Coordinates:72930S1100016E
Java
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Java(Indonesian:JawaJavanese: Sundanese: )is
anislandofIndonesia.Withapopulationofover141
million(theislanditself)or145million(theadministrative
region)asof2015CensusreleasedinDecember2015,[1]
Javaishometo56.7percentoftheIndonesianpopulation
[Link]
capitalcity,Jakarta,[Link]
[Link]
powerfulHinduBuddhistempires,theIslamicsultanates,
[Link]
thecenteroftheIndonesianstruggleforindependence
[Link]
politically,economicallyandculturally.
Formedmostlyastheresultofvolcaniceruptions,Javais
the13thlargestislandintheworldandthefifthlargestin
[Link]
[Link]
spokenontheisland:Javanese,Sundanese,andMadurese.
Ofthese,Javaneseisthedominantitisthenativelanguage
ofabout60millionpeopleinIndonesia,mostofwhomlive
[Link],mostresidentsarebilingual,speaking
Indonesian(theofficiallanguageofIndonesia)astheirfirst
[Link]
areMuslim,Javahasadiversemixtureofreligiousbeliefs,
ethnicities,andcultures.
Javaisdividedintofourprovinces,WestJava,CentralJava,
EastJava,andBanten,andtwospecialregions,Jakartaand
Yogyakarta.
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
Etymology
Geography
Naturalenvironment
Administrativedivision
History
5.1 HinduBuddhistkingdomsera
5.2 SpreadofIslamandriseofIslamic
sultanates
5.3 Colonialperiods
5.4 Independence
6 Demography
6.1 Demographicprofile
6.2 Populationdevelopment
6.3 Ethnicityandculture
6.4 Languages
6.5 Religion
7 Economy
Java
Jawa(Indonesian)
(Javanese)
(Sundanese)
TopographyofJava
Geography
Location
SoutheastAsia
Coordinates
72930S1100016E
Archipelago
GreaterSundaIslands
Area
128,297km2(49,536sqmi)
Arearank
13th
Highestelevation 3,676m(12,060ft)
Highestpoint
Semeru
Administration
RepublicofIndonesia
Provinces
Banten,
SpecialCapitalRegionofJakarta,
WestJava,
CentralJava,
EastJava,
YogyakartaSpecialRegion
Largest
settlement
Jakarta
Demographics
Population
[Link]
145million(2015)
8 Seealso
9 References
10 Sources
11 Furtherreading
12 Externallinks
1,121/km2(2,903/sqmi)
Ethnicgroups
Javanese([Link],Osing,
Banyumasan,Cirebonese),
Sundanese([Link],
Baduy),Betawi,Madurese
Etymology
Theoriginsofthename"Java"[Link]
plant,whichwassaidtobecommonintheislandduringthetime,andthatpriortoIndianizationtheislandhad
differentnames.[2]Thereareotherpossiblesources:thewordjaanditsvariationsmean"beyond"or
"distant".[3]And,inSanskrityavameansbarley,aplantforwhichtheislandwasfamous.[3]"Yawadvipa"is
mentionedinIndia'searliestepic,[Link],thechiefofRama'sarmydispatchedhismento
Yawadvipa,theislandofJava,insearchofSita.[4]ItwashencereferredtoinIndiabytheSanskritname
"yvakadvpa"(dvpa=island).JavaismentionedintheancientTamiltextManimekalaibyChithalai
ChathanarthatstatesthatJavahadakingdomwithacapitalcalledNagapuram.[5][6][7]Anothersourcestatesthat
the"Java"wordisderivedfromaProtoAustronesianrootword,Iawathatmeaning"home".[8]Thegreatisland
ofIabadiuorJabadiuwasmentionedinPtolemy'sGeographiacomposedaround150CERomanEmpire.
Iabadiuissaidtomean"barleyisland",toberichingold,andhaveasilvertowncalledArgyraatthewestend.
ThenameindicateJava,[9]andseemstobederivedfromHindunameJavadvipa(Yawadvipa).
Geography
[Link]
[Link]
world'[Link]
north,SundaStraittothewest,theIndianOceantothesouthand
BaliStraitandMaduraStraitintheeast.
MountBromoinEastJava
Javaisalmostentirelyofvolcanicoriginitcontainsthirtyeight
mountainsforminganeastwestspinethathaveatonetimeor
[Link]
MountSemeru(3,676m).ThemostactivevolcanoinJavaandalso
inIndonesiaisMountMerapi(2,930m).
