CHAPTER 2

Computer Aided Design

2.1

Basic windows operation

2.2

Using AutoCAD Level 1

2.3

Basic printing and plotting

Objective

After complecting this topic students can:-

Identify and understand clearly the techniques of basic function of the windows
graphical user interface.
Employ the functions of the AutoCAD system to draw the object.

62

2.0

INTRODUCTION

2.0.1

Defination CAD (Computer Aided Design)

Design using the computer or computer aided drawing. This mean a part or overall works
draw including engineering drawing and architecture carried out with computer aided.
2.0.2

The advantages of using CAD in Engineering Drawing and Architecture

i.

Accuracy
Painting project could be drawn and plotting to high accuracy namely till 13 decimal
point of unit used.

ii.

Smart and legibility

Painting produce is more accurate and smart plotter and legibility.

iii.

Speed
Ability to copy, arrange item and edit work enable painting produced with quicker
and save time.

iv.

Uniformity
Uniformity can be maintained at painting to particularly a project which involves
many drawings.

2.1

BASIC WINDOWS OPERATION

2.1.1

AutoCAD Main Window and Toolbar

AutoCAD's main window comprises the components as shown in Figure 3.1(a):

a)

Graphic Window / drawing area - The large center area of the screen where
the drawing is created.

b)

Menu Bar (Pull Down Menu) - The first customizable item displayed on the
AutoCAD display. The menus are used to enter commands using either the
mouse or the keyboard.

c)

Toolbars - A collection of icons representing various commands or

operations. There are 35 toolbars available in AutoCAD 2007.

63

menu bar
docked
toolbars

floating toolbars
crosshairs

command line
status bar

graphic window
Figure 2.1(a) AutoCAD basic screen.

d)

Docked Toolbars - toolbars can be docked on any of the four sides of the
screen. Each docked toolbar has a double bar located on the left edge
known as a grab bar.

e)

Floating Toolbars - There are undocked toolbar or floating around the

drawing area.

0)

Status Bar- A series of read-outs an on /off buttons, for drawing aids,

located on the bottom of the screen.
64

0)

Command Line The screen location that reflects input and command
options.

a)

Crosshair To enter coordinates using the mouse, use the crosshairs. The crosshairs
consist of a vertical and horizontal line.

The interface can be divided into several sub-areas or windows:

Title Bar
At the top of the screen is a windows bar known as the title bar. On the left side of the
this top bar, the name of the current file is listed in brackets. On the right side of this
bar there are three icons typical of the windows environment.
1.

65

Figure 2.1(b) : Title bar, left side

Figure 2.1(c): Title bar-right side

2.
Menu Bar
This contains the pull- dow n menus for the program. Each word represents a
file folder and a series of commands.

66

Figure 2.1(d) : Typical AutoCAD menu bar

Toolbars
Located below the menu bar, show a series of icons, representating AutoCAD
commands or operations. For example see the Figure 3.1(e) and Figure 3.1(f).
3.

67

Figure 2.1(e) AutoCAD standard, Layers, Properties, and style toolbars

68

Figure 2.1(f): AutoCAD draw

Toolbar, on left screen

2.1.2

AutoCAD Command Access

You use AutoCAD by running commands using one of these methods:

a)

Choose from the Pull Down Menus

Pull down menus and toolbars have the great advantage that instead of typing a complete
command, you can simply point nd click to select an item, without looking away from the
screen. The pull down menus are always available and contain most commands that you use
regularly. Menu selections and toolbar selections often duplicate each other.
Pull down menus work in AutoCAD as they do in any Windows application. To use a menu,
move the crosshairs up into the menu bar so that the selection arow appers. Then move the
69

arrow to the menu heading you want. Select it with the pick button (the left button on your
mouse). A menu apears. Run down the list of the items the one you want. Press the pick
button again to select the item.

Figure 2.1(g) : Menu item

b)

Click a tool on the Toolbars

Pick one the icon of the command from the displayed graphic icons. You can preset
AutoCAD to display or disable the tooltips, i.e small flags of information detailing the
commands of the icons.

70

Figure 2.1(h) : Modify Toolbar

c)

Enter a command from the Command Line

Prompt- type in the command that you want to execute, and press the Enter key or
button. Many of the most often used command, such as LINE ERASE and CIRCLE have
aliases. There one or two letter abbreviations are very handly. A few of the most commonly
used aliases are shown in Figure 3.1(i).

