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Chemistry
Raymond Chang broadened the definition of "chemistry" to mean the study of matter
and the changes it undergoes
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Science Department at CLIP
13/09/2016
Chemical Reaction
A process in which at least one new substance is produced as a
result of chemical change.
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Science Department at CLIP
Writing a Chemical Equation
Chemical symbols give a before-and-after picture
of a chemical reaction
Reactants
MgO
Products
CO
+ Mg
magnesium oxide to form carbon monoxide
reacts with carbon
and magnesium
9/13/2016
Science Department at CLIP
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A Balanced Chemical Equation
Same numbers of each type of atom on each side of
the equation
Al
Al2S3
2Al +
3S
Al2S3
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Not Balanced
Balanced
Science Department at CLIP
Matter Is Conserved
H2
Cl2
2 HCl
+
Total atoms
2 H, 2 Cl
+
=
Total Mass
=
2(1.0) + 2(35.5)
73.0 g
=
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Total atoms
2H, 2 Cl
Total Mass
2(36.5)
73.0 g
Science Department at CLIP
13/09/2016
Law of Conservation of Mass
In any ordinary chemical reaction, matter
is not created nor destroyed
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Science Department at CLIP
Balance Equations with Coefficients
Coefficients in front of formulas balance each type
of atom
4NH3 + 5O2
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4NO + 6H2O
4N
4N
12 H
12 H
10 O
10 O
Science Department at CLIP
13/09/2016
[Link] reactionsreactions- REVERSIBLE
REVERSIBLE L.O.
1. Understand that some chemical reactions can be reversed by changing the reaction conditions (Limited
to the effects of heat and water on hydrated and anhydrous copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride.)
2. Demonstrate kmnowledge and understanding of the concept of equilibrium
3. Predict the effect of changing the conditions (concentration, temperature and pressure) on other
reversible reactions
4. Describe and explain the essential conditions for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process
including the sources of hydrogen and nitrogen (hydrocarbons or steam and air)
9/13/2016
Science Department at CLIP
2.2. Irreversible reactions
Most chemical reactions are considered irreversible the products that are
made cannot readily be changed back into their reactants.
For example, when wood burns it is
impossible to turn it back into unburnt
wood again!
Similarly, when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form
magnesium chloride and hydrogen, it is not easy to reverse the
reaction and obtain the magnesium.
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[Link] are reversible reactions?
Reversible reactions occur when the backwards reaction (products reactants) takes
place relatively easily under certain conditions. The products turn back into the reactants.
(reactants)
(products)
For example, during a reversible reaction reactants A and B react to make
products C and D.
However, products C and D can also undergo the reverse reaction, and react
together to form reactants A and B.
2.2. Reversible biochemical reactions
Many biochemical reactions (those that take place inside organisms) are reversible.
For example, in the lungs, oxygen binds to haemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells to
create oxyhaemoglobin.
When the red blood cells are transported to tissues, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociates
back to haemoglobin and oxygen.
Hb
4O2
Hb.4O2
There are also some very important industrial reactions, like the Haber process,
that are reversible.
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2.2. Heating copper sulfate
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Science Department at CLIP
13
[Link] ammonium chloride
An ammonium salt can be made by reacting ammonia with an acid. Some of the
salt will decompose back into the reactants when heated.
ammonia
NH3 (g)
+
+
hydrogen
chloride
ammonium
chloride
HCl (g)
NH4Cl (s)
NH4Cl decomposes back into
NH3 and HCl gases when
heated
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Science Department at CLIP
NH4Cl reforms in the
cooler part of the test
tube
14
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2.2. What is dynamic equilibrium?
In some reversible reactions, the forward and backward reactions largely occur in
the same conditions and at the same rate.
These reactions are said to be in dynamic equilibrium there is no overall change
in the amount of products and reactants, even though the reactions are ongoing.
reactant A
reactant B
product
+
Dynamic equilibrium can only take place in a closed system, otherwise the products would escape.
A closed system is one in which no substances are either added to the system or lost from it. Energy
can, however, be transferred in or out at will.
9/13/2016
Science Department at CLIP
15
[Link] dynamic equilibrium
The position of dynamic equilibrium is not always at a
half-way point, i.e. when there are equal amounts of products and reactants.
It may be at a position where there are mainly reactants with a little product,
or vice versa.
The position of equilibrium is influenced by two main factors:
temperature
concentration (or pressure for reactions involving gases)
Adding a catalyst speeds up the time it takes to reach equilibrium,
but does not change the position of equilibrium.
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2.2. Opposing change-Le Chateliers principle
Chatelier`s Principle- Whenever a change is made to a reversible reaction in
dynamic equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to try and oppose the change.
Condition
Effect
Temperature
Increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium in the direction
that takes in heat.
Concentration
Pressure
Increasing the concentration of a substance shifts the
equilibrium in the direction that produces less of that substance.
Increasing the pressure shifts the equilibrium in the direction
that produces less gas.