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Basic Science Concepts Overview

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This document provides definitions and explanations of key science concepts across several topics. It defines different forms of energy, states of matter, cell structures, and classification…

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Sophia
  • Energy Forms
  • Renewable and Non-Renewable Sources
  • Matter
  • Exercises
  • Solar System
  • Classifying Vertebrates
  • Cells

[Science - Revision]

Energy Names
Mechanical Makes things move.
Kinetic Ability to do work or cause change.
Heat Causes a change in temperature.
Light Makes things visible.
Gravitational Potential Stored energy in raised objects/Energy depending on
height.
Chemical Energy stored in food, fuel and batteries.
Sound Energy released by vibrating objects
Electrical Energy in moving or static electric charges.
Elastic Potential Stored energy in stretched or squashed objects.
Nuclear Energy stored in the nuclei of atoms.

Renewable and Non Renewable sources


Renewable Any natural resource that can be replenished with time.
Non Renewable Any natural resource from Earth that has a limited supply and
cannot be replenished; any natural resource that cannot be replenished by
natural means at the same rates that it is consumed.

Matter
Solid The particles are close together; a fixed shape and volume, strong forces
between them; vibrate about a fixed position.
Liquid Not so close; take shape of container (flow), droplets (some occur in
groups); can move but not freely.
Gas Particles not close; move rapidly, no fixed shape; no strong forces between
them; move around freely.

[Science - Revision]

Expansion
When a solid is heated the particles vibrate more than usual which, causes it to
expand.
When a liquid expands, the temperature rises and the level rises.
When a gas expands, the atoms are able to move away freely and away from each
other.

Solid

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Melting Point

Boiling

Condensation

The melting point is a fixed temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.

Boiling Point
The boiling point is a fixed temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas.

Freezing Point
The freezing point is a fixed temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.

[Science - Revision]

Classifying vertebrates
Fish Body covered with scales; they have fins; they breathe using gills; they lay
soft eggs in the water.
Amphibians Amphibians have a body covered with smooth, moist skin; they have
four limbs (legs); they breathe using gills when they are young and lungs when they
are older. They lay soft eggs in water.
Reptiles Reptiles have a body covered with tough, hard scales; most of them
have four limbs; they breathe using lungs; they lay eggs with rubbery shells on land.
Birds Have a body covered with feathers; they have four limbs (two of them are
legs, and other two are wings; they breathe using lungs; they lay eggs with hard
shells on land.
Mammals Mammals have a body covered with hair; they have four limbs; they
breathe using lungs; their babies develop inside their bodies, therefore do not lay
eggs; they feed their young on milk.

Solar System
9 planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto (Dwarf planet)

[Science - Revision]
Cytoplasm

Cells

Cell
Membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Vacuole
Cell

Cell wall

Cell Wall Present in plant cells. Helps to keep the cell in shape and stops it form bursting if a lot of
water seeps in.
Vacuole In the vacuole a liquid called sap in present. Sap contains nutrients to keep the cell alive.
Chloroplasts Contains a green substance called chlorophyll; it is needed by the plant to make food by
the process called photosynthesis.
Cytoplasm The cell is made up of a watery, jelly like substance. The cytoplasm is where all the
reactions take place to keep e=the cell alive.
Cell Membrane A thin layer all around the outside of the cell. It controls what is allowed to go in and
out of the cell.
Nucleus A darkish spot inside the cell. It controls what the cell does.
*Cells work together and carry out the seven processes of life.
Movement
Respiration
Sensivity

Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

[Science - Revision] Energy Names Mechanical – Makes things move. Kinetic – Ability to do work or cause change. He
[Science - Revision] Expansion When a solid is heated the particles vibrate more than usual which, causes it to expa
[Science - Revision] Classifying vertebrates Fish – Body covered with scales; they have fins; they breathe using gill
[Science - Revision] Cells Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Chloroplast Nucleus Vacuole Cell Cell wall Cell Wall – Present i

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