REMOTE CONTROLLING

A SHORT RANGE APPLICATION IN WIRELESS

Presented By
Name1: [Link]

Name2:[Link] Jyothi (3/4

[Link] ECE)

(3/4 [Link] ECE)

Email:alejasmine@[Link]

Contact num:9052114352

Name3: [Link] (3/4 [Link] ECE)

College:VITAM

Abstract
The term "wireless" came into public use

device), establishing its usage in the field

to refer to a radio receiver or transceiver

of wireless telegraphy early on; now the

(a dual purpose receiver and transmitter

term is used to describe modern wireless

connections such as in cellular networks

operation of a device. The world's first

and wireless broadband Internet. It is also

remote controls were radio-frequency

used in a general sense to refer to any

devices that directed German naval

type of operation that is implemented

vessels to crash into Allied boats during

without the use of wires, such as

WWI. In WWII, remote controls

"wireless remote control", "wireless

detonated bombs for the first time. The

energy transfer", etc. regardless of the

end of the great wars left scientists with a

specific technology (e.g., radio, infrared,

brilliant technology and nowhere to apply

ultrasonic, etc.) that is used to accomplish

it. Sixty years later, some of us spend an

the operation. Remote control is an

hour looking for the remote before we

electronic device used for a remote

remember there are buttons on the TV.

It encompasses cellular telephones,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), and

Introduction

wireless networking. Other examples

of wireless technology include GPS

The term wireless is normally used to refer

units, garage door openers and or

to any type of electrical or electronic

garage doors, wireless

operation which is accomplished without the

use of a "hard wired" connection. Wireless
communication is the transfer of information

computer mice and keyboards, satellite

over a distance without the use of electrical

television and cordless telephones.

conductors or "wires". The distances

Handheld wireless radios such as

involved may be short (a few meters as in

this Maritime VHF radio transceiver

television remote control) or very long

use

(thousands or even millions of kilometers

electromagnetic waves to implement a

for radio communications). When the

form of wireless communications

context is clear the term is often simply

technology.

shortened to "wireless". Wireless

communications is generally considered to

Wireless operations permits services,

be a branch of telecommunications.

such as long range communications,

that are impossible or impractical to

from a portable power source (e.g., a

implement with the use of wires. The term is

battery pack) without any cable or cord

commonly used in the telecommunications

to limit the mobility of the cordless

industry to refer to telecommunications

device through a connection to the

systems (e.g., radio transmitters and

mains power supply. Some cordless

receivers, remote controls, computer

devices, such as cordless telephones,

networks, network terminals, etc.) which use

are also wireless in the sense that

some form of energy (e.g. radio frequency

information is transferred from the

(RF), infrared light, laser light, visible light,

cordless telephone to the telephone's

acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information

base unit via some type of wireless

without the use of wires. Information is

communications link. This has caused

transferred in this manner over both short

some disparity in the usage of the term

and long distances.

"cordless", for example in Digital

Wireless communication may be via:

Enhanced Cordless

radio frequency communication,

Telecommunications.

microwave communication, for

In the last 50 years, wireless

example long-range line-of-sight via

communications industry experienced

highly directional antennas, or short-

drastic changes driven by many

range communication, or

technology innovations.

Infrared (IR) short-range

communication, for example from
remote controls or via IRDA,

Applications may involve point-to-point

communication, point-to-multipoint
communication, broadcasting, cellular
networks and other wireless networks.
The term "wireless" should not be confused
with the term "cordless", which is generally
used to refer to powered electrical or
electronic devices that are able to operate

televisions or other consumer

Applications of wireless

electronics such as stereo systems and

technology

DVD players. Remote controls for

these devices are usually small

Remote control

wireless handheld objects with an

array of buttons for adjusting various

A pile of various remote controls

settings such as television channel,

track number, and volume. In fact, for
the majority of modern devices with
this kind of control, the remote
contains all the function controls while
the controlled device itself only has a
handful of essential primary controls.
Most of these remotes communicate to
their respective devices via infrared
(IR) signals and a few via radio
signals. They are usually powered by
small AAA or AA size batteries.

History
One of the earliest examples of remote

A remote control is an electronic device