Fundamentals
of
electrical
and
electronic
systems.
Lab
1.
Amplifier
Characterization
Date:
11.12.2015
and
08.01.2016
3.1.1
Group:
First
Name
Simone
Ivan
Andrea
Federico
Last
Name
Biagiola
Bukin
Costanzo
Gioachini
Matr.
number
201644
206233
191037
201662
Signature
3.1.2
Used
instruments:
Instrument
Waveform
generator
Make
and
model
Hameg
HM8131-2
Oscilloscope
Atten
ADS2102C
Power
supply
Velleman
PS23023
Pre-assembled
circuit
board
A2
Massimo
Ruo
Roch,
DET
Politecnico
di
Torino,
2001
Multimeter
Hewlett-Packard
HP
34401A
Characteristics
0.1
mHz
to
15
MHz
20
mV
to
20
V
Vpp
distortion
<3%
output:
BNC
5
Hz
to
200
MHz
80
V
Vpp
max
vertical
distortion
<3%
resolution
8
bit
sampling
rate
1GSa/s
input:
BNC
with
probe
output
max
30
Vdc,
3
A
uncertainty
<3mVrms
output:
Banana
described
in
the
further
text
and
in
the
task
signal
input:
BNC
power
input:
three-pin
connector
output:
probe
Vdc
up
to
1000
V
R
up
to
100
MOhm
Idc
up
to
3
A
Vrms
up
to
750
V,
300kHz
Irms
up
to
3
A,
10kHz
uncertainty
max
0.74%
input:
Banana
1
3.1.3
Goals
of
the
lab:
Perform
a
comparison
between
theoretical
computations
and
real
measurements.
Improve
skills
and
competences
in
electrical
and
electronic
measurements.
Gain
further
familiarity
with
practical
aspect
of
the
subject.
Notice:
description
of
connection,
setting
and
measurement
procedures
will
be
omitted
since
these
operations
are
properly
explained
in
the
text
of
the
task
and
in
Lecture
07,
also
because
such
procedures
as
using
a
multimeter
or
adjusting
the
image
on
the
screen
of
the
oscilloscope
should
not
require
any
effort
from
a
person
who
is
studying
engineering.
However,
in
the
text
of
the
report
necessary
comments
and
remarks
about
obtained
results
will
be
provided.
In
all
subsequent
tasks
the
theoretical
computation
of
voltages,
resistances,
gains,
poles
and
zeroes
was
performed
using
the
standard
formulae.
The
input
waveform
in
all
tasks
is
of
a
sinusoidal
type.
3.1.4
Gain
and
resistance
measurement.
(Non-inverting
amplifier)
Gain
at
800
Hz
and
Vspp=1
V:
Measured
Theoretical
acceptable
range
(from
given
values
of
the
components)
Av
(quotient)
8.4
7.65
9.35
Av
(in
dB)
18.5
17.67
19.42
We
can
observe
that
the
result
falls
inside
the
range
of
theoretical
values,
even
if
the
measurement
procedure
was
affected
by
infinitely
many
distortive
factors.
We
see
also
that
the
theoretical
range
is
quite
broad.
Input
equivalent
resistance,
at
800
Hz
and
Vspp=1
V:
Measured
Theoretical
acceptable
range
(from
given
values
of
the
components)
Vu
(R9
short-circuited)
8.8
Vpp
---
Vu
(R9
inserted)
4.8
Vpp
---
R9
value
9.88
k
9.5
10.5
k
Ri
value
12.5
k
10.45
11.45
k
Resistance
measurement
(using
a
multimeter)
was
performed
with
power
supply
disconnected
and
configuring
the
circuit
in
such
way
that
we
are
measuring
exactly
the
necessary
resistance,
not
some
other
loop.
As
we
have
observed,
it
is
not
exactly
equal
to
the
nominal
value
given
by
the
colour
code,
but
is
within
the
tolerance
margins
(the
same
situation
will
happen
in
following
cases).
