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Java Island Overview and Coordinates

Java is an island of Indonesia that is home to over 145 million people, making it the most populous island in the world. It has a long history as the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic empires. Java is formed mostly from volcanic eruptions and has a mountainous spine running east to west, with three main languages spoken across the island: Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese. Java is divided into four provinces and two special regions.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views12 pages

Java Island Overview and Coordinates

Java is an island of Indonesia that is home to over 145 million people, making it the most populous island in the world. It has a long history as the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic empires. Java is formed mostly from volcanic eruptions and has a mountainous spine running east to west, with three main languages spoken across the island: Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese. Java is divided into four provinces and two special regions.
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Coordinates:72930S1100016E

Java
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Java(Indonesian:JawaJavanese: Sundanese: )is


anislandofIndonesia.Withapopulationofover141
million(theislanditself)or145million(theadministrative
region)asof2015CensusreleasedinDecember2015,[1]
Javaishometo56.7percentoftheIndonesianpopulation
[Link]
capitalcity,Jakarta,[Link]
[Link]
powerfulHinduBuddhistempires,theIslamicsultanates,
[Link]
thecenteroftheIndonesianstruggleforindependence
[Link]
politically,economicallyandculturally.
Formedmostlyastheresultofvolcaniceruptions,Javais
the13thlargestislandintheworldandthefifthlargestin
[Link]
[Link]
spokenontheisland:Javanese,Sundanese,andMadurese.
Ofthese,Javaneseisthedominantitisthenativelanguage
ofabout60millionpeopleinIndonesia,mostofwhomlive
[Link],mostresidentsarebilingual,speaking
Indonesian(theofficiallanguageofIndonesia)astheirfirst
[Link]
areMuslim,Javahasadiversemixtureofreligiousbeliefs,
ethnicities,andcultures.
Javaisdividedintofourprovinces,WestJava,CentralJava,
EastJava,andBanten,andtwospecialregions,Jakartaand
Yogyakarta.

Contents
1
2
3
4
5

Etymology
Geography
Naturalenvironment
Administrativedivision
History
5.1 HinduBuddhistkingdomsera
5.2 SpreadofIslamandriseofIslamic
sultanates
5.3 Colonialperiods
5.4 Independence
6 Demography
6.1 Demographicprofile
6.2 Populationdevelopment
6.3 Ethnicityandculture
6.4 Languages
6.5 Religion
7 Economy

Java
Jawa(Indonesian)
(Javanese)
(Sundanese)

TopographyofJava

Geography
Location

SoutheastAsia

Coordinates

72930S1100016E

Archipelago

GreaterSundaIslands

Area

128,297km2(49,536sqmi)

Arearank

13th

Highestelevation 3,676m(12,060ft)
Highestpoint

Semeru
Administration
RepublicofIndonesia

Provinces

Banten,
SpecialCapitalRegionofJakarta,
WestJava,
CentralJava,
EastJava,
YogyakartaSpecialRegion

Largest
settlement

Jakarta
Demographics

Population
[Link]

145million(2015)

8 Seealso
9 References
10 Sources
11 Furtherreading
12 Externallinks

1,121/km2(2,903/sqmi)
Ethnicgroups

Javanese([Link],Osing,
Banyumasan,Cirebonese),
Sundanese([Link],
Baduy),Betawi,Madurese

Etymology
Theoriginsofthename"Java"[Link]
plant,whichwassaidtobecommonintheislandduringthetime,andthatpriortoIndianizationtheislandhad
differentnames.[2]Thereareotherpossiblesources:thewordjaanditsvariationsmean"beyond"or
"distant".[3]And,inSanskrityavameansbarley,aplantforwhichtheislandwasfamous.[3]"Yawadvipa"is
mentionedinIndia'searliestepic,[Link],thechiefofRama'sarmydispatchedhismento
Yawadvipa,theislandofJava,insearchofSita.[4]ItwashencereferredtoinIndiabytheSanskritname
"yvakadvpa"(dvpa=island).JavaismentionedintheancientTamiltextManimekalaibyChithalai
ChathanarthatstatesthatJavahadakingdomwithacapitalcalledNagapuram.[5][6][7]Anothersourcestatesthat
the"Java"wordisderivedfromaProtoAustronesianrootword,Iawathatmeaning"home".[8]Thegreatisland
ofIabadiuorJabadiuwasmentionedinPtolemy'sGeographiacomposedaround150CERomanEmpire.
Iabadiuissaidtomean"barleyisland",toberichingold,andhaveasilvertowncalledArgyraatthewestend.
ThenameindicateJava,[9]andseemstobederivedfromHindunameJavadvipa(Yawadvipa).