71

Figure 2.1(i) : Command

Command Alias Chart

Letter + Enter = Command
A
Arc
C
Circle
E
Erase
F
Fillet
L
Line
M
Move
O
Offset
P
Pan
R
Redraw

72

S
Stretch
Z
Zoom
Figure 2.1(j) : Command Alias Chart

d) Dynamic Prompt (AutoCAD 2006)

Type commands and responses to the dynamic prompt, they may appear in the drawing
area next to the cosshairs. Press Enter to complete th commands and responses.

Figure 2.1(k) : Command

73

2.1.3

Toolbars

Toolbars are another standard Window feature. They comprise buttons with icons that give
one-click access to commands. Once opened, toolbars can float anywhere on the screen or
they can be docked along the edges of the drawing area. Toolbar can be a nuisance, because
they cover portions of your drawing, but they can be opened and closed quickly. Beyond the
Standard, Object Properties, Draw and Modify toolbars, which are typically open by default,
you probably want to open a toolbar only if you are doing a whole set of procedures
involving that toolbar. In dimensioning an object, for example, you might wish to have the
Dimension toolbars at once, and remember that you can move toolbars or use the scroll bars
to move your drawing right, left, and down behind the toolbars. Following is toolbar standard
Window feature;
a)
Standard Toolbars
b)
Object Properties
c)
Dimension
d)
Draw
e)
External Data base
f)
Inquiry
g)
Insert
h)
Modify
i)
Modify II
j)
Object Snap
k)
Reference
l)
Render
m)
Solids
n)
Surface
o)
UCS
p)
Viewpoint
q)
Zoom
2.1.4

Format

AutoCAD programs have many powerful features that have no correlation in manual
drawing. Before start a new drawing, format or setting work must be do it first. Layering is a
good example. Layers exist in the same space and the same drawing, but can be set up and
controlled individually, allowing for greater control, precision, and flexibility. The format
are;
a) Layer
b) Color
c) Linetype
d) Text Style
e) Dimension Style
f) Point Style
g) Multiline Style
h) Units
i) Thickness
j) Drawing Limits
2.1.5

Function Keys
74

Function key are being used in AutoCAD to expedite works draw.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)

F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
F11
F12
Ctrl+9
Ctrl+0
Ctrl+R

HELP TOPICS (explain the command that is being used)

TEXT WINDOW (list all the commad has been made)
Object Snap ON/OFF (Object Snap Setting Dialogue Box)
Table Mode ON/OFF
Isoplane (Top/Left/Right)
Coordinate ON/OFF
Grid ON/OFF
Ortho Mode ON/OFF
Snap ON/OFF
Polar tracking ON/OFF
Object snap tracking ON/OFF
Menutup sementara Dynamic Input
Command window ON/OFF
User interface elements ON/OFF
Cycles through viewports

2.2

USING AUTOCAD LEVEL 1

2.2.1

Setting Unit Style

Unit used to help in provide coordinate, distance and angle. Each object drawn will be
measured in unit. You should determine unit value in AutoCAD before drawing has started.
For example one (1) unit in a drawing may be in conjunction with one (1) measure millimetre
for real object. Types of Units, Angles and Precision can be set in Drawing Unit's dialogue
boxes

75

Figure 2.2(a) : Setting Unit Style

1. Pull down menu (PDM): Format > Units.

2. In dialogue box Drawing Units, at Length, Type choose Decimal and selects decimal
point at Precision
3. Then choose type of angle: Angles dan Precision.
4. Choose Units to scale inserted content at Insertion scale :millimeter
76

5.
5.
2.2.2

To determine angle direction, choose Direction. Default was 0 degrees (East) and
its measure counter clockwise
Click OK to exit from dialogue boxes .
Setting Grid/Drawing Limits

You should determine space of drawing area in AutoCAD before drawing work has started.

Figure 2.2(b) : Setting Grid/Drawing Limits

Pull down menu : Format > Drawing Limits

Command line : DRAWING LIMITS
o LOWER LEFT CORNER <0,0>: X1,Y1
o UPPER RIGHT CORNER <420,297>: X2,Y2
VIEW>>ZOOM>>ALL

77

2.2.3

Setting Layer Control

Each entity is attached to a layer. Layers are identified by giving each one a unique
name. An entity can only be attached to one layer at a time. Which layer an object is
attached to is up to the user and depends on the current layering scheme