The
input
resistance
is
found
by
applying
the
voltage
divider
(by
measuring
the
output
voltage
with
external
resistance
inserted
and
not
inserted:
ratio
between
these
two
values
is
equal
to
the
ratio
of
resistances
given
by
2
the
partition).
To
be
measured
in
a
more
precise
way,
the
input
resistance
must
be
of
the
same
order
of
magnitude
as
the
external
resistance.
In
the
end,
as
we
see,
Ri
is
not
equal
to
infinity,
which
means
that
our
amplifier
is
far
from
being
ideal.
In
addition,
its
value
is
slightly
outside
of
the
theoretical
range.
Output
equivalent
resistance,
at
800
Hz
and
Vspp=1
V:
Measured
Theoretical
acceptable
range
(from
given
values
of
the
components)
Vu
(R10
not
connected)
8.4
Vpp
---
Vu
(R10
inserted)
4.2
Vpp
---
R10
value
0.983
k
---
Ru
value
1.02
k
0.95
1.05
k
Measurement
of
output
resistance
is
performed
in
the
same
way
as
for
the
input:
we
must
make
a
voltage
divider.
And,
as
we
see,
the
obtained
value
is
within
the
tolerance
interval.
The
theoretical
approach
for
computing
the
output
resistance
cannot
be
applied
(Ru=
OC
voltage/SC
current)
due
to
the
fact
that
short
circuit
will
drive
the
amplifier
to
the
non-linear
region,
where
the
results
will
be
absolutely
different
from
what
we
expect
by
applying
our
theoretical
approach.
3.1.5
Frequency
response
of
the
amplifier
with
external
RC
filters.
Frequency
(Hz)
Pulsation
(rad/s)
|Avs|
(dB)
|Avs|
(dB)
(2*frequency)
calculated
measured
300
1884.956
7.1172
7.89
1000
6283.185
15.523
15.32
3000
18849.56
18.607
18.06
10000
62831.85
17.893
17.52
30000
188495.6
12.810
12.71
100000
628318.5
3.3276
3.95
300000
1884956
-6.117
-6.02
1000000
6283185
-16.56
-18
We
were
doing
two
measurements
per
decade,
one
at
the
boundary,
another
in
the
middle
of
each
segment,
which
approximately
corresponds
to
3
in
logarithmic
scale.
Vpp
used
was
equal
to
1
V
until
30000
Hz
and
0.2
V
after
this
value.
A
possible
reason
for
this
could
be
the
uncertainty
of
the
oscilloscope,
for
which
it
will
be
easier
to
deal
with
lower
amplitudes
at
high
frequency
avoiding
possible
risks.
An
important
observation
is
that
measured
values
are
not
always
in
perfect
correspondence
with
the
calculated
ones.
These
errors
are
appearing
due
to
the
tolerances
of
the
instruments
and
unavoidable
presence
of
noise.
After
certain
frequency
the
gain
(not
in
dB)
becomes
very
little,
tending
to
zero
(but
it
will
never
assume
exactly
3
the
null
value).
Another
trend
that
can
be
deduced
is
that
measured
values
in
the
flat
zone
are
all
slightly
lower
than
calculated
ones.
Here
you
can
find
the
graphical
representation
of
the
results.
100
10
0
Calculated
Measured
3.1.6
Inverting
amplifier.
Check
of
phase
inversion:
Believe
it
or
not,
but
on
the
screen
of
the
oscilloscope
we
have
observed
two
waveforms,
exactly
in
counterphase,
without
any
shift.
This
means,
that
the
phase
was
inverted.
Which
is
not
a
surprise
at
all.
Av
measurement
(at
1000
Hz):
Av=-16.26
(dB)
Ri
measurement:
Measured
Nominal
Calculated
Ri
value
14.84
k
15
k5%
15
k
In
this
case
again
the
voltage
divider
was
applied
to
compute
the
input
resistance.
As
we
can
see,
the
measured
value
of
input
resistance
has
a
value
that
is
close
to
the
calculated
one
and
the
nominal
one.
The
value
of
the
output
resistance
is
approximately
equal
to
4.7
m,
which
is
really
a
negligible
value.