Geography
[Link]
[Link]
world'[Link]
north,SundaStraittothewest,theIndianOceantothesouthand
BaliStraitandMaduraStraitintheeast.

MountBromoinEastJava

Javaisalmostentirelyofvolcanicoriginitcontainsthirtyeight
mountainsforminganeastwestspinethathaveatonetimeor
[Link]
MountSemeru(3,676m).ThemostactivevolcanoinJavaandalso
inIndonesiaisMountMerapi(2,930m).

Moremountainsandhighlandshelptosplittheinteriorintoaseries
ofrelativelyisolatedregionssuitableforwetricecultivationthericelandsofJavaareamongtherichestinthe
world.[10]JavawasthefirstplacewhereIndonesiancoffeewasgrown,[Link],Coffeaarabicais
grownontheIjenPlateaubysmallholdersandlargerplantations.
TheareaofJavaisapproximately150,000km2.[11]Itisabout1,000km(620mi)longandupto210km
(130mi)[Link]'slongestriveristhe600kmlongSoloRiver.[12]Theriverrisesfromitssourcein
centralJavaattheLawuvolcano,thenflowsnorthandeastwardtoitsmouthintheJavaSeanearthecityof
[Link],Citarum,CimanukandSerayu.
Theaveragetemperaturerangesfrom22Cto29Caveragehumidityis75%.Thenortherncoastalplainsare
normallyhotter,[Link]
north,andhighlandareasinlandareevencooler.[13]ThewetseasonbeginsinNovemberandendsinApril.
[Link]
monthsareJanuaryandFebruary.

WestJavaiswetterthanEastJavaandmountainousregionsreceive
[Link]
over4,000mmannually,whilethenorthcoastofEastJavareceives
900mmannually.

Naturalenvironment

TanjungGelam,abeachin
Karimunjawa

ThenaturalenvironmentofJava
istropicalrainforest,with
Parahyanganhighlandnear
ecosystemsrangingfromcoastal
Buitenzorg,c.18651872
mangroveforestsonthenorth
coast,rockycoastalcliffsonthe
southerncoast,andlowlyingtropicalforeststohighaltituderainforests
[Link]
environmentandclimategraduallyaltersfromwesttoeastfromwet
andhumiddenserainforestinwesternparts,toadrysavanna
environmentintheeast,correspondingtotheclimateandrainfallin
theseregions.

OriginallyJavanwildlifesupportedarichbiodiversity,wherenumbers
ofendemicspeciesoffloraandfaunaflourishedsuchastheJavan
rhinoceros,[14]Javanbanteng,Javanwartypig,Javanhawkeagle,Javan
peafowl,Javansilverygibbon,Javanlutung,Javamousedeer,Javan
rusa,andJavanleopard.Withover450speciesofbirdsand37endemic
species,Javaisabirdwatcher'sparadise.[15]Thereareabout130
freshwaterfishspeciesinJava.[16]
Sinceancienttimes,peoplehaveopenedtherainforest,alteredthe
MaleJavanrhinoshotin1934in
ecosystem,shapedthelandscapesandcreatedricepaddyandterracesto
[Link]
[Link]
ofJavanrhinosurviveinUjung
morethanamillennium,andhadsupportedancientagricultural
Kulonitistheworld'srarestrhino.
[Link]
Java'swildlife,asrainforestswerediminishedandconfinedtohighland
[Link]'sendemicspeciesarenowcriticallyendangered,withsomealready
extinctJavausedtohaveJavantigersandJavanelephants,[Link],several
nationalparksexistinJavathatprotecttheremnantsofitsfragilewildlife,suchasUjungKulon,Mount
HalimunSalak,GedePangrango,Baluran,MeruBetiriandAlasPurwo.