.
Figure 2.2(c) : Layers

Toolbar :
Pull down menu ; Format > Layer
Command line : Layer

78

Figure 2.2(d) : Setting Layer Control

1. In Layer Properties Manager's dialogue boxes, choose New Layer.

Layer 1 will be opened.
2. Click at Layer 1 and type name of new layer.
3. You can assign a color to an object by selecting the color through the
Select Color dialog and click OK.
4. You can assign a linetype to an object by selecting the linetype through
the Select Linetype dialog box. By default , linetype is set to
continuous. If a noncontinuous pattern such as center or hidden is
needed, you must first load the linetype definition from the Linetype
Manager dialog box and then assign the linetype property to a specific
pattern and to an entity or layer.
5. Click OK to exit from dialog Select Linetype dialog box.
6. Repeat step 2 untill step 5 to make another layer.
7. Highlight at layer has been chosen and click Set Current button's to activate
that layer.
79

8. Click Apply and OK to exit from Layer Properties Manager dialog box.
2.2.4

Draw

1)

Line

Line are created by specifying the endpoint of each line segment. After executing
the Line command the command prompt will ask you to specify first point. After the
input of the first point the command prompt will ask you to specify next point. Upon
the input of the second point a line will be created between the two selected points.
After the completion of the first line the command will stay active, continuing to
prompt you to specify next point until you choose to end sequence by either
pressing the Enter key, the right mouse button to select a command from the pop-up
menu, or the Esc key to cancel.
Toolbar:

Figure 2.2(e) : Draw toolbar

Pull down menu : Draw > Line

Command : LINE

Specify first point : taip X1, Y1

Specify next point: taip X2,Y2 or

@X2 - X1, Y2 - Y1
or @ length < angle or move the cursor around and type the
length
Example 1:
Draw straigth line with 50mm length from coordinate 23,26.
LINE

Specify first point : taip 23,26

Specify next point : taip 73,26 or type @50,0
or type @50<0

Example 2:
Redraw the following figure ABCDE (Figure 3.2(f)). Start from point A ( 100,100).

80

LINE
Specify first
point:100,100
Specify next point:
@100<0
LINE: SNP:@119.85<35
SNP:@90<90
LINE FROM
: 100,100
SNP:@80<180
TO POINT
: @100<0
SNP:C

TO POINT : @119.85<35
TO POINT: @90<90
TO POINT: @80<180
TO POINT : C

Figure 2.2(f)

2)

Multiline

Multiline is a line are made up two or over parallel at one certain distance. First parameter
multiline was parallel line justification between reference line (J / Zero), above reference line
(J / Bottom) and under reference line (J / Top). Second parameter is scale, where it is distance
between parallel line. Third parameter is individual line parameter which states first point
and second point.
.
Pull down menu : Draw > Multiline
Command line : MULTILINE
Specify start point
or
[Justification/Scale/Style] : J (Justification)
Enter justification type [Top/Zero/Bottom] <top> : Z (Zero)
Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/Style] : S (Scale)
Enter mline scale <15.00> : Taip jarak antara garisan
81

 Specify start point or [Justification/scale/Style]: X1,Y1

Specify next point : X2,Y2 atau bawa cursor ke aran yang dikehendaki dan
taip panjangnya.
Example 1:
Draw parallel line with 5mm thick and 40mm lengths.
Command line: MULTILINE
Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/Style] : J
Enter justification type [Top/Zero/Bottom] <top> : Z
Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/Style] : S
Enter mline scale <15.00> : 6
Specify start point or [Justification/scale/Style]: 10,10
Specify next point : @40<0 or move the cursor, to right side and type 40
3.

Polyline

Polyline is a line has the certain value thickness. Major parameter polyline is a thickness
between first and second point and further by directive line.
Toolbar:
Figure 2.2(g) : Draw toolbar

Pull down
>Polyline

menu

Draw

Command line : pline

Specify start point: Pick atau taip poin mula
Specify next point or Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Undo/Width: w
Specify starting width <0.0>: Taip ukuran tebal mula
Specify ending width <10.0>: Taip ukuran tebal hujung
Specify next point or Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Undo/Width:Pick atau taip panjang
garisan.

82

Example 1:
Draw an arrow using the polyline as below

ENDING WIDTH

STARTING WIDTH

ENDING WIDTH
STARTING WIDTH

Command line : PLINE

FROM POINT: 0,0
ARC/CLOSE/HALF WIDTH/UNDO/WIDTH<END POINT>: W
STARTING WIDTH : 5
ENDING WIDTH: 5
ARC/CLOSE/HALF WIDTH/INDO/WIDTH<END POINT>: @20,0
ARC/CLOSE/HALF WIDTH/UNDO/WIDTH<END POINT>: W
STARTING WIDTH : 8
ENDING WIDTH: 0
ARC/CLOSE/HALF WIDTH/INDO/WIDTH<END POINT>: @6,0

Figure 2.2(h) : Arrow

4.

