Example Problem 3-1 A four-cylinder, 2.5-liter, SI automobile engine operates at WOT on a four-stroke air-standard Otto cycle at 3000 RPM. The engine has a compression ratio of 8.6:1, a mechanical efficiency of 86%, and a stroke-to-bore ratio S/B = 1.025. Fuel is isooctane with AF = 15, a heating value of 44,300 kI/kg, and combustion efficiency , = 100%. At the start of the compression stroke, con- ditions in the cylinder combustion chamber are 100 kPa and 60°C. It can be assumed that there is a 4% exhaust residual left over from the previous cycle. Do a complete thermodynamic analysis of this engine. For one cylinder, the displacement volume is Vy = 2.5 liter/4 = 0.625 L = 0.000625 m* Use Eq. (2-12) to find clearance volume: re = Vi/Vo = (Ve + Vi)/Ve = 8.6 = (Ve + 0.000625)/V, V, = 0,0000822 m* = 0.0822 L = 82.2 cm? Use Eq. (2-8) to find bore and stroke: Va = (77/4)B’S = (7/4)B?(1.025B) = 0.000625 m? B = 0.0919 m = 9.19 cm S = 1.025B = 0.0942 m = 9.42 cm State 1: T, = 60°C = 333K given in problem statement P,=100kPa given V, = Vd + V. = 0.000625 + 0,0000822 = 0.000707 m? Mass of gas mixture in the cylinder can be calculated at State [Link] mass within the cylinder will then remain the same for the entire cycle. mn, = P\V4/RT; = (100 kPa)(0.000707 m?)/(0.287 kJ/kg-K)(333 K) = 0.000740 kg State 2: The compression stroke 1-2 is isentropic. Use Eqs. (3-4) and (3-5) to find the pres- sure and temperature: P, = P,(r.)* = (100 kPa)(8.6)!95 = 1826 kPa Tz = Ti(r.)*! = (333 K)(8.6)°> = 707 K = 434°C V2 = mRT;/P; = (0.000740 kg)(0.287 kJ/kg-K) (707 K)/(1826 kPa) = 0.000822 m? = V, This is the clearance volume of one cylinder, which agrees with the preceding, Another way of getting this value is to use Eq. (2-12): V, = Vj/r, = 0.000707 m*/8.6 = 0.0000822 m? The mass of gas mixture m,, in the cylinder is made up of air m,, fuel my, and exhaust residual Mex: mass of air mM, = (15/16)(0.96)(0.000740) = 0,000666 kg mass of fuel my = (1/16)(0.96) (0.000740) = 0.000044 kg mass of exhaust mx = (0.04)(0.000740) = 0.000030 kg Total m.,, = 0.000740 koState 3: Use Eq. (3-10) to calculate the heat added during one cycle: Qin = MpQuvne = Mmncr(Ts — Tr) = (0.000044 kg) (44,300 kJ/kg) (1.00) = (0.000740 kg) (0.821 kJ/kg-K) (7; — 707 K) Solving this for 7, T; = 3915 K = 3642° Trnas For constant volume Py = P,(T;/T;) = (1826 kPa)(3915/707) = 10,111 kPa = Prox State 4: Power stroke 3-4 is isentropic. Use Eq. (3-16) and (3-17) to find temperature and pressure: Ts = T,(A/r-)*1 = (3915 K)(1/8.6)° = 1844 K = 1571°C P, = P,(1/r.)* = (10,111 kPa)(1/8.6)'*> = 554 kPa V4 = mRT,/P, = (0.000740 kg) (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(1844 K)/(554 kPa) 0.000707 m? = V, This agrees with the value of V, found earlier. Work produced in the isentropic power stroke for one cylinder during one cycle is W3-4 = mR(T, ~ T3)/(1 — k) = (0.000740 kg) (0.287 kI/kg-K) (1844 — 3915)K/(1 - 1.35) 257 kd Work absorbed during the isentropic compression stroke for one cylinder during one cycle is Wi-2 = mR(T; ~ T,)/(1 ~ k) = (0.000740 kg) (0.287 kI/kg-K)(707 — 333)K/(1 — 1.35) = -0.227 kJ Work of the intake stroke is canceled by work of the exhaust stroke. Net indicated work for one cylinder during one cyele is, Waet = Wyi-2 + W3-4 = (—0.227) + (41.257) = +1.030 kT Use Eq. (3-10) to find heat added for one cylinder during one cycle: Qin = msQuvne = (0.000044 kg) (44,300 kJ/kg)(1.00) = 1.949 ky Indicated thermal efficiency is Tr = Wret/Qin = 1.030/1.949 = 0.529 = 52.9% or, using Eqs. (3-29) and (3-31): m = 1 (T/T2) = 1 = (Afro? = 1 — (333/707) = 1 — (1/8.6)°5 = 0.529 Equation (2-29) is used to find indicated mean effective pressure: imep = Wyey/(V; — Vo) = (1.030 k3)/(0.000707 ~ 0.0000822)m? = 1649 kPaindicated power at 3000 RPM is obtained using Eq. (2-42): W; = WN/n = [(1.030 kJ/cyl-cycle) (3000/60 rev/sec)/(2 rev/cycle)](4 cyl) = 103 kW = 138 hp Equation (2-2) is used to find mean piston speed: U, = 2SN = (2 strokes/rev)(0.0942 m/stroke) (3000/60 rev/sec) = 9.42 m/sec Equation (2-27) gives net brake work for one cylinder during one cycle: W, = tmW; = (0.86)(1.030 kJ) = 0.886 kT Brake power at 3000 RPM is W, = (3000/60 rev/sec) (0.5 cycle/rev) (0.886 kI/cyl-cycle) (4 cyl) 88.6 kW = 119 hp or Ws = tmW; = (0.86)(103 kW) = 88.6 kW Torque is calculated using Eq. (2-43): = Wy/2mN = (88.6 kJ/sec)/(2mradians/rev) (3000/60 rev/sec) 0.282 KN-m = 282 N-m Friction power lost is calculated using Eq. (2-49): W, = W, — W, = 103 — 88.6 = 144 kW = 19.3 hp Equation (2-37c) is used to find brake mean effective pressure: bmep = »,,(imep) = (0.86)(1649 kPa) = 1418 kPa This allows another way of finding torque using Eq. (2-41), which gives consistent results: 7 = (bmep)V;/4ar = (1418 kPa) (0.0025 m*)/4a = 0.282 KN-m Brake specific power is calculated using Eq. (2-51): BSP = W,/A, = (88.6 kW)/{[(7/4)(9.19 em)?](4 cyl)} = 0.334 kW/cm? Output per displacement is found using Eq. (2-52): OPD = W)/Vz = (88.6 kW)/(2.5L) = 35.4kW/L Equation (2-60) is used to find brake specific fuel consumption: bsfe = sy/W, = (0.000044 kg/cyl-cycle) (50 rev/sec) (0.5 cycle/rev) (4 cyl)/(88.6 kW) 000050 kg/sec/kW_= 180 gm/kW-] Equation (2-70) is used to find volumetric efficiency using one cylinder and standard air density: al PaVa = (0.000666 kg)/ (1.181 kg/m*)(0.000625 m) .902 = 90.2%