Moremountainsandhighlandshelptosplittheinteriorintoaseries
ofrelativelyisolatedregionssuitableforwetricecultivationthericelandsofJavaareamongtherichestinthe
world.[10]JavawasthefirstplacewhereIndonesiancoffeewasgrown,[Link],Coffeaarabicais
grownontheIjenPlateaubysmallholdersandlargerplantations.
TheareaofJavaisapproximately150,000km2.[11]Itisabout1,000km(620mi)longandupto210km
(130mi)[Link]'slongestriveristhe600kmlongSoloRiver.[12]Theriverrisesfromitssourcein
centralJavaattheLawuvolcano,thenflowsnorthandeastwardtoitsmouthintheJavaSeanearthecityof
[Link],Citarum,CimanukandSerayu.
Theaveragetemperaturerangesfrom22Cto29Caveragehumidityis75%.Thenortherncoastalplainsare
normallyhotter,[Link]
north,andhighlandareasinlandareevencooler.[13]ThewetseasonbeginsinNovemberandendsinApril.
[Link]
monthsareJanuaryandFebruary.
WestJavaiswetterthanEastJavaandmountainousregionsreceive
[Link]
over4,000mmannually,whilethenorthcoastofEastJavareceives
900mmannually.
Naturalenvironment
TanjungGelam,abeachin
Karimunjawa
ThenaturalenvironmentofJava
istropicalrainforest,with
Parahyanganhighlandnear
ecosystemsrangingfromcoastal
Buitenzorg,c.18651872
mangroveforestsonthenorth
coast,rockycoastalcliffsonthe
southerncoast,andlowlyingtropicalforeststohighaltituderainforests
[Link]
environmentandclimategraduallyaltersfromwesttoeastfromwet
andhumiddenserainforestinwesternparts,toadrysavanna
environmentintheeast,correspondingtotheclimateandrainfallin
theseregions.
OriginallyJavanwildlifesupportedarichbiodiversity,wherenumbers
ofendemicspeciesoffloraandfaunaflourishedsuchastheJavan
rhinoceros,[14]Javanbanteng,Javanwartypig,Javanhawkeagle,Javan
peafowl,Javansilverygibbon,Javanlutung,Javamousedeer,Javan
rusa,andJavanleopard.Withover450speciesofbirdsand37endemic
species,Javaisabirdwatcher'sparadise.[15]Thereareabout130
freshwaterfishspeciesinJava.[16]
Sinceancienttimes,peoplehaveopenedtherainforest,alteredthe
MaleJavanrhinoshotin1934in
ecosystem,shapedthelandscapesandcreatedricepaddyandterracesto
[Link]
[Link]
ofJavanrhinosurviveinUjung
morethanamillennium,andhadsupportedancientagricultural
Kulonitistheworld'srarestrhino.
[Link]
Java'swildlife,asrainforestswerediminishedandconfinedtohighland
[Link]'sendemicspeciesarenowcriticallyendangered,withsomealready
extinctJavausedtohaveJavantigersandJavanelephants,[Link],several
nationalparksexistinJavathatprotecttheremnantsofitsfragilewildlife,suchasUjungKulon,Mount
HalimunSalak,GedePangrango,Baluran,MeruBetiriandAlasPurwo.
Administrativedivision
Theislandaswellasnearbyislandsareadministrativelyjointly,dividedintofourprovinces:
Banten,capital:Serang
WestJava,capital:Bandung
CentralJava,capital:Semarang
EastJava,capital:Surabaya
andtwospecialregions:
Jakarta
Yogyakarta
and4culturalzones:
WesternJava(Banten,WestJava,andJakarta)
CentralJava(CentralJavaandYogyakarta)
EastJavaexcludingMaduraIsland
MaduraIsland
History
FossilisedremainsofHomoerectus,popularlyknownasthe"Java
Man",datingback1.7millionyearswerefoundalongthebanksofthe
BengawanSoloRiver.[17]
Theisland'sexceptionalfertilityandrainfallallowedthedevelopmentof
wetfieldricecultivation,whichrequiredsophisticatedlevelsof
[Link],small
[Link]
highlandsrunningthelengthofJavakeptitsinteriorregionsandpeoples
MountSumbingsurroundedbyrice
separateandrelativelyisolated.[18]BeforetheadventofIslamicstates
[Link]'svolcanictopographyand
andEuropeancolonialism,theriversprovidedthemainmeansof
richagriculturallandsarethe
communication,althoughJava'[Link]
fundamentalfactorsinitshistory.
