PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND ETHICS - QUESTIONNAIRES
Research and Statistics
Ideal class limit 12 to 15
Sources of research problems
Maximum class limit 20
a. recommendations from thesis
Minimum class limit 10
b. specialization f researcher
Scores are arranged on the horizontal axis
c. creative ideas of the researcher
Alternative Hypothesis
Affirmation of existing phenomenon
FACTORIAL DESIGN studies two or more independent variable at
the same time
Factor loading involves two different items on the same test
PARTICIPANT OBSERVER STUDIES living with the subjects
CASE STUDY - the study focuses on the past, present and future.
SINGLE GROUP DESIGN -One treatment with two or more levels
Parallel group design
Three or more variables in which control group is
manipulated and serves as basis for experimental group.
Probability vs Nonprobability sampling
a. good measure of how precise the estimates are
b. an objective way of evaluating the results of a survey
c. confidence level
External validity
Extent to which we can generalize the results to other
individuals
Frequency distribution
Skewed
Positive skewed tail is to positive direction more scores
on low end
Negative skewed tail is to negative direction more scores
on highend
Kurtosis
Leptokurtic pointed
Platykurtic flat
Mesokurtic - normal
Absolute value of test statistics falls WITHIN THE CRITICAL
REGION
Reject the NULL, Accept the ALTERNATIVE
If P value is higher than significance level, P-value = 2.05 < a = 1.71
at 0.05,
Accept the ALTERNATIVE
One tailed test
Relation in a single direction
Two tailed test
Relations in both directions
Chi square = H test
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND ETHICS - QUESTIONNAIRES
Psychometrician without examination
Principle III Principle of Integrity
Qualifications for board examination
a. honest and truthful communications
Filed three years after the creation for registration
b. avoiding incomplete disclosure of information
Submitted credentials to the board
c. avoiding conflicts of interest and declaring them
Had accumulated 2 years full time work experience
Psychologist without examination
Have the qualifications of a psychologist
Applicant files within three years after its creation
Have a doctoral degree in psychology ;Had accumulated 3
years of work in practice
Have a masters degree in psychology; had accumulated 5
years of practice
Principle I Principle of Respect for Dignity of Persons and People.
Principle IV Principle of Professional and Scientific Responsibilities
a. responsibility to increase scientific and professional
knowledge
b. use psychological knowledge for beneficial purposes
c. promotion of well-being of society and its members
Measurement - process of quantifying the amount or number of a
particular occurrence of event, situation, phenomenon,
object or person
Assessment process of synthesizing the results of measurement
with reference to some norms and standards
a. respect the worth and dignity of human beings
b. respect the diversity among people
c. respect for customs and beliefs of culture
-
d. free and informed consent as culturally defined and
relevant.
Principle II Principle of Competent Caring for the Well Being of
People
a. active concern for the well-being of individuals, families
and groups
Most useful when we are trying to understand
and evaluate personality and issues involve a
particular problem having to do with a specific
individual
Systematic evaluation of psychological,
biological and social factors in a person with a
possible psychological disorder
Evaluation process of judging the worth of any occurrence of
event, situation, phenomenon, object or person.
Types of tests
b. taking care to do no harm to individuals
A. achievement test measures what has been learned over
period of time
c. correcting or offsetting of harmful consequences of their
activities
b. Power test kind of tests in which items are arranged in
difficulty.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND ETHICS - QUESTIONNAIRES
c. Criterion referenced
Tests that lack measurement error are reliable
d. diagnostic test identifies the strength and weaknesses of
an individual
d. KAPPA STATISTICS method of assessment in interrater
e. POINT BISERIAL CORRELATION used when one
variable is Dichotomous
e. aptitude test predicts where the individual will likely
succeed.