Administrativedivision
Theislandaswellasnearbyislandsareadministrativelyjointly,dividedintofourprovinces:
Banten,capital:Serang
WestJava,capital:Bandung
CentralJava,capital:Semarang
EastJava,capital:Surabaya
andtwospecialregions:
Jakarta
Yogyakarta
and4culturalzones:
WesternJava(Banten,WestJava,andJakarta)

CentralJava(CentralJavaandYogyakarta)
EastJavaexcludingMaduraIsland
MaduraIsland

History
FossilisedremainsofHomoerectus,popularlyknownasthe"Java
Man",datingback1.7millionyearswerefoundalongthebanksofthe
BengawanSoloRiver.[17]
Theisland'sexceptionalfertilityandrainfallallowedthedevelopmentof
wetfieldricecultivation,whichrequiredsophisticatedlevelsof
[Link],small
[Link]
highlandsrunningthelengthofJavakeptitsinteriorregionsandpeoples
MountSumbingsurroundedbyrice
separateandrelativelyisolated.[18]BeforetheadventofIslamicstates
[Link]'svolcanictopographyand
andEuropeancolonialism,theriversprovidedthemainmeansof
richagriculturallandsarethe
communication,althoughJava'[Link]
fundamentalfactorsinitshistory.
BrantasandSalariverscouldprovidelongdistancecommunication,and
thiswaytheirvalleyssupportedthecentresofmajorkingdoms.A
systemofroads,permanentbridgesandtollgatesisthoughttohavebeenestablishedinJavabyatleastthemid
[Link]
[Link],communicationbetweenJava'spopulationwasdifficult.[19]

HinduBuddhistkingdomsera
TheTarumaandSundakingdomsofwesternJavaappearedinthe4th
and7thcenturiesrespectively,whiletheKalinggaKingdomsent
embassiestoChinastartingin640.[20]:53,79However,thefirstmajor
principalitywastheMedangKingdomthatwasfoundedincentralJava
[Link]'sreligioncentredonthe
HindugodShiva,andthekingdomproducedsomeofJava'searliest
HindutemplesontheDiengPlateau.Aroundthe8thcenturythe
SailendradynastyroseinKeduPlainandbecomethepatronof
[Link]
the9thcenturyBorobudurandPrambananincentralJava.

PrambananHindutemple

Aroundthe10thcenturythecentreofpowershiftedfromcentralto
[Link],Singhasariand
Majapahitweremainlydependentonriceagriculture,yetalsopursued
tradewithintheIndonesianarchipelago,andwithChinaandIndia.
MajapahitwasestablishedbyWijaya[20]:201andbytheendofthereign
ofHayamWuruk(r.135089)itclaimedsovereigntyovertheentire
Indonesianarchipelago,althoughcontrolwaslikelylimitedtoJava,Bali
[Link]'sprimeminister,GajahMada,ledmanyof
The9thcenturyBorobudurBuddhist
thekingdom'sterritorialconquests.[20]:234PreviousJavanesekingdoms
stupainCentralJava
hadtheirpowerbasedinagriculture,however,Majapahittookcontrolof
portsandshippinglanesandbecameJava'sfirstcommercialempire.
WiththedeathofHayamWurukandthecomingofIslamtoIndonesia,Majapahitwentintodecline.[20]:241

SpreadofIslamandriseofIslamicsultanates

[Link],theIslamickingdoms
ofDemak,Cirebon,[Link]
[Link]
subjugatedsuchthatonlyMataramandBantenwerelefttofacetheDutchinthe17thcentury.