BrantasandSalariverscouldprovidelongdistancecommunication,and
thiswaytheirvalleyssupportedthecentresofmajorkingdoms.A
systemofroads,permanentbridgesandtollgatesisthoughttohavebeenestablishedinJavabyatleastthemid
[Link]
[Link],communicationbetweenJava'spopulationwasdifficult.[19]
HinduBuddhistkingdomsera
TheTarumaandSundakingdomsofwesternJavaappearedinthe4th
and7thcenturiesrespectively,whiletheKalinggaKingdomsent
embassiestoChinastartingin640.[20]:53,79However,thefirstmajor
principalitywastheMedangKingdomthatwasfoundedincentralJava
[Link]'sreligioncentredonthe
HindugodShiva,andthekingdomproducedsomeofJava'searliest
HindutemplesontheDiengPlateau.Aroundthe8thcenturythe
SailendradynastyroseinKeduPlainandbecomethepatronof
[Link]
the9thcenturyBorobudurandPrambananincentralJava.
PrambananHindutemple
Aroundthe10thcenturythecentreofpowershiftedfromcentralto
[Link],Singhasariand
Majapahitweremainlydependentonriceagriculture,yetalsopursued
tradewithintheIndonesianarchipelago,andwithChinaandIndia.
MajapahitwasestablishedbyWijaya[20]:201andbytheendofthereign
ofHayamWuruk(r.135089)itclaimedsovereigntyovertheentire
Indonesianarchipelago,althoughcontrolwaslikelylimitedtoJava,Bali
[Link]'sprimeminister,GajahMada,ledmanyof
The9thcenturyBorobudurBuddhist
thekingdom'sterritorialconquests.[20]:234PreviousJavanesekingdoms
stupainCentralJava
hadtheirpowerbasedinagriculture,however,Majapahittookcontrolof
portsandshippinglanesandbecameJava'sfirstcommercialempire.
WiththedeathofHayamWurukandthecomingofIslamtoIndonesia,Majapahitwentintodecline.[20]:241
SpreadofIslamandriseofIslamicsultanates
[Link],theIslamickingdoms
ofDemak,Cirebon,[Link]
[Link]
subjugatedsuchthatonlyMataramandBantenwerelefttofacetheDutchinthe17thcentury.
Colonialperiods
Java'scontactwiththeEuropeancolonialpowersbeganin1522witha
[Link]
itsfailurethePortuguesepresencewasconfinedtoMalacca,andtothe
easternislands.In1596,afourshipexpeditionledbyCornelisde
HoutmanwasthefirstDutchcontactwithIndonesia.[21]Bytheendof
the18thcenturytheDutchhadextendedtheirinfluenceoverthe
sultanatesoftheinteriorthroughtheDutchEastIndiaCompanyin
[Link]
[Link]
astheSurakarta(Solo)[Link]
claimedtorulewithdivineauthorityandtheDutchhelpedthemto
preserveremnantsofaJavanesearistocracybyconfirmingthemas
regentsordistrictofficialswithinthecolonialadministration.
TeaplantationinJavaduringDutch
colonialperiod,inorbefore1926
Java'[Link]
islandslikeBanda,ricewasregularlyimportedfromJava,tosupplythedeficiencyinmeansofsubsistence.[22]
DuringtheNapoleonicwarsinEurope,theNetherlandsfelltoFrance,asdiditscolonyintheEastIndies.
