CALCULUS 1
INTEGRATION
Oktober 2016
INTEGRATION
1. AN OVERVIEW OF THE AREA PROBLEM
2. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
3. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
5. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF
CALCULUS
AN OVERVIEW OF THE AREA
PROBLEM
THE AREA PROBLEM
THE AREA PROBLEM
Given a function f that is continuous and nonnegative on an
interval [a, b], find the area between the graph of f and the
interval [a, b] on the x-axis.
THE RECTANGLE METHOD FOR FINDING
AREAS
THE ANTIDERIVATIVE METHOD FOR
FINDING AREAS
If f is a nonnegative continuous function on the interval [a, b]
If A(x) denotes the area under the graph of f over the interval
[a, x], where x is any point in the interval [a, b] then :
A(x) = f(x)
THE ANTIDERIVATIVE METHOD FOR
FINDING AREAS
EXEMPLE 1
For each of the functions f , find the area A(x) between the graph of f and the
interval [a, x] = [1, x], and find the derivative A (x) of this area function
EXEMPLE 2
Use the antiderivative method to find the area under the graph of y = x2 over the
interval [0, 1].
THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
ANTIDERIVATIVES
THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
If :
We have :
The expression f x dx is called an indefinite integral , the
function f (x) is called the integrand and C is represent an
arbitrary constant.
THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
INTEGRATION FORMULAS
INTEGRATION FORMULAS
INTEGRATION FORMULAS
EXEMPLE
PROPERTIES OF THE INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
PROPERTIES OF THE INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
PROPERTIES OF THE INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
EXEMPLE
Evaluate
PROPERTIES OF THE INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
EXEMPLE
INTEGRAL CURVES
Graphs of antiderivatives of a function f are called integral
curves of f
INTEGRATION FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The problem of finding a function y(x) whose derivative is
f(x) and whose graph passes through the point (x0, y0) is
expressed as :
This is called an initial-value problem, and the requirement
that y(x0) = y0 is called the initial condition for the problem.
INTEGRATION FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXEMPLE
Solve the initial-value problem
EXERCISE 1
1. Find the derivative and state a corresponding integration formula
2. Evaluate the integral and check your answer by differentiating.
3. Solve the initial-value problems
EXERCISE
4. Find an equation of the curve that satisfies the given conditions
At each point (x, y) on the curve the slope is 2x + 1; the curve passes through
the point (3, 0).
At each point (x, y) on the curve the slope is sin x; the curve passes through
the point (0, 2).
INTEGRATION BY
SUBSTITUTION
u-SUBSTITUTION
The chain rule implies that the derivative of F(g(x)) can be expressed as :
which we can write in integral form as :
or since F is an antiderivative of f :
can be expressed as :
with substitution :
u-SUBSTITUTION
EXEMPLE
If we let u = x2 + 1, then du/dx = 2x, which implies that du = 2x dx
EASY TO RECOGNIZE SUBSTITUTIONS
The easiest substitutions occur when the integrand is the
derivative of a known function
EASY TO RECOGNIZE SUBSTITUTIONS
EXEMPLE
Evaluate
EASY TO RECOGNIZE SUBSTITUTIONS
EXEMPLE
Evaluate
LESS APPARENT SUBSTITUTIONS
Evaluate
LESS APPARENT SUBSTITUTIONS
Evaluate
we write
and solve the equation du = cos x dx for u = sin x. Since sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, we
then have
EXERCISE 2
1. Evaluate the integrals using the indicated substitutions
2. Evaluate the integrals using the indicated substitutions
3. Evaluate the integrals using appropriate substitutions
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
RIEMANN SUMS AND THE DEFINITE
INTEGRAL
RIEMANN SUMS AND THE DEFINITE
INTEGRAL
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (18261866)
RIEMANN SUMS AND THE DEFINITE
INTEGRAL
PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
DISCONTINUITIES AND INTEGRABILITY
DISCONTINUITIES AND INTEGRABILITY
EXERCISE 3
1. Evaluate the integrals
EXERCISE 3
2. Suppose that f and g are continuous functions and that
f ( x ) dx 5,
f ( x ) dx 3, h( x ) dx 6
2
Find
f ( x ) dx
3
f ( x ) dx
2 f ( x ) dx
2
2*5=10
-3 + 5 = 2
f ( x ) dx
0
f ( x ) dx
-5 -3 = -2
[3 f ( x) 2h( x)]dx
2
3*(-3)- 2 * 6 = -21
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM
OF CALCULUS
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF
CALCULUS
we can express (2) as :
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF
CALCULUS
EXEMPLE
1.
2. Show that the area under the graph of y = 9 x2 over the interval [0, 3] is 18
(square units)
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEFINITE
AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
When applying the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus there is no need
to include a constant of integration because it will drop out anyway :
Thus, for purposes of evaluating a definite integral we can omit the
constant of integration in :
which relates the definite and indefinite integrals
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEFINITE
AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
EXEMPLE
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEFINITE
AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
EXEMPLE
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEFINITE
AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
If f is a continuous function on the interval [a, b], then we define the total area
between the curve y = f(x) and the interval [a, b] to be :
EXEMPLE
Find the total area between the curve y = 1 x2 and the x-axis over the interval
[0, 2]
THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM FOR
INTEGRALS
THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM FOR
INTEGRALS
EXEMPLE
Since f(x) = x2 is continuous on the interval [1, 4], the Mean-Value Theorem for
Integrals guarantees that there is a point x in [1, 4] such that :
PART 2 OF THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM
OF CALCULUS
PART 2 OF THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM
OF CALCULUS
EXEMPLE
Find
EXERCISE 4
1. Find the area under the curve y = f(x) over the stated interval.
2. Find all values of x in the stated interval that satisfy Equation in the MeanValue Theorem for Integrals
3. Use Part 2 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find the derivatives.