Colonialperiods
Java'scontactwiththeEuropeancolonialpowersbeganin1522witha
[Link]
itsfailurethePortuguesepresencewasconfinedtoMalacca,andtothe
easternislands.In1596,afourshipexpeditionledbyCornelisde
HoutmanwasthefirstDutchcontactwithIndonesia.[21]Bytheendof
the18thcenturytheDutchhadextendedtheirinfluenceoverthe
sultanatesoftheinteriorthroughtheDutchEastIndiaCompanyin
[Link]
[Link]
astheSurakarta(Solo)[Link]
claimedtorulewithdivineauthorityandtheDutchhelpedthemto
preserveremnantsofaJavanesearistocracybyconfirmingthemas
regentsordistrictofficialswithinthecolonialadministration.

TeaplantationinJavaduringDutch
colonialperiod,inorbefore1926

Java'[Link]
islandslikeBanda,ricewasregularlyimportedfromJava,tosupplythedeficiencyinmeansofsubsistence.[22]
DuringtheNapoleonicwarsinEurope,theNetherlandsfelltoFrance,asdiditscolonyintheEastIndies.
DuringtheshortlivedDaendelsadministration,asFrenchproxyruleonJava,theconstructionoftheJavaGreat
[Link],spanningfromAnyerinWesternJavatoPanarukaninEastJava,
servedasamilitarysupplyrouteandwasusedindefendingJavafromBritishinvasion.[23]
In1811,JavawascapturedbytheBritish,becomingapossessionoftheBritishEmpire,andSirStamford
Raffleswasappointedastheisland'sGovernor.In1814,JavawasreturnedtotheDutchunderthetermsofthe
TreatyofParis.[24]
In1815,theremayhavebeenfivemillionpeopleinJava.[25]Inthe
secondhalfofthe18thcentury,populationspurtsbeganindistricts
alongthenorthcentralcoastofJava,andinthe19thcenturypopulation
[Link]
includetheimpactofDutchcolonialruleincludingtheimposedendto
civilwarinJava,theincreaseintheareaunderricecultivation,andthe
introductionoffoodplantssuchascasavaandmaizethatcouldsustain
populationsthatcouldnotaffordrice.[26]Othersattributethegrowthto
thetaxationburdensandincreasedexpansionofemploymentunderthe
CultivationSystemtowhichcouplesrespondedbyhavingmorechildren
inthehopeofincreasingtheirfamilies'abilitytopaytaxandbuy
goods.[27]Choleraclaimed100,000livesinJavain1820.[28]

Japanesepreparetodiscusssurrender
termswithBritishalliedforcesin
Java1945

Theadventoftrucksandrailwayswheretherehadpreviouslyonlybeen
buffaloandcarts,telegraphsystems,andmorecoordinateddistribution
systemsunderthecolonialgovernmentallcontributedtofamine
eliminationinJava,andinturn,populationgrowth.TherewerenosignificantfaminesinJavafromthe1840s
throughtotheJapaneseoccupationinthe1940s.[29]However,othersourcesclaimedtheDutch'sCultivation
systemislinkedtofaminesandepidemicsinthe1840s,firstlyinCirebonandthenCentralJava,ascashcrops
[Link],theageoffirstmarriagedroppedduring
the19thcenturythusincreasingawoman'schildbearingyears.[29]

Independence
IndonesiannationalismfirsttookholdinJavaintheearly20thcentury,andthestruggletosecurethecountry's
independencefollowingWorldWarIIwascenteredinJava.In1949,Indonesiabecameindependentandthe
islandhasdominatedIndonesiansocial,politicalandeconomiclife,whichhasbeenthesourceofresentmentof
thoseresidentsinotherislands.