DuringtheshortlivedDaendelsadministration,asFrenchproxyruleonJava,theconstructionoftheJavaGreat
[Link],spanningfromAnyerinWesternJavatoPanarukaninEastJava,
servedasamilitarysupplyrouteandwasusedindefendingJavafromBritishinvasion.[23]
In1811,JavawascapturedbytheBritish,becomingapossessionoftheBritishEmpire,andSirStamford
Raffleswasappointedastheisland'sGovernor.In1814,JavawasreturnedtotheDutchunderthetermsofthe
TreatyofParis.[24]
In1815,theremayhavebeenfivemillionpeopleinJava.[25]Inthe
secondhalfofthe18thcentury,populationspurtsbeganindistricts
alongthenorthcentralcoastofJava,andinthe19thcenturypopulation
[Link]
includetheimpactofDutchcolonialruleincludingtheimposedendto
civilwarinJava,theincreaseintheareaunderricecultivation,andthe
introductionoffoodplantssuchascasavaandmaizethatcouldsustain
populationsthatcouldnotaffordrice.[26]Othersattributethegrowthto
thetaxationburdensandincreasedexpansionofemploymentunderthe
CultivationSystemtowhichcouplesrespondedbyhavingmorechildren
inthehopeofincreasingtheirfamilies'abilitytopaytaxandbuy
goods.[27]Choleraclaimed100,000livesinJavain1820.[28]
Japanesepreparetodiscusssurrender
termswithBritishalliedforcesin
Java1945
Theadventoftrucksandrailwayswheretherehadpreviouslyonlybeen
buffaloandcarts,telegraphsystems,andmorecoordinateddistribution
systemsunderthecolonialgovernmentallcontributedtofamine
eliminationinJava,andinturn,populationgrowth.TherewerenosignificantfaminesinJavafromthe1840s
throughtotheJapaneseoccupationinthe1940s.[29]However,othersourcesclaimedtheDutch'sCultivation
systemislinkedtofaminesandepidemicsinthe1840s,firstlyinCirebonandthenCentralJava,ascashcrops
[Link],theageoffirstmarriagedroppedduring
the19thcenturythusincreasingawoman'schildbearingyears.[29]
Independence
IndonesiannationalismfirsttookholdinJavaintheearly20thcentury,andthestruggletosecurethecountry's
independencefollowingWorldWarIIwascenteredinJava.In1949,Indonesiabecameindependentandthe
islandhasdominatedIndonesiansocial,politicalandeconomiclife,whichhasbeenthesourceofresentmentof
thoseresidentsinotherislands.
Demography
Demographicprofile
Javahasbeentraditionally
Historicalpopulation
demographicallydominatedby
Year
Pop.
%
aneliteclass,whilethemasses
1971
76,086,320
remainedagriculturallyand
1980
91,269,528
+20.0%
fishingboundandthuswere
sustainedbyhighbirthrates.
1990
107,581,306
+17.9%
Thiseliteclasshaschangedover
2000
121,352,608
+12.8%
thecourseofhistory,ascultural
2010
136,610,590
+12.6%
wavesafterwaveslappedthe
2015
145,013,583
+6.2%
[Link]
[30][31]
sources:
referstotheadministrative
Jakarta,thecapitalofIndonesia
SouthAsianemigreswere
region
amongthiselite,aswellas
[Link],
ChinesehavebecomepartoftheeconomiceliteofJava,althoughpoliticallytheygenerallyremainsidelined,
therearenotableexceptionssuchasthegovernorofJakarta,[Link],Javais
increasinglyurban,modernculturehasarrivedinJava,yetonly75%oftheislandiselectrified,villagesand
theirricepaddiesstillareacommonsight,[Link]
islandregistersveryslowpopulationgrowth,yetitmaintainsamoreyouthfulpopulationthanthenational
average,[32]thisisexplainedbyheavyoutflowsfromthecountrysideorfromlessercitiesinsearchoflarger
incomesastheregionremainseconomicallydepressed.[33]Java'spopulationcontinuestorelentlesslyincrease
despitemassesofJavansleaving,theislandisthebusinessacademicandculturalhubofthenationand
thereforeattractsmillionsofnonJavanstoitscities,theinflowsaremostintenseinregionssurroundingJakarta
andBandunganddiversityofdemographicsreflectthisinthoseareas.
Populationdevelopment
Withacombinedpopulationof145millioninthe2015census(includingMadura's3.7million),[34]whichis
estimatedfor2014at143.1million(including3.7millionforMadura),Javaisthemostpopulousislandinthe
worldandishometo57%ofIndonesia'spopulation.[34]Atover1,100peopleperkmin2014,itisalsooneof
themostdenselypopulatedpartsoftheworld,[Link]
volcanoes,[Link],manycoastsareheavily
[Link]
isexceptionallyhigh,evenbyAsianstandards.
Notably,populationgrowthratemorethandoubledineconomicallydepressedCentralJavainthelatest2010
2015periodvs20002010,indicativeofmigrationorotherissues,thereweresignificantvolcaniceruptions
duringtheearlierperiod.Approximately45%ofthepopulationofIndonesiaisethnicallyJavanese,[35]while
SundanesemakealargeportionofJava'spopulationaswell.
