SECTION I

Tone: Possibly unfavourable, Wistful, Critical ,reflective, Laudatory, eulogizing, didactic, condemning,
analytical, hyperbole, Sarcasm, ironical, humour, satire, lamenting, reflective, optimistic, philosophical,
Pensive, narrative, laudatory, cynical, pessimistic,

1. The secure transmission of messages has always been a chief concern of those engaged in politics, warfare, or
business. One common way to deny access to information in a message is to encrypt it, effectively making the content
of the message unintelligible to any viewer who does not possess the key. However, as ciphers can be broken, perhaps
Steganography - disguising the message as something else - would be a much cleverer way to protect messages.
The author's attitude toward encryption can best be described as.
[Link] stagnant thinking of those committee members is reflected in the lack of originality in their proposal.
[Link]-base reactions are an important part of any chemistry class, and understanding the mechanisms behind these
reactions will serve you well from general chemistry all the way through biochemistry. When you are presented with
two reactants and asked to predict the product, its normal to be intimidated and even lost at first - but if you can
remember what to look for, youll be able to sort out any reaction quickly.
[Link] cannot be any reason to condone such an act of defiance.
[Link] we go deep, we realize the reasons are way denser than earlier believed.
[Link] opposition is stalling the passage of GST bill in parliament because their entire existence of 180 years is now
condensed into one strategy oppose tooth and nail, regardless of logic
[Link] I were to choose between a donkey and you Mr. president, for a groom, you would die a bachelor.
[Link] presence was enjoyed as much as having a team full of raucous foul mouthed people joining our table.
[Link] you take a bath today? No. Is one missing?
[Link] this is going to be a Christian nation that doesnt help the poor, either we have to pretend that Jesus was just as
selfish as we are, or weve got to acknowledge that He commanded us to love the poor and serve the needy without
condition and then admit that we just dont want to do it.
[Link] back at our lives, regret is inevitable, sometimes for what we missed, sometimes for what missed us.
[Link] is so much more to human life than materialistic pleasure.
[Link] is absolutely no doubt Napolean Bonaparte is a resurrection of Christ and shall return to lead France like
Jesus returned of Easter Sunday.
[Link] you put in your best effort, have a strong heart nothing will go wrong.
[Link] of truth must drive our karma, rather than we justifying the rationale behind our actions.
16."I sat on the front steps with them while they waited for their car. It was dark here in front; only the bright door
sent ten square feet of light volleying out into the soft black morning. Sometimes a shadow moved against a dressing
room blind above, gave way to another shadow, an indefinite procession of shadows, that gouged and powdered in an
invisible glass."
[Link] the moon slowly drifted through the sea of starts, hope flourished that soon it will be morning, and the caravan
would restart its journey to reach the oasis.
[Link] can cite half a dozen reasons for our stellar growth, but a lions share has to be attributed to the Chief
Marketing officer who has led from the front like an able captain should.

19."Don't talk to me about voting or politics. I'm not interested. All politicians are self-serving and corrupt. My vote
won't change a thing."
[Link] matter how much you try, something or the other will invariable go wrong it is the fault in our starts!
21."Oh, for the halcyon days of our childhood when there was time for playing family games,reading good books,
enjoying dinner conversation; we knew each other; we shared our joys and disappointments," the mother reminisced.

SECTION II
I: The linguistic criticism of Nineteen Eighty Four has focused primarily on newspeak as a language and on
Orwells ideas about the relationship between language and thought. It has largely ignored, however, the literary
language Orwell used in writing Nineteen Eighty-Four. Indeed, the few critical remarks about Orwells use of
language have generally been negative sometimes attributing the dull, monotonous, dry writing style to Orwells
career as a journalist or to the phlegmatic topic of his novel. Irving Howe, for example, writes that the style of 1984,
which many readers take to be drab or uninspired or sweaty, would have been appreciated by someone like Defoe,
since Defoe would have immediately understood how the pressures of Orwells subject, like the pressures of his own,
demand a gritty and hammering factuality. The style of 1984 is the style of a man whose commitment to a dreadful
vision is at war with the nausea to which that vision reduces him. So acute is this conflict that delicacies of phrasing or
displays of rhetoric come to the pleasant tyrannies of estheticism ; they have allowed their fondness for a cultivated
style to blind them to the urgencies of prophetic expression. The last thing Orwell cared about when he wrote 1984,
the last thing he should have cared about, was literature.
1) The author is most likely
a) A vehement critic of George Orwell

b)A student of literature c) A professor of estheticism d) A newspaper editor

2) Which of the following would be the most appropriate title to the passage?
a) The legend of Nineteen Eighty-Four , the Novel
c)Nineteen Eighty-Four a different perspective