Demography
Demographicprofile
Javahasbeentraditionally
Historicalpopulation
demographicallydominatedby
Year
Pop.
%
aneliteclass,whilethemasses
1971
76,086,320

remainedagriculturallyand
1980
91,269,528
+20.0%
fishingboundandthuswere
sustainedbyhighbirthrates.
1990
107,581,306
+17.9%
Thiseliteclasshaschangedover
2000
121,352,608
+12.8%
thecourseofhistory,ascultural
2010
136,610,590
+12.6%
wavesafterwaveslappedthe
2015
145,013,583
+6.2%
[Link]
[30][31]
sources:
referstotheadministrative
Jakarta,thecapitalofIndonesia
SouthAsianemigreswere
region
amongthiselite,aswellas
[Link],
ChinesehavebecomepartoftheeconomiceliteofJava,althoughpoliticallytheygenerallyremainsidelined,
therearenotableexceptionssuchasthegovernorofJakarta,[Link],Javais
increasinglyurban,modernculturehasarrivedinJava,yetonly75%oftheislandiselectrified,villagesand
theirricepaddiesstillareacommonsight,[Link]
islandregistersveryslowpopulationgrowth,yetitmaintainsamoreyouthfulpopulationthanthenational
average,[32]thisisexplainedbyheavyoutflowsfromthecountrysideorfromlessercitiesinsearchoflarger
incomesastheregionremainseconomicallydepressed.[33]Java'spopulationcontinuestorelentlesslyincrease
despitemassesofJavansleaving,theislandisthebusinessacademicandculturalhubofthenationand
thereforeattractsmillionsofnonJavanstoitscities,theinflowsaremostintenseinregionssurroundingJakarta
andBandunganddiversityofdemographicsreflectthisinthoseareas.

Populationdevelopment
Withacombinedpopulationof145millioninthe2015census(includingMadura's3.7million),[34]whichis
estimatedfor2014at143.1million(including3.7millionforMadura),Javaisthemostpopulousislandinthe
worldandishometo57%ofIndonesia'spopulation.[34]Atover1,100peopleperkmin2014,itisalsooneof
themostdenselypopulatedpartsoftheworld,[Link]
volcanoes,[Link],manycoastsareheavily
[Link]
isexceptionallyhigh,evenbyAsianstandards.
Notably,populationgrowthratemorethandoubledineconomicallydepressedCentralJavainthelatest2010
2015periodvs20002010,indicativeofmigrationorotherissues,thereweresignificantvolcaniceruptions
duringtheearlierperiod.Approximately45%ofthepopulationofIndonesiaisethnicallyJavanese,[35]while
SundanesemakealargeportionofJava'spopulationaswell.
Thewesternthirdoftheisland(WestJava,Banten,andDKIJakarta)hasanevenhigherpopulationdensity,of
nearly1,500persquarekilometerandaccountsforthelion'sshareofthepopulationgrowthofJava.[34]Itis
hometothreemetropolitanareas,GreaterJakarta(withoutlyingareasofGreaterSerangandGreater

Sukabumi),GreaterBandung,andGreaterCirebon.
Province
orSpecial
Region

Capital

Banten

Serang

DKIJakarta

WestJava

Bandung

WesternJava
(3areas
above)

Area
km

Area
%

Population
censusof
2000[36]

Population
censusof
2010[36]

Population
2015
census
(prelim.)[1]

Population
densityin
2015

9,662.92

7.1

8,098,277

10,632,166

11,934,373

1,235

664.01

0.5

8,361,079

9,607,787

10,154,134

15,292

35,377.76

27.1

35,724,093

43,053,732

46,668,224

1,319

45,704.69

34.7

52,183,449

63,293,685

68,756,731

1,504

CentralJava

Semarang

32,800.69

25.3

31,223,258

32,382,657

33,753,023

1,029

Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta

3,133.15

2.4

3,121,045

3,457,491

3,675,768

1,173

35,933.84

27.7

34,344,303

35,840,148

37,428,791

1,041

47,799.75

37.3

34,765,993

37,476,757

38,828,061

812

129,438.28

100%

121,293,745

136,610,590

145,013,583

1,120

Madura
Island

ofEast
Java

5,025.30

3.3

3,230,300

3,622,763

3,724,545**

741**

Java

Island1)