Thewesternthirdoftheisland(WestJava,Banten,andDKIJakarta)hasanevenhigherpopulationdensity,of
nearly1,500persquarekilometerandaccountsforthelion'sshareofthepopulationgrowthofJava.[34]Itis
hometothreemetropolitanareas,GreaterJakarta(withoutlyingareasofGreaterSerangandGreater
Sukabumi),GreaterBandung,andGreaterCirebon.
Province
orSpecial
Region
Capital
Banten
Serang
DKIJakarta
WestJava
Bandung
WesternJava
(3areas
above)
Area
km
Area
%
Population
censusof
2000[36]
Population
censusof
2010[36]
Population
2015
census
(prelim.)[1]
Population
densityin
2015
9,662.92
7.1
8,098,277
10,632,166
11,934,373
1,235
664.01
0.5
8,361,079
9,607,787
10,154,134
15,292
35,377.76
27.1
35,724,093
43,053,732
46,668,224
1,319
45,704.69
34.7
52,183,449
63,293,685
68,756,731
1,504
CentralJava
Semarang
32,800.69
25.3
31,223,258
32,382,657
33,753,023
1,029
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta
3,133.15
2.4
3,121,045
3,457,491
3,675,768
1,173
35,933.84
27.7
34,344,303
35,840,148
37,428,791
1,041
47,799.75
37.3
34,765,993
37,476,757
38,828,061
812
129,438.28
100%
121,293,745
136,610,590
145,013,583
1,120
Madura
Island
ofEast
Java
5,025.30
3.3
3,230,300
3,622,763
3,724,545**
741**
Java
Island1)
124,412.98
96.7
118,063,445
132,987,827 141,300,000**
1,136**
CentralJava
Region
(2areas
above)
EastJava
Surabaya
Region
Administered Jakarta
asJava
1)Otherislandsareincludedinthisfigure,butareverysmallinpopulationandarea,NusaBarung100km,Bawean196km,Karimunjawa
78km,Kambangan121km,Panaitan170km,ThousandIslands8.7kmwithacombinedpopulationofroughly90,000.
2)Landareaofprovincesupdatedin2010Censusfigures,areasmaybedifferentthanpastresults.
3)2015Censusprelimdatareleasedonlyfirstleveladministrationsonly,[Link][31]estimatesareusedin
theirplace.
Fromthe1970stothefalloftheSuhartoregimein1998,theIndonesiangovernmentrantransmigration
[Link]
hasmetwithmixedresults,sometimescausingconflictsbetweenthelocalsandtherecentlyarrivedsettlers.
Nevertheless,ithascausedJava'sshareofthenation'spopulationtoprogressivelydecline.
Jakartaanditsoutskirts,beingthedominantmetropolis,[Link]
JavaisalsohometoethnicBalinese,aswellaslargenumbersofMaduransduetotheirhistoricpoverty.
Ethnicityandculture
Despiteitslargepopulationandin
contrasttotheotherlargerislandsof
Indonesia,Javaiscomparatively
homogeneousinethniccomposition.
Onlytwoethnicgroupsarenativeto
theislandtheJavaneseand
[Link]
Madurese,whoinhabittheislandof
MaduraoffthenortheastcoastofJava,
andhaveimmigratedtoEastJavain
largenumberssincethe18th
century.[37]TheJavanesecomprise
abouttwothirdsoftheisland's
population,whiletheSundaneseand
Madureseaccountfor20%and10%
respectively.[37]Thefourthgroupisthe
Betawipeoplethatspeakadialectof
AteenagerinJavawearing
Malay,theyarethedescendantsofthe
traditionalJavaneseattire:
peoplelivingaroundBataviafrom
blangkonheadgear,batik
[Link]
sarongandkrisasaccessory.
creolepeople,mostlydescendedfrom
1913
variousIndonesianarchipelagoethnic
groupssuchasMalay,Sundanese,
Javanese,Balinese,Minang,Bugis,Makassar,Ambonese,mixedwith
foreignethnicgroupssuchasPortuguese,Dutch,Arab,Chineseand
[Link]
haveacultureandlanguagedistinctfromthesurroundingSundanese
andJavanese.
SundaneseGamelanplayers
Lakshmana,RamaandShintain
RamayanaballetatPrambanan,Java.
