
steel connections of similar [Link] developed net
and bearing stresses from the finite element analysis are
in good agreement with the calculated values based on
experimental results for the three fiber orientations
studied in this [Link] member width is the
dominant geometric variable affecting the efficiency of a
connection.
REFERENCES:
1.
Cosenza, F. (1987). "Mechanical fasteners for composites."
Mat. Engg., 32-37.
2.
Vinson, J. R. (1989). "Mechanical fastening of polymer
composites."Polymer Engrg. and Sci., 29(19), 1332-1339.
3.
Godwin, E. W., and Matthews, F. L. (1980). "A review of the
strength of joints in fiber-reinforced plastics. I: Mechanically
fastened joints."Composites, 155-160.
4.
Charles N. Rosner and Sami H. Rizkalla,(1995). "Bolted
Connections for Fiber-Reinforced composite structural
members .
5.
Tsiang, T. (1984). "Survey of bolted-joint technology in
composite laminates."Composite Technol. Rev., 6(2), 74-77.
6.
Vinson, J. R. (1989). "Mechanical fastening of polymer
composites."Polymer Engrg. and Sci., 29(19), 1332-1339.
7.
Nahla K. Hassan*, Mohamed A. Mohamedient and Sami H.
Rizkalla
(1995). "Finite
element
connections for PFRP composites "
analysis
of
bolted