b) In support of George Orwell

d) The critics can never be right

II. From time to time this submerged or latent theatre in Hamlet becomes almost overt. It is close to the surface in
Hamlets pretense of madness, the antic disposition he puts on to protect himself and prevent his antagonist from
plucking out the heart of his mastery. It is even closer to the surface when Hamlet enters his mothers room and holds
up, side by side, the pictures of the two kings, Old Hamlet and Claudius, and proceeds to describe for her the true
nature of the choice she has made, presenting truth by means of a show. Similarly, when he leaps into the open grave
at Ophelias funeral, ranting in high heroic terms, he is acting out for laertes, and perhaps for himself as well, the folly
of excessive, melodramatic expression of grief.
The author is most likely
a) A drama critic

b)A student of Shakespeares works c) A novelist d) None of these

III. The cause of autism has also been a matter of dispute. Its incidence is about one in thousand, and it occurs
throughout the world, its features remarkably consistent even in extremely different cultures. It is often not recognised
in the first year of life, but tends to become obvious in the second or third year. Though Asperger regarded it as a
biological defect of affective contact innate, inborn, analogous to a physical or intellectual defect Kanner tended to
view it as a psychogenic disorder, a reflection of bad parenting, and most especially of chilling remote, often
professional, refrigerator mother. At the same time, autism was often regarded as defensive in nature, or confused
with childhood schizophrenia. A whole generation of parents, particularly mothers, were made to feel guilty for the
autism of their children.
Where is the passage type most likely to be found?
a) A book on parenting
b) A journal of paediatric psychiatry
c) An autobiography of a mother with an autistic child
d)A textbook of paediatrics

SECTION III: Passage I: (850 words)

The fact is often obscured by the widespread confusion about the nature and role of emotions in mans life. One
frequently hears the statement, Man is not merely a rational being, he is also an emotional being, which implies
some sort of dichotomy, as if, in effect, man possessed a dual nature, with one part in opposition to the other. In fact,
however, the content of mans emotions is the product of his rational faculty; his emotions are a derivative and a
consequence, which, like all of mans other psychological characteristics, cannot be understood without reference to
the conceptual power of his consciousness. As mans tool of survival, reasons has two basic functions: cognition and
evaluation. The process of cognition consists of discovering what things are, of identifying their nature, their attributes
and properties. The process of evaluation consists of man discovering the relationship of things to himself, of
identifying what is beneficial to him and what is harmful, what should be sought and what should be avoided. A
value is that which one acts to gain and/or keep. It is that which one regards as conducive to ones welfare. A value
is the object of an action. Since man must act in order to live, and since reality confronts him with many possible
goals, many alternative courses of action, he cannot escape the necessity of selecting values and making value
judgements. Value is a concept pertaining to a relation the relation of some aspect of reality to man (or to some
other living entity). If a man regards a things (a person, an object, an event, mental state, etc.) as good for him, as
beneficial in some way, he values it and, when possible and appropriate, seeks to acquire, retain and use or enjoy it; if
a man regards a thing as bad for him, as inimical or harmful in some way, he disvalues it and seeks to avoid or
destroy it. If he regards a thing as of no significance to him, as neither beneficial nor harmful, he is indifferent to it
and takes no action in regard to it. Although his life and well-being depend on a man selecting values that are in fact
good for him, i.e., consonant with his nature and needs, conducive to his continued efficacious functioning, there are
no internal or external forces compelling him to do so. Nature leaves him free in this matter. As a being of volitional
consciousness, he is not biologically programmed to make the right value-choices automatically. He may select
values that are incompatible with his needs and inimical to his well-being, values that lead him to suffering and
destruction. But whether his values are life-serving or life-negating, it is a mans values that direct his actions. Values
constitute mans basic motivational tie to reality. In existential terms, mans basic alternative of for me or against
me, which gives rise to the issue of values, is the alternative of life or death. But this is an adult, conceptual
identification. As a child, a human being first encounters the issue of values through the experience of physical
sensations of pleasure and pain. To a conscious organism, pleasure is experienced, axiomatically, as a value; pain, as
disvalue. The biological reason for this is the fact that pleasure is a life-enhancing state and that pain is a signal of
danger, of some disruption of the normal life process. There is another basic alternative, in the realm of consciousness,
through which a child encounters the issue of values, of the desirable and the undesirable. It pertains to his cognitive
relations to reality. There are times when a child experiences a sense of cognitive efficacy in grasping reality, a sense
of cognitive control, of mental clarity (within the range of awareness possible to his stage of development). There are
times when he suffers from a sense of cognitive inefficacy, of cognitive helplessness, of mental chaos, the sense of
being out of control and unable to assimilate the date entering his consciousness. To experience a state of efficacy is to
experience it as a value; to experience a state of inefficacy is to experience it as a disvalue. The biological basis of this
fact is the relationship of efficacy to survival. The value of sense of efficacy as such, like the value of pleasure as such,
is introspectively experienced by man as primary. One does not ask a man: Why do you prefer pleasure to pain? Nor
does one ask him: Why do you prefer a state of control to a state of helplessness? It is through these two sets of
experiences that man first acquires preferences, i.e. values. A man may choose, as a consequence of his errors and/or
evasions, to pursue pleasure by means of values that in fact can result only in pain; and he can pursue a sense of
efficacy by means of values that can only render him impotent. But the value of pleasure and the disvalue of pain, as
well as the value of efficacy and the disvalue of helplessness, remain the psychological base of the phenomenon of
valuation.
1. The author subtly suggests that
(A) there is a dual nature in man.
(B) there is dichotomy between man as an emotional being and man as a rational being.
(C)there should be no dichotomy between man as an emotional being and man as a rational being
(D) mans emotions cannot be understood