[Link]
majorculturalareasexistontheisland:thekejawenorJavaneseheartland,thenorthcoastofthepasisirregion,
theSundalandsofWestJava,andtheeasternsalient,[Link]
havingcloseculturaltieswithcoastalJava.[37]ThekejawenJavanesecultureistheisland'smostdominant.
Java'sremainingaristocracyarebasedhere,anditistheregionfromwherethemajorityofIndonesia'sarmy,
business,[Link],arts,andetiquetteareregardedastheisland'smostrefined
andexemplary.[37]TheterritoryfromBanyumasinthewestthroughtoBlitarintheeastandencompasses
Indonesia'smostfertileanddenselypopulatedagriculturalland.[37]
InthesouthwesternpartofCentralJava,whichisusuallynamedtheBanyumasanregion,aculturalmingling
[Link]
centralJavanesecourtcitiesofYogyakartaandSurakarta,contemporarykingstracetheirlineagesbacktothe
precolonialIslamickingdomsthatruledtheregion,makingthoseplacesespeciallystrongrepositoriesof
[Link].
JavawasthesiteofmanyinfluentialkingdomsintheSoutheastAsianregion,[38]andasaresult,manyliterary
[Link],thestoryoftheorphan
whousurpedhisking,andmarriedthequeenoftheancientJavanesekingdomandtranslationsofRamayana
[Link],whohaswrittenmany
storiesbasedonhisownexperiencesofhavinggrownupinJava,andtakesmanyelementsfromJavanese
folkloreandhistoricallegends.
Languages
ThethreemajorlanguagesspokenonJavaareJavanese,Sundaneseand
[Link](aMalaydialect
localtotheJakartaregion),Osing,Banyumasan,andTenggerese
(closelyrelatedtoJavanese),Baduy(closelyrelatedtoSundanese),
Kangeanese(closelyrelatedtoMadurese),andBalinese.[39]Thevast
majorityofthepopulationalsospeaksIndonesian,oftenasasecond
language.
Religion
LanguagesspokeninJava(Javaneseis
showninwhite)."Malay"refersto
Betawi,thelocaldialectasoneof
Malaycreoledialect.
Javahasbeenameltingpotofreligionsandcultures,whichhascreated
abroadrangeofreligiousbelief.
IndianinfluencescamefirstwithShaivismandBuddhismpenetrating
deeplyintosociety,blendingwithindigenoustraditionandculture.[40]
Oneconduitforthisweretheascetics,calledresi,whotaughtmystical
[Link],whotookcareoftheir
master'[Link]'[Link]
courts,Brahminclericsandpudjangga(sacredliterati)legitimisedrulers
andlinkedHinducosmologytotheirpoliticalneeds.[40]SmallHindu
enclavesarescatteredthroughoutJava,butthereisalargeHindu
populationalongtheeasterncoastnearestBali,especiallyaroundthe
townofBanyuwangi.
AHindushrinededicatedtoKing
SiliwangiinPuraParahyangan
AgungJagatkartta,Bogor,WestJava.
Islam,whichcameafterHinduism,strengthenedthestatusstructureof
thistraditionalreligiouspattern.Morethan90percentofthepeopleof
JavaareMuslims,onabroadcontinuumbetweenabangan(more
traditional)andsantri(moremodernist).TheMuslimscholarofthewrit
(Kyai)becamethenewreligiouseliteasHinduinfluencesreceded.
Islamrecognisesnohierarchyofreligiousleadersnoraformal
priesthood,buttheDutchcolonialgovernmentestablishedanelaborate
[Link]
pesantren(Islamicschools),TheKyaiperpetuatedthetraditionofthe
[Link],evenpeasantsaroundthe
school.[40]
PreIslamicJavantraditionshaveencouragedIslaminamystical
[Link]
leadership,revolvingaroundkyais,possessingvariousdegreesof
GedanganRomanCatholicChurchin
proficiencyinpreIslamicandIslamiclore,beliefandpractice.[40]The
Semarang,CentralJava,constructed
kyaisaretheprincipalintermediariesbetweenthevillagesmassesand
between1870and1875,isoneofthe
[Link],thisverylooseneessofkyai
oldestchurchesinIndonesia.
[Link]
divisionsbetweenorthodoxkyais,whomerelyinstructedinIslamiclaw,
[Link]
result,thereisadivisionbetweensantri,whobelievethattheyaremoreorthodoxintheirIslamicbeliefand
practice,withabangan,whohavemixedpreIslamicanimisticandHinduIndianconceptswithasuperficial
acceptanceofIslamicbelief.[40]
TherearealsoChristiancommunities,mostlyinthelargercities,thoughsomeruralareasofsouthcentralJava
[Link],primarilyamongtheChinese
[Link].