Polygon

83

The Polygon command produces a multisided regular polygon in the drawing. This
command uses a series of prompts that you will be required to answer. Polygons are
based on a centerpoint and radius or edge. They will then be constructed either
inscribed within the circle or circumscribed about the outside of the circle.
Toolbar
Pull down menu: Draw > Polygon
Command line: POLYGON
POLYGON NUMBER OF SIDE <4>:
SPECIFY CENTER OF POLYGON OR [ EDGE ] :
ENTER OPTION [INSCRIBED IN CIRCLE/ CIRCUMSCRIBED ABOUT
CIRCLE] < I >:
SPECIFY RADIUS OF CIRCLE:

Figure 2.2(i) : Type of polygon

5.

Rectangle

The rectangle command

will prompt the user to
specify the First Corner
Point and the Other
Corner Point. This will control the creation of the Rectangle by opposite corner. All
four lines of the Rectangle created will be joined together as one entity. Option for the
Rectangle command include Chamfer, Elevation, Fillet, Thickness and Width.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Draw > Rectangle
Command: RECTANGE

CHAMFER/ELEVATION/FI
LLET/THICKNESS/WIDTH
/<FIRST CORNER>: X1, Y1

OTHER CORNER ; X2, Y2

84

OTHER CORNER

FIRST CORNER

Figure 2.2(j) : Rectangle

6.

Arc

Although there are 11 ways to create an arc, most of the methods are based on
prompting the user for start points, endpoints and center points in various orders. The
simplest and quickest way to create an arc is with the 3 Point method. By selecting
three points on the screen you will be creating an arc that passes through all three
selected point with the two points farthest apart as the start point and the endpoint. Arc
ialah arahan melukis sebahagian bulatan atau lengkok
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Draw > Arc > 3 Points etc.
a.)
b)

3 Point
Start, Center, End
85

c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)

Start, Center, Angle

Start, Center, Length
Start, End, Angle
Start, End, Direction
Start, End, Radius
Center, Start, End
Center, Satrt, Angle
Center, Start, Length

Figure 2.2(k) : Type of

arc

7.

Circle

There
are
five
different ways
to
create a circle. The
two basic methods
require an input for
the Center Point of
the circle and a second input for either a Radius or Diameter value. By default a
rubber band line will appear after the selection of the center point. You can establish
the value of the second input by dragging the rubber band line out to the desired
length or by typing in a numeric value.
Toolbar:
A.

Method CR
Command: CIRCLE

DIAMETER/<RADIUS>:D

DIAMETER : type diameter of circle

Method 2P
Command: CIRCLE

2P

FIRST POINT ON DIAMETER:

SECOND POINT:

Method 3P
Command: CIRCLE

3P

FIRST POINT ON DIAMETER:

SECOND POINT:

THIRD POINT:

Method TTR
Command: CIRCLE
86

TTR
ENTER TANGENT SPEC: P1
ENTER SECOND TANGENT SPEC: P2
RADIUS: type radius o circle

Method TTT
Command: CIRCLE

TAN, TAN, TAN

CIRCLE:3P/2P/TTR/<CENTER POINT>: TAN TO :P1

TAN TO : P2

TAN TO :P3

Figure 2.2(l) : Type of

circle

8.

Ellipse

Toolbar:
Pull down menu :
Draw > Ellipse
Command:
ELLIPSE

ARC/CENTER<AXIS ENDPOINT>: C
CENTER OF ELLIPSE:
AXIS ENDPOINT:
<OTHER AXIS DISTANCE>/ROTATION:

87

OTHER AXIS DISTANCE

AXIS ENDPOINT
CENTER

Figure 2.2(m) : Ellipse

Figure 2.2(n) : Type of ellipse

9.

Point

A Point is a location in
space. Points have no
physical
characteristics
such as length, width, or
height. When you select
the POINT command, the X, Y and Z coordinates are recorded for the position. Since
points have no physical characteristics, they can be displayed as a variety of graphic
outputs. By defult the point will show up as a dot on the screen. Figure 2.14
shows available point styles.
Toobar
88

Pull down menu : Format > Point Style

Choose any type of point style from dialog box

Figure 2.2(p) : Point stype

dialog box

Pull down menu:DRAW

POINT
SINGLE
POINT (for
one point
only)
Atau
MULTIPL
E POINT
(for
multiple
point)
Point can be enlarge in
percentage(%) or value. It also as a line divider.
Pull down menu: Draw
POINT
DIVIDE
SELECT OBJECT TO DIVIDE: PILIH
<NUMBER SEGMENT>/BLOCK:
10.