124,412.98

96.7

118,063,445

132,987,827 141,300,000**

1,136**

CentralJava
Region
(2areas
above)
EastJava

Surabaya

Region
Administered Jakarta
asJava

1)Otherislandsareincludedinthisfigure,butareverysmallinpopulationandarea,NusaBarung100km,Bawean196km,Karimunjawa
78km,Kambangan121km,Panaitan170km,ThousandIslands8.7kmwithacombinedpopulationofroughly90,000.
2)Landareaofprovincesupdatedin2010Censusfigures,areasmaybedifferentthanpastresults.
3)2015Censusprelimdatareleasedonlyfirstleveladministrationsonly,[Link][31]estimatesareusedin
theirplace.

Fromthe1970stothefalloftheSuhartoregimein1998,theIndonesiangovernmentrantransmigration
[Link]
hasmetwithmixedresults,sometimescausingconflictsbetweenthelocalsandtherecentlyarrivedsettlers.
Nevertheless,ithascausedJava'sshareofthenation'spopulationtoprogressivelydecline.
Jakartaanditsoutskirts,beingthedominantmetropolis,[Link]
JavaisalsohometoethnicBalinese,aswellaslargenumbersofMaduransduetotheirhistoricpoverty.

Ethnicityandculture

Despiteitslargepopulationandin
contrasttotheotherlargerislandsof
Indonesia,Javaiscomparatively
homogeneousinethniccomposition.
Onlytwoethnicgroupsarenativeto
theislandtheJavaneseand
[Link]
Madurese,whoinhabittheislandof
MaduraoffthenortheastcoastofJava,
andhaveimmigratedtoEastJavain
largenumberssincethe18th
century.[37]TheJavanesecomprise
abouttwothirdsoftheisland's
population,whiletheSundaneseand
Madureseaccountfor20%and10%
respectively.[37]Thefourthgroupisthe
Betawipeoplethatspeakadialectof
AteenagerinJavawearing
Malay,theyarethedescendantsofthe
traditionalJavaneseattire:
peoplelivingaroundBataviafrom
blangkonheadgear,batik
[Link]
sarongandkrisasaccessory.
creolepeople,mostlydescendedfrom
1913
variousIndonesianarchipelagoethnic
groupssuchasMalay,Sundanese,
Javanese,Balinese,Minang,Bugis,Makassar,Ambonese,mixedwith
foreignethnicgroupssuchasPortuguese,Dutch,Arab,Chineseand
[Link]
haveacultureandlanguagedistinctfromthesurroundingSundanese
andJavanese.

SundaneseGamelanplayers

Lakshmana,RamaandShintain
RamayanaballetatPrambanan,Java.

[Link]
majorculturalareasexistontheisland:thekejawenorJavaneseheartland,thenorthcoastofthepasisirregion,
theSundalandsofWestJava,andtheeasternsalient,[Link]
havingcloseculturaltieswithcoastalJava.[37]ThekejawenJavanesecultureistheisland'smostdominant.
Java'sremainingaristocracyarebasedhere,anditistheregionfromwherethemajorityofIndonesia'sarmy,
business,[Link],arts,andetiquetteareregardedastheisland'smostrefined
andexemplary.[37]TheterritoryfromBanyumasinthewestthroughtoBlitarintheeastandencompasses
Indonesia'smostfertileanddenselypopulatedagriculturalland.[37]
InthesouthwesternpartofCentralJava,whichisusuallynamedtheBanyumasanregion,aculturalmingling
[Link]
centralJavanesecourtcitiesofYogyakartaandSurakarta,contemporarykingstracetheirlineagesbacktothe
precolonialIslamickingdomsthatruledtheregion,makingthoseplacesespeciallystrongrepositoriesof
[Link].
JavawasthesiteofmanyinfluentialkingdomsintheSoutheastAsianregion,[38]andasaresult,manyliterary
[Link],thestoryoftheorphan
whousurpedhisking,andmarriedthequeenoftheancientJavanesekingdomandtranslationsofRamayana
[Link],whohaswrittenmany
storiesbasedonhisownexperiencesofhavinggrownupinJava,andtakesmanyelementsfromJavanese
folkloreandhistoricallegends.