[Link]
1956,theDepartmentofReligiousAffairsinYogyakartareported63
[Link]
these,35wereinCentralJava,22inWestJavaandsixinEastJava.[40]
TheseincludeKejawen,Sumarah,Subud,[Link]
difficulttoestimateasmanyoftheiradherentsidentifythemselveswith
oneoftheofficialreligions.[41]
Economy
WaterBuffaloploughingricefields
nearSalatiga,CentralJava
MosqueinPati,CentralJava,during
[Link]
combinedtraditionalJavanesestyle
(multitieredroof)withEuropean
architecture.
InitiallytheeconomyofJava
reliedheavilyonriceagriculture.
Ancientkingdomssuchasthe
Tarumanagara,Mataram,and
Majapahitweredependenton
[Link]
sinceancienttimes,andriceagriculturecontributedtothepopulation
[Link]
Chinaflourishedasearlyasthe4thcentury,asevidencedbyChinese
[Link]
theglobaltradeofMalukuspicefromancienttimesintheMajapahit
era,untilwellintotheVOCera.
DutchEastIndiaCompanysettheirfootholdonBataviainthe17thcenturyandwassucceededbyNetherlands
[Link],theDutchintroducedthecultivationofcommercial
plantsinJava,suchassugarcane,rubber,coffee,tea,andquinine.Inthe19thandearly20thcentury,Javanese
[Link],thename"Java"todayhasbecomeasynonymforcoffee.
JavaisthemostdevelopedislandinIndonesiasincetheeraof
[Link]
transportationnetworksthathaveexistedsinceancienttimeswere
connectedandperfectedwiththeconstructionofJavaGreatPostRoad
[Link]
Javatransportnetwork
thebackboneofJava'sroadinfrastructureandlaidthebaseofJava
NorthCoastRoad(Indonesian:JalanPantura,abbreviationfrom
"PantaiUtara").Theneedtotransportcommercialproducessuchas
coffeefromplantationsintheinterioroftheislandtotheharbouronthe
[Link]
industry,businessandtrade,alsoservicesflourishedinmajorcitiesof
Java,suchasJakarta,Surabaya,Semarang,andBandungwhilesome
traditionalSultanatecitiessuchasYogyakarta,Surakarta,andCirebon
preserveditsroyallegacyandbecomethecentreofart,cultureand
[Link]
coastofJava,especiallyaroundCilegon,Tangerang,Bekasi,Karawang,
[Link]
CentralJakarta
expandedsinceSuhartoerauntilnow,connectingmajorurbancentres
andsurroundingareas,suchasinandaroundJakartaandBandungalso
theonesinCirebon,[Link],Javahas16nationalhighways.
Basedonthestatisticaldatabytheyearof2012which'sreleasedbyBadanPusatStatistik,JavaIslanditself
contributesatleast57.51%ofIndonesia'sGrossDomesticProductorequivalentto504billionUSDollars.
Seealso
HistoryofIndonesia
ListofmonarchsofJava
References
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theoriginal(PDF)on20February2014.Retrieved20February2014.
[Link]:SensusPendudukTahun1990,2000dan2010([Link]
[Link]/kependudukan/Pages/DataSensus/Sensus_Penduduk/Pola_Perkawinan/Rata_Usia_Kawin_Pertama/Nasiona
[Link]).Retrieved16August2015.
[Link](30March2009)."CentralJavastrivestoalleviatepoverty".[Link]
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20100501.Retrieved20130717.
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[Link]'spoem"Tea"foranappreciativeallusiontoJavaneseculture.
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[Link],JustusM.(1961)."NewReligiousSectsinJava".FarEasternSurvey.30(2):1815.
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[Link],Andrew,VarietiesofJavaneseReligion:AnAnthropologicalAccount,CambridgeUniversityPress1999,
ISBN0521624738
Sources
Taylor,JeanGelman(2003).Indonesia:[Link]:YaleUniversityPress.
ISBN0300105185.
Furtherreading
Cribb,Robert(2000).[Link]:RoutledgeCurzonPress,
UniversityofHawaiiPress.ISBN0824821114.
Externallinks
Retrievedfrom"[Link]
title=Java&oldid=748372589"
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