Hatch

Hatch are instructions stripes. Important thing should be taken into consideration was Patern,
Boundary, stripes direction and stripes distance.
Tool bar:
Command : HATCH
Boundry hatch dialog
box
Select a Pattern Hatch Pattern Pallete Diaog box
PICK POINTS/SELECT OBJECTS :
SCALE
ANGLE
PREVIEW
APPLY

89

Figure 2.2(q) : Hatch object

11.

Text

Text can be write in numbers or letters. It consists of Single Line Text and Multi Line
Text

i)

Single Line Text

Pull down menu : DRAW > TEXT

Command : Text
SINGLE LINE TEXT:
DTEXT JUSTIFY/STYLE/<START>: J
ALIGN/FIT/CENTER/MIDDLE/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR : F
FIRST TEXT LINE POINT:
SECOND TEXT LINE POINT:
HEIGHT:
TEXT:
ii)

Multiline Text

Multiline text is writing that can loading many word in a few line, that had been setted from
one corner to other corner display in square shape.
Command: TEXT
MULTILINE TEXT
SPECIFY FIRST CORNER:
SPECIFY OPPOSITE CORNER OR
90

(HEIGHT/JUSTIFY/ROTATION/STYLE/WIDTH)
2.2.5

Modify

1.

Erase/Undo/Redo/Viewres

The Erase command is used to delete entities from the drawing file. Like all modify
commands, after the selection of the command you will be prompted to Select objects,
After the selection of entities completed and Enter is hit the selected entities are
erased from the drawing file. An alternative method to the Erase command is to
select an entities when a command is not in progress and hit the Delete key on the
keyboard, thus removing the entity from the drawing file.
Toolbar;
Pull down menu: Modify > Erase
Command: ERASE
SELECT OBJECT : select part which want to erase.

Figure 2.2(r) : Erase method

2.

Undo & Redo

The Undo command reverse the action of the last command executed. This is
considered a basic modifying command even though it is not found in the
modify [Link] will find this command in the Edit menu or in the Standard
toolbar typically located under the pull down menus. The Undo command may
act like an Erase command but it is much more. When you use Undo
command all the steps used during the execution of the command are also
reversed.
Toolbar: Undo

91

If you want to draw back, click Redo command in the Standard toolbar.
Toolbar: Redo
3.

Copy

The Copy command is similar to the Move command. This command also prompts
you to Select objects. After the selection of objects is completed you will prompted for
a base point to be used as a control point and a second point or a displacement
value used as the new location for all the selected entities. The difference between
the two commands is that the original selected entities will remain in their
original location and a second copy of the selected entities will go to the new location
specified. Once a second point is specified you will be able to place multiple copies of
the selection set in as many locations as needed by simply left-clicking in a new location..
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Copy
Command: MODIFY
COPY
SELECT OBJECTS:
<BASE POINT OF DISPLACEMENT >/MULTIPLE:
END OF SECOND POINT OF DISPLACEMENT:
4.

Mirror

There are two main differences between the command procedure Mirror and
Rotate. First, to mirror an object you have to define a mirror line ; second, you
have an opportunity to indicate whether you want to retain the original object or
delete it.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > mirror
Command: MODIFY
MIRROR
SELECT OBJECT:
.FIRST POINT OF MIRROR:
END POINT OF SECOND POINT:
DELET OLD OBJECT<N>:

92

Figure 2.2(s) : Mirror object

5.

Offset

Offset creates parallel copies of lines, circles, arcs, or polylines. With offset operation to
draw some lines through points that would be very difficult to locate without Offset.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Offset
Command: MODIFY
OFFSET
OFFSET DISTANCE OR THROUGH <1.000>
SELECT OBJECT TO OFFSET
SIDE TO OFFSET

93

Line Offset

6.

Circle offset
Figure 2.2(t) : Type of offset

Array

The Array command gives you a powerful alternative to simple copying. An array is
the repetition of an image in matrix form. This command takes an object or group
of object and copies it a specific number of time in mathematically defined,
evenly, spaced locations.
There are two type of arrays. Rectangular arrays are linear and defined by rows and
column. Polar arrays are angular and based on the repetition of object around the
circumference of an arc or circle.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Array
A.

