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SAMPLING
SIVARAM
PCET
MEANING
1. A sample is a finite part of a statistical
population whose properties are studied to
gain information about the whole(webster
1985)
1. When dealing with people, it can be defined
as a set of respondents(people) selected
from a larger population for the purpose of
a survey.
Sampling process
Developing
a sampling
Defining the Frame
population
Specifying
Sample
Method
Determining
Sample
Size
SELECTING THE SAMPLE
PROBABILITY
SIM SYST STA RA S COMPLE
PLE EMA RIFI ND T X
RA TIC ED OM R MULTIS
ND RAN RAN CLU AI TAGE
OM DOM DOM STE FI RANDO
R E M
D
NON PROBABILITY
CONVENIENCE
QUOTA
PURPOSIVE
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A probability sampling method is any
method of sampling that utilizes some form of
random selection
In order to have a random selection method,
you must set up some process or procedure
that assures that the different units in your
population have equal probabilities of being
chosen.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
The simplest form of random sampling is called simple random
sampling.
Objective: To select n units out of N such that each NCn has an
equal chance of being selected.
Procedure: Use a table of random numbers, a computer random
number generator, or a mechanical device to select the sample
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM
Number the units in the population from 1 to N
Decide on the n (sample size) that you want or
need
k = N/n = the interval size
Randomly select an integer between 1 to k
Then take every kth unit
STARIFIED RANDOM
Stratified Random Sampling, also
sometimes called proportional or quota
random sampling, involves dividing your
population into homogeneous subgroups and
then taking a simple random sample in each
subgroup. In more formal terms.
Objective: Divide the population into non-
overlapping groups (i.e., strata) N1, N2, N3, ...
Ni, such that N1 + N2 + N3 + ... + Ni = N.
Then do a simple random sample of f = n/N in
each strata
RANDOM CLUSTER
Done correctly, this is a form of random
sampling
Population is divided into groups, usually
geographic or organizational
Some of the groups are randomly chosen
In pure cluster sampling, whole cluster is
sampled.
In simple multistage cluster, there is random
Sampling within each randomly chosen cluster
Stratified cluster
Reduce the error in cluster
sampling by creating strata of cluster
Sample one cluster from each stratum
The cost-savings of clustering with the error
reduction of stratification
Stratification vs. Clustering
Stratification Clustering
Divide population into Divide population into
groups different from each comparable groups:
schools, cities
other: sexes, races, ages
Randomly sample some of
Sample randomly from
the groups
each group
More error compared to
Less error compared to
simple random
simple random
Reduces costs to sample
More expensive to obtain
only some areas or
stratification information
organizations
COMPLEX MULTISTAGE RANDOM
Large national probability samples involve
several stages of stratified cluster sampling
The whole country is divided into geographic
clusters,metropolitan and rural
Some large metropolitan areas are selected
withcertainty (certainty is a non-zero
probability!)
Other areas are formed into strata of areas
(e.g. middle-sized cities, rural counties);
clusters are selected randomly from these
Non-probability
quota
• Pre-plan number of subjects in specified
categories(e.g. 100 men, 100 women)
In uncontrolled quota sampling, the subjects
chosen for those categories are a convenience
sample, selected any way the interviewer
chooses
In controlled quota sampling, restrictions are
imposed to limit interviewer’s choice
No call-backs or other features to eliminate
convenience factors in sample selection
Convenience sampling
Subjects selected because it is easy to access
them.
No reason tied to purposes of research.
Students in your class, people on State Street,
friends
Purposive Samples
Subjects selected for a good reason tied to
purposes of research
Small samples < 30, not large enough for power
of probability sampling.
– Nature of research requires small sample
– Choose subjects with appropriate variability in
what you are studying
Hard-to-get populations that cannot be found through
screening general population
Thanks for the people sitting opposite
to me