f. CRONBACH COEFFICIENT ALPHA general formula for
computing internal consistency
f. Intelligence test measures potential to solve problem,
adapt to changing circumstances and profit from experience
g. STANDARD ERROR OF MEASUREMENT needs logic
and intuition to measure
mental age divided by chronological age times 100
g. Preference test vocational or non vocational interest\
also, raw score decreases directly as the reliability
increases
h. Psychological test are necessary to obtain samples of
behavior
h. SPEARMAN BROWN PROPHECY FORMULA to
predict the reliability
Reliability
reqs. Reliability of the current test; number of items
of the test
To improve reliability, increase the items; give to a
heterogenous group
Function of the variability of the scores
a. PARALLEL FORMS results of two tests constructed the
same way
tested through PEARSON R
b. INTERNAL CONSISTENCY consistency of results
across items within
1. KR 20 items are dichotomous and scored 1 or 0
2. Coefficient Alpha two halves and unequal
variances
History
Alfred Binet father of IQ testing
Francis Galton application of rating scale and free
association
Experimented regarding human sensory and motor
function
James Cattell coined mental tests
Lewis Terman introduced the computation of IQ
Charles Spearman two factor theory; factor analysis
3. Spearman Brown two halves and equal
variances
c. SPLIT HALF dividing the total items into groups and
correlating
Raymond cattell g, crystallized and fluid intelligence; 16 PF
Robert Sternberg three factor theory academic, practical
and relative
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND ETHICS - QUESTIONNAIRES
Wilhelm Wundt 1879 set up a laboratory in Leipzig
Germany
Bayley Scales measure intelligence of infants
Counterbalancing
Quasi experimental no manipulation
Acquiescence
Tests
Woodworth Personality data sheet first self-report
inventory introduced
True or false format tests in which tendency to respond
True
ITEM FORMAT
Ravens Progressive Matrix culture bias free
Category Format scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the
Culture Fair Intelligence Test culture bias free
highest.
Binet- Simon Scale 1905, first general intelligence test
SUBJECT MORTALITY
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule based on
Murrays theory and tests the persons need.
Refers to loss of subjects from the study
Debriefing
Use of ipsative scores comparing to self (forced
Opportunity given to the participants to know about the
nature, results and conclusion of the research
choice)
Sentence Completion projective
DOMAIN SAMPLING MODEL
Thematic Apperception test projective
Porteus Maze Test non verbal test of intelligence
California Psychological Inventory similar to MMPI but
assess normal
The greater the number of items, the higher the reliability.
ITEM RESPONSE THEORY
An approach in which items are adjusted from easy to
difficult
Strong Interest Inventory Watkins, Campbell and
McGregor found that it is the single most widely used career
interest test.
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence up
to 5 years
States that sampling distribution of the mean would be
normal if the scores are large enough
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 8 to 12 years
CLASSICAL TEST SCORE THEORY repeated test scores can
produce different scores
Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale First to include
non-verbal
SPIRAL OMNIBUS FORMAT
Observed score = true score and measurement error
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND ETHICS - QUESTIONNAIRES
ANONYMITY refers to the clients identity
b. It has a low degree of manipulation
ITEM DISCRIMINALITY
c. It has a low imposition of units
When the correlation between an item in the test and the
total test score is low, then it must mean that the item is
measuring something different than the other items in the
test.
History treat to validity which refers to occurrence of events that
could alter the outcome of results.
Correlation between EACH item and total score of the test
ETHICAL ISSUES informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality
Ability of a test item to identify those who are higher from
those who are lower on the tested dimension
IDENTIFY A NEED first step in constructing a test
Items must be have medium endorsement frequencies to be
good items
ITEM DIFFICULTY no of students who got the test correct
0.11 = many low scores of the test got the item correct as
compared to high scores
FATIGUE EFFECTS performance declines as the experiment goes
on
PHENOMENOLOGY
a. It details live experience
STANDARDIZATION uniformity of procedure
SHOT GUN REPORT Vague, stereotyped and overinclusive
reports
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS blueprint of the structure of finished
test
INFORMATIONS
Old reason for referral, no single standard format
Relevant social and medical history
New information recommendations and test results
Identifying information