Languages

ThethreemajorlanguagesspokenonJavaareJavanese,Sundaneseand
[Link](aMalaydialect
localtotheJakartaregion),Osing,Banyumasan,andTenggerese
(closelyrelatedtoJavanese),Baduy(closelyrelatedtoSundanese),
Kangeanese(closelyrelatedtoMadurese),andBalinese.[39]Thevast
majorityofthepopulationalsospeaksIndonesian,oftenasasecond
language.

Religion

LanguagesspokeninJava(Javaneseis
showninwhite)."Malay"refersto
Betawi,thelocaldialectasoneof
Malaycreoledialect.

Javahasbeenameltingpotofreligionsandcultures,whichhascreated
abroadrangeofreligiousbelief.
IndianinfluencescamefirstwithShaivismandBuddhismpenetrating
deeplyintosociety,blendingwithindigenoustraditionandculture.[40]
Oneconduitforthisweretheascetics,calledresi,whotaughtmystical
[Link],whotookcareoftheir
master'[Link]'[Link]
courts,Brahminclericsandpudjangga(sacredliterati)legitimisedrulers
andlinkedHinducosmologytotheirpoliticalneeds.[40]SmallHindu
enclavesarescatteredthroughoutJava,butthereisalargeHindu
populationalongtheeasterncoastnearestBali,especiallyaroundthe
townofBanyuwangi.

AHindushrinededicatedtoKing
SiliwangiinPuraParahyangan
AgungJagatkartta,Bogor,WestJava.

Islam,whichcameafterHinduism,strengthenedthestatusstructureof
thistraditionalreligiouspattern.Morethan90percentofthepeopleof
JavaareMuslims,onabroadcontinuumbetweenabangan(more
traditional)andsantri(moremodernist).TheMuslimscholarofthewrit
(Kyai)becamethenewreligiouseliteasHinduinfluencesreceded.
Islamrecognisesnohierarchyofreligiousleadersnoraformal
priesthood,buttheDutchcolonialgovernmentestablishedanelaborate
[Link]
pesantren(Islamicschools),TheKyaiperpetuatedthetraditionofthe
[Link],evenpeasantsaroundthe
school.[40]
PreIslamicJavantraditionshaveencouragedIslaminamystical
[Link]
leadership,revolvingaroundkyais,possessingvariousdegreesof
GedanganRomanCatholicChurchin
proficiencyinpreIslamicandIslamiclore,beliefandpractice.[40]The
Semarang,CentralJava,constructed
kyaisaretheprincipalintermediariesbetweenthevillagesmassesand
between1870and1875,isoneofthe
[Link],thisverylooseneessofkyai
oldestchurchesinIndonesia.
[Link]
divisionsbetweenorthodoxkyais,whomerelyinstructedinIslamiclaw,
[Link]
result,thereisadivisionbetweensantri,whobelievethattheyaremoreorthodoxintheirIslamicbeliefand
practice,withabangan,whohavemixedpreIslamicanimisticandHinduIndianconceptswithasuperficial
acceptanceofIslamicbelief.[40]
TherearealsoChristiancommunities,mostlyinthelargercities,thoughsomeruralareasofsouthcentralJava
[Link],primarilyamongtheChinese
[Link].

[Link]
1956,theDepartmentofReligiousAffairsinYogyakartareported63
[Link]
these,35wereinCentralJava,22inWestJavaandsixinEastJava.[40]
TheseincludeKejawen,Sumarah,Subud,[Link]
difficulttoestimateasmanyoftheiradherentsidentifythemselveswith
oneoftheofficialreligions.[41]

Economy

WaterBuffaloploughingricefields
nearSalatiga,CentralJava

MosqueinPati,CentralJava,during
[Link]
combinedtraditionalJavanesestyle
(multitieredroof)withEuropean
architecture.