Rectangular Array

94

Fi
gure
2.2(u) :
Array
dialog
box -

Rectangular array

Command: MODIFY
ARRAY
SELECT OBJECT
RECTANGULAR OR POLAR (<R>/P): R
NUMBER OF ROW:
NUMBER OF COLUMN:
UNIT CELL OR DISTANCE BETWEEN ROW:
DISTANCE BETWEEN COLUMN.
B. Polar Array
Figure
2.2(u) :
Array
dialog
box
Polar
array

95

Command: MODIFY
ARRAY
SELECT OBJECT:
RECTANGULAR OR POLAR (<R>/P): P
BASE/<SPECIFY CENTER POINT OF ARRAY>
NUMBER OF ITEM:
ANGLE TO FILL (+CCW, -CW)<360>:
ROTATE OBJECT AS THEY ARE COPIED<Y>:
7.

Move

The Move command allows you to select entities and physically move the entities
from one location to another. This command will prompt you to select objects. After the
selection of objects is completed you will be prompted for a base point that will be
used as a control point and a second point or displacement values used as the new
location for all the selected entities.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Move
Command: MODIFY
MOVE
SELECT OBJECT
BASE POINT DISPLACEMENT:
END OF SECOND POINT DISPLACEMENT:
8.

Rotate

The Rotate command will spin or rotate the selected entities around a specified
base point. After your selection of the entities is complete, you will be prompted for a
base point , which is the control point the entities rotate around. After selecting a
base point you can then specify a rotation value in degree or use a Reference option to
reference two point on the screen, which move the line to a specific rotated position.
Remember that 0 point to the east on the polar coordinate system, and also the
default location for the Rotate command. The second option is Copy. This option
will leave the original selection set of objects in place and create a copy of the
objects at the specified rotation and base point.
Toolbars
Command: MODIFY
ROTATE
SELECT OBJECT:
BASE POINT:
<ROTATION ANGLE>/REFERANCE:

96

Figure 2.2(v) : Rotate style

9.

Scale

The Scale command allows you to increase or decrease the size of the selected
objected proportionally in all three directions. This scale operation will be in
reference to a user defined base point. Like all the previous commands, you
need to select object to work with, and then you will be prompted for a base point.
This is the point the object will grow to, or grow away from. After the definition of
the base point you will enter a scale factor, or you can also move the mouse to
dynamically view the scaled size.
Toolbar:
Command : MODIFY
SCALE
SELECT OBJECT:
BASE POINT:
<SCALE FACTOR>/REFERANCE:

Figure 2.2(w) : Scalinng object

97

10.

Trim

Trim mode allows you to determine whether you want to remove square Corners
or line as it creates fillets and chamfers.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Trim
Command: MODIFY
TRIM
SELECT CUTTING EDGES:
<SELECT OBJECT TO TRIM>/PROJECT/EDGE/UNDO:

Figure 2.2(x) : Trim object

11.

Extend

If you compare the procedures of the Extend command and the Trim command,
you noticed a remarkable similarity. Just substitute the word boundary for cutting
edge and the word extend for trim, and you got it. These two commands are
conceptually related and are so efficient that it is sometimes good practice to
draw a temporary cutting edge or boundary on your screen and erase it after trimming or
extending.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu: Modify > Extend
Command: MODIFY
EXTEND
SELECT BOUNDARY EDGES: SELECT OBJECT:
<SELECT OBJECT TO EXTEND>/PROJECT/EDGE/UNDO:
12.

Break
98

The Break command allows you to break an object on the screen into two entities, or to cut a
segment out of the middle or off the end. The command sequence is similar for all options.
Break works on lines, circles, arcs, and polylines.
Toolbar:
Command : MODIFY
BREAK
BREAK SELECT OBJECT:
ENTER SECOND POINT<OR FOR FIRST POINT>

Figure 2.2(y) : Break action

13.

Chamfer

The Chamfer command sequence is almost identical to the Fillet command, with
the exception that chamfers can be uneven. That is, you can cut back farther on
one side of a corner than on the other.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu Modify > Chamfer
Command: MODIFY
CHAMFER
POLYLINE/DISTANCE/ANGLE/TRIM/METHOD
<SELECT FIRST LINE>:D
ENTER FIRST DISTANCE:
ENTER SECOND DISTANCE:
COMMAND:
POLYLINE/DISTANCE/ANGLE/TRIM/METHOD
<SELECT FIRST LINE>:
SELECT SECOND LINE:

99

Figure 2.2(z) : Chamfer solution

14.