2. The author defines value as

(A) something that results as good.
(B)something that is chosen by man.
(C) that which gives pleasure over pain.
(D) that which increases efficacy.
3. The basic theme of the passage is that
(A)man can choose his own values, irrespective of whether they are life sustaining or not.
(B) man chooses values that are life sustaining.
(C) values are given to man on account of his emotive process.
(D) emotions and rationality are derived from each other.
[Link] difference between a childs and adults conceptual identification of issues relating to value is that
(A)the former experiences them through physical sensations.
(B) the latter experiences them through physical sensations
(C) the latters is more volitional in nature.
(D) the adults choice is existential in nature.
[Link] man experiences as primary, according to the author,
(A) is questionable merit.
(B) changes overtime
(C) is the value of pain and pleasure.
(D)is not debatable.
Passage II: (350 words)
The impressionist painters expressly disavowed any interest in philosophy, yet their new approach to art had farreaching philosophical implications. For the view of matter that the Impressionists assumed differed profoundly from
the view that had previously prevailed among artists. This view helped to unify the artistic works created in the new
style.
The ancient Greeks had conceived of the world in concrete terms, even endowing abstract qualities with bodies. This
Greek view of matter persisted, so far as painting was concerned, into the nineteenth century. The Impressionists, on
the other hand, viewed light, not matter, as the ultimate visual reality. The philosopher Taine expressed the
Impressionist view of things when he said, The chief person in a picture is the light in which everything is bathed.
In Impressionist painting, solid bodies became mere reflectors of light, and distinctions between one object and
another became arbitrary conventions; for by light all things were welded together. The treatment of both color and
outline was transformed as well. Color, formerly considered a property inherent in an object, was seen to be merely
the result of vibrations of light on the objects colorless surface. And outline, whose function had formerly been to
indicate the limits of objects, now marked instead merely the boundary between units of pattern, which often merged
into one another.
The Impressionist world was composed not of separate objects but of many surfaces on which light struck and was
reflected with varying intensity to the eye through the atmosphere, which modified it. It was this process that produced
the mosaic of colors that formed an Impressionist canvas. Light becomes the sole subject of the picture, writes
Mauclair. The interest of the object upon which it plays is secondary. Painting thus conceived becomes a purely optic
art.
From this profoundly revolutionary form of art, then, all ideasreligious, moral, psychologicalwere excluded, and
so were all emotions except certain aesthetic ones. The people, places, and things depicted in an Impressionist picture
do not tell story or convey any special meaning; they are, instead, merely parts of pattern of light drawn from nature
and captured on canvas by the artist.
1.

The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(A) explaining how the Impressionists were influenced by scientific studies of light and color
(B)discussing the philosophical implications of the Impressionist style of painting
(C) identifying the revolutionary artistic techniques developed by the Impressionist painters
(D) analyzing the influence of thinkers like Taine and Mauclair on Impressionist painting
(E) defending the importance of the Impressionist painters in the history of modern art

2.

The authors quotation of a statement by Taine (lines 15-16) serves which of the following functions in the
passage?
(A) It furnishes a specific example of an Impressionist painting that features light as its chief subject.

(B) It resolves an apparent contradiction in the philosophy of the Impressionists.

(C) It qualifies the statement that the ancient Greeks viewed the world in concrete terms.
(D)It summarizes the unique perspective that the Impressionists brought to painting.
(E) It provides a concrete illustration of the far-reaching philosophical implications of Impressionism.
3.

According to the passage, the Impressionists believed that the atmosphere

(A) reflects light with varying intensity
(B) creates the illusion of color in colorless surfaces
(C) modifies the shapes of objects
(D) is the result of vibrations of light
(E)affects the way we perceived color

4.