InitiallytheeconomyofJava
reliedheavilyonriceagriculture.
Ancientkingdomssuchasthe
Tarumanagara,Mataram,and
Majapahitweredependenton
[Link]
sinceancienttimes,andriceagriculturecontributedtothepopulation
[Link]
Chinaflourishedasearlyasthe4thcentury,asevidencedbyChinese
[Link]
theglobaltradeofMalukuspicefromancienttimesintheMajapahit
era,untilwellintotheVOCera.

DutchEastIndiaCompanysettheirfootholdonBataviainthe17thcenturyandwassucceededbyNetherlands
[Link],theDutchintroducedthecultivationofcommercial
plantsinJava,suchassugarcane,rubber,coffee,tea,andquinine.Inthe19thandearly20thcentury,Javanese
[Link],thename"Java"todayhasbecomeasynonymforcoffee.
JavaisthemostdevelopedislandinIndonesiasincetheeraof
[Link]
transportationnetworksthathaveexistedsinceancienttimeswere
connectedandperfectedwiththeconstructionofJavaGreatPostRoad
[Link]
Javatransportnetwork
thebackboneofJava'sroadinfrastructureandlaidthebaseofJava
NorthCoastRoad(Indonesian:JalanPantura,abbreviationfrom
"PantaiUtara").Theneedtotransportcommercialproducessuchas
coffeefromplantationsintheinterioroftheislandtotheharbouronthe
[Link]
industry,businessandtrade,alsoservicesflourishedinmajorcitiesof
Java,suchasJakarta,Surabaya,Semarang,andBandungwhilesome
traditionalSultanatecitiessuchasYogyakarta,Surakarta,andCirebon
preserveditsroyallegacyandbecomethecentreofart,cultureand
[Link]
coastofJava,especiallyaroundCilegon,Tangerang,Bekasi,Karawang,
[Link]
CentralJakarta
expandedsinceSuhartoerauntilnow,connectingmajorurbancentres
andsurroundingareas,suchasinandaroundJakartaandBandungalso
theonesinCirebon,[Link],Javahas16nationalhighways.
Basedonthestatisticaldatabytheyearof2012which'sreleasedbyBadanPusatStatistik,JavaIslanditself
contributesatleast57.51%ofIndonesia'sGrossDomesticProductorequivalentto504billionUSDollars.

Seealso

HistoryofIndonesia
ListofmonarchsofJava

References
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theoriginal(PDF)on20February2014.Retrieved20February2014.
[Link]:SensusPendudukTahun1990,2000dan2010([Link]
[Link]/kependudukan/Pages/DataSensus/Sensus_Penduduk/Pola_Perkawinan/Rata_Usia_Kawin_Pertama/Nasiona
[Link]).Retrieved16August2015.

[Link](30March2009)."CentralJavastrivestoalleviatepoverty".[Link]
originalon8September2015.Retrieved16August2015.
34."Populationgrowth'goodforPapua' ".TheJakartaPost.23August2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24August
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20100501.Retrieved20130717.
[Link],Robert(1997).[Link]:PeriplusEditions.p.58.ISBN9625932445.
[Link]'spoem"Tea"foranappreciativeallusiontoJavaneseculture.
[Link]([Link]
maylistsomeoftheseasdialectsratherthanlanguages.
[Link],JustusM.(1961)."NewReligiousSectsinJava".FarEasternSurvey.30(2):1815.
doi:10.1525/as.1961.30.2.01p1432u.JSTOR3024260.
[Link],Andrew,VarietiesofJavaneseReligion:AnAnthropologicalAccount,CambridgeUniversityPress1999,
ISBN0521624738

Sources
Taylor,JeanGelman(2003).Indonesia:[Link]:YaleUniversityPress.
ISBN0300105185.

Furtherreading
Cribb,Robert(2000).[Link]:RoutledgeCurzonPress,
UniversityofHawaiiPress.ISBN0824821114.

Externallinks
Retrievedfrom"[Link]
title=Java&oldid=748372589"
Categories: Java GreaterSundaIslands IslandsofIndonesia
MaritimeSoutheastAsia

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