Fillet

Fillets can also be created between circles and arcs, but the most common usage
is the type of situation demonstrated here.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Fillet
Command: MODIFY
FILLET
POLYLINE/RADIUS/TRIM<SELECT OBJECT>:R
ENTER FILLET RADIUS:
FILLET
POLYLINE/RADIUS/TRIM<SELECT>:
SELECT SECOND OBJECT:

100

Figure 2.2(i) : Fillet

2.2.6

Dimension

Dimension is a command to draw the measure in object. Many methods are available can be
use to draw dimension object.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.

Linear
Align
Radius or Diameter
Leader
Angular
etc: ordinate, tolerance and oblique
Linear Dimension

This Dimension parallel to X-axis surface and Y

Toolbar
Command: DDIM
DIMENSION STYLE: dialog box
NAME:
GEOMETRY : DIMENSION LINE
101

EXTENSION LINE
ARROW HEAD
CENTER
FORMAT : FIT
TEXT JUSTIFICATION
ANNOTATION : UNIT
TOLERANCE
TEXT HEIGHT/STYLE
DIMENSION
LINEAR
FIRST EXTENSION LINE : ORIGIN OR PRESS ENTER TO SELECT:
SECOND EXTENSION LINE : ORIGIN
Figure 2.2(ii) :
Liner dimension

2.
Aligned
Dimension
This
Dimension
does not parallel to
X-axis and Y
Toolbar :
Command: DIMENSION
ALIGN
FIRST EXTENSION LINE: ORIGIN OR PRESS ENTER TO SELECT:
SECOND EXTENSION LINE: ORIGIN
Figure 2.2(iii) : Aligned dimension

3.

Radius atau Diameter

Dimensioning
radius
diamenter circle or arc

or

a.
Diameter circle or arc
Toolbar:
Command : DIMENSION
RADIUS/DIAMETER
SELECT ARC OR CIRCLE
DIMENSION LINE LOCATION:
Figure 2.2(iv) : Diameter
dimension

102

b.
Radius
Toolbar:
Figure 2.2(v) : Radius dimension

4.

Angular Dimension

Dimensioning of angle
Toolbar:
Command: DIMENSION
ANGULAR
SELECT, CIRCLE, LINE: OR PRESS ENTER:
SECOND LINE :
DIMENSION ARC LOCATION (MTEST,TEXT,ANGLE):
Figure 2.2(vi) : Angular
dimension

5.

Leader

Dimensioning of indicator/leader line

Toolbar:
Command: Dimension
LEADER
FROM POINT
TOPOINT (FORMAT/ANNOTATION/UNDO)<ANNOTATION>:A
ANNOTATION:
Figure 2.2(vii) : Leader
dimension

2.2.7

Block/Wblock/Insert

Block is a command to copy a part/all of object from one file to one same file. While Wblock
is a directive copy from one file to one other file.
1.
BLOCK
PDM: Draw > Block > Make
Command: BLOCK
Fill Name's column, pick Select objects, Pick Points. Choose Block unit and click OK.

103

Figure 2.2(viii) :
Block definition
dialog box

2.
WBLOCK
Command:
WBLOCK
Click
Select
object,
Pick
point. Fill the
file name and
path, click insert
units dan click
OK.
Figure
2.2(x) :
Write Block
dialog box

3.
INSERT
Pull down
menu
:
Insert >
Block
Command:
INSERT
Fill the file
Name,
Scale,
Rotation,
Block unit
and click
OK

104

Figure 2.2(xi) : Insert dialog box

2.2.8

Properties

Properties is a multifunction to change Color, Layer and Linetype.

Toolbar:
Command: MODIFY
PROPERTIES
Kekotak Dialog Properties
Color: *
Layer: *
Linetype: *
Linetype Scale : *
Thickness:
Ok: *
2.2.9

Osnap Settings

Osnap setting is a function to get point coordinate in figure with marking Cursor to place in
fact, not from value.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

Keyboard Command:
End Point
END
Mid Point
MID
Center
CEN
Node
NODE
Quadrant
QUAD
Perpendicular PERP
Tangent
TANG
Nearest
NEAR
105

Figure 2.2(xii) : Drafting setting dialog box

Figure 2.2(xiii) : type of OSNAP Point

Example:
LINE:

FROM POINT: END

TO POINT : PEPR

2.2.10 Zoom
Zoom is a command to change size of image without changing measure.
106

1.

Realtime Move cursor to change expansion percent:

Command: ZOOM
REALTIME
On: Grow up Down : Reduce

2.