The authors use of the term mosaic of colors (line 32) suggests that Impressionist paintings were characterized
by
(A)discontinuous dabs of unmixed pigment
(B) broad, sweeping brush strokes
(C) clearly defined forms and objects
(D) subjects devoid of emotive or literary qualities
(E) the glowing reds, greens, and midnight blues of stained glass

5.

The passage contains information that answers which of the following questions?
I. How did the Impressionists perceive matter?
II. What is the unifying element in a typical Impressionist painting?
II. How did the Impressionists view of color differ from that of eighteenth-century artists?
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E)I, II, and III

6.

The ideas attributed to the Impressionists in the passage suggest that an Impressionist painter would be most
likely to agree with which of the following statement?
(A) A picture is significant primarily as a manifestation of the artists mental state.
(B) The highest purpose of art is to teach religious truths.
(C)The quality of a picture has nothing to do with the nature of the objects it depicts.
(D) An artist should strive to recreate on canvas the inner nature of objects from real life.
(E) It is futile to attempt to paint pictures that aim to copy the optical appearance of the world.

Passage III: (150 words)

By the time the American colonists took up arms against Great Britain in order to secure their independence, the
institution of Black slavery was deeply entrenched. But the contradiction inherent in this situation was, for many, a
source of constant embarrassment. It always appeared a most iniquitous scheme to me, Abigail Adams wrote her
husband in 1774, to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a
right to freedom as we have.
Many Americans besides Abigail Adams were struck by the inconsistency of their stand during the War of
Independence, and they were not averse to making moves to emancipate the slaves. Quakers and other religious
groups organized antislavery societies, while numerous individuals manumitted their slaves. In fact, within several
years of the end of the War of Independence, most of the Eastern states had made provisions for the gradual
emancipation of slaves.
1.
Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(A) The War of Independence produced among many Black Americans a heightened consciousness of the
inequities in American society.
(B) The War of Independence strengthened the bonds of slavery of many Black Americans while intensifying
their desire to befree.
(C)The War of Independence exposed to many Americans the contradiction of slavery in a country seeking its
freedom and resulted in efforts to resolve that contradiction.

2.

3.

(D) The War of Independence provoked strong criticisms by many Americans of the institution of slavery, but
produced little substantive action against it.
(E) The War of Independence renewed the efforts of many American groups toward achieving Black
emancipation.
The passage contains information that would support which of the following statements aboutthe colonies
before the War of Independence?
(A) They contained organized antislavery societies.
(B)They allowed individuals to own slaves.
(C) They prohibited religious groups from political action.
(D) They were inconsistent in their legal definitions of slave status.
(E) They encouraged abolitionist societies to expand their influence.
According to the passage, the War of Independence was embarrassing to some Americans forwhich of the
following reasons?
[Link] involved a struggle for many of the same liberties that Americans were denying to others.
[Link] involved a struggle for independence from the very nation that had founded the colonies.
[Link] involved a struggle based on inconsistencies in the participants conceptions of freedom.
(A)I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II, and III

Passage IV: (150)

Initially the Vinaver theory that Malorys eight romances, once thought to be fundamentally unified, were in fact eight
independent works produced both a sense of relief and an unpleasant shock. Vinavers theory comfortably explained
away the apparent contradictions of chronology and made each romance independently satisfying. It was, however,
disagreeable to find that what had been thought of as one book was now eight books. Part of this response was the
natural reaction to the disturbance of set ideas. Nevertheless, even now, after lengthy consideration of the theorys
refined but legitimate observations, one cannot avoid the conclusion that the eight romances are only one work. It is
not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances
may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the
works of a modern novelist.
1.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A)discuss the validity of a hypothesis
(B) summarize a system of general principles
(C) propose guidelines for future argument
(D) stipulate conditions for acceptance of an interpretation
(E) deny accusations about an apparent contradiction
2.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Malorys works?
[Link] are meaningful links between and among the romances.
[Link] subtleties of the romances are obscured when they are taken as one work.
[Link] contradictions in chronology among the romances are less important than their overall unity.
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C)I and III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
3.
The author of the passage concedes which of the following about the Vinaver theory?
(A) It gives a clearer understanding of the unity of Malorys romances.
(B) It demonstrates the irrationality of considering Malorys romances to be unified.
(C) It establishes acceptable links between Malorys romances and modern novels.
(D) It unifies earlier and later theories concerning the chronology of Malorys romances.
(E)It makes valid and subtle comments about Malorys romances.

4.

It can be inferred from the passage that, in evaluating the Vinaver theory, some critics were
(A) frequently misled by the inconsistencies in Malorys work
(B)initially biased by previous interpretations of Malorys work
(C) conceptually displeased by the general interpretation that Vinaver rejected
(D) generally in agreement with Vinavers comparisons between Malory and modern novelists
(E) originally skeptical about Vinavers early conclusions with respect to modern novels