Previous to change expansion image to previously.

Command : ZOOM
PREVIOUS

3.

Window expansion in box

Command: ZOOM

WINDOW

FIRST CORNER

OTHER CORNER

4.

Scale expansion with scale stated without measure change

Command: ZOOM

SCALE

SCALE FACTOR : ..X

1X , 2X , 3X

5.

In/out If Zoom Scale In .5x then Zoom In becomes decrease to become .25x, while
Zoom Out becomes Zoom Scale's gain. If Zoom Scale .5x then Zoom Out becomes
1x.

6.

All can display all painting in screen

2.3

BASIC PRINTING AND PLOTTING

2.3.1

Print/Plot

Print is a command to
print the drawing using
printer or plotter.
Pull down menu : File
> Plot
Figure 2.3(a) : Pull down
menu file>plot

107

Figure 2.3(b) : Plot dialog box

In Plot dialogue boxes, you must setting before printing has been made.
1. Printer/plotter- choose name of printer
2. Paper size-choose size of paper; A4,A3,A1 etc
3. Plot area- pick area/window/title block of drawing. Pick from the
left corner ( first corner) and drag the cursor untill opposite corner
(second corner).
4. Plot offset/ check at center the plot
5. Plot scale-Uncheck fit the paper and choose custom.
6. Drawing orientation-Pick pada portrait atau landscape
7. Preview
8. ESC and click Ok

108

Figure 2.2(c) : Pick from first corner

Figure 2.2(d) : Drag untill opposite corner (second corner)

109

Fakulti : Kejuruteraan Awam Dan Alam

Sekitar
Jabatan : Teknologi Kejuruteraan Awam
BFC 1013 LUKISAN KEJURUTERAAN
DAN CAD
Exercise Topic: EXERCISE 1

AutoCAD TITLE BLOCK,

1.

No
Mukasurat
Edisi
[Link]
Tarikh Efektif
Tarikh Pindaan

1 DRP 1
1
31/12/2008

Instructions for setting up a title block (Figure 1) :

a
b
c
d

Drawing limits : Lower Left Corner (0,0) and

Upper Right Corner (370,250).
Layers and colour lines : BLUE (block template) and WHITE (text).
Dimensions should not be displayed.
Save as TBLOCK into local disk (D) or pen drive/disked.

110

1. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT

2. EXERCISE TOPIC :
3. BFC 1013 LUKISAN KEJURUTERAAN
4. DRAWM BY :
5. CHECKED BY :
6. DATE :
Figure 1
7. SCALE :
8. DRAWING NO :

6
7
8

111

Fakulti : Kejuruteraan Awam Dan Alam

Sekitar
Jabatan : Teknologi Kejuruteraan Awam
BFC 1013 LUKISAN KEJURUTERAAN
DAN CAD
Exercise Topic: EXERCISE 2

AutoCAD TITLE BLOCK,

GEOMETRICAL OBJECTS.

2.

No
Mukasurat
Edisi
[Link]
Tarikh Efektif
Tarikh Pindaan

1 DRP 3
1
31/12/2008

Instructions :
a
b
c
d
e

Redraw the objects below (Figure 2 & 3) and dimension should be displayed.
Drawing limits : LLC (0,0) and URC (370,250).
Layers and colour lines : RED (object), GREEN (dimension), CYAN (center) and
GREY (projection).
Make block and save each object before insert into the title block (open file:
TBLOCK).
All submitted drawings should be in A3 size (420mm x 297mm).

112

Fakulti : Kejuruteraan Awam Dan Alam

Sekitar
Jabatan : Teknologi Kejuruteraan Awam
BFC 1013 LUKISAN KEJURUTERAAN
DAN CAD
Exercise Topic: EXERCISE 3

AutoCAD TITLE BLOCK,

GEOMETRICAL OBJECTS.

No
Mukasurat
Edisi
[Link]
Tarikh Efektif
Tarikh Pindaan

2 DRP 3
1
31/12/2008

113

Figure 2

Figure 2

Fakulti : Kejuruteraan Awam Dan Alam

Sekitar
Jabatan : Kejuruteraan Struktur Dan Bahan
BFC 1013 LUKISAN KEJURUTERAAN
DAN CAD
Exercise Topic: EXERCISE 4 -

AutoCAD TITLE BLOCK,

GEOMETRICAL OBJECTS.

No
Mukasurat

3 DRP 3

Edisi

Tarikh Efektif

31/12/2008

Tarikh Pindaan

114

115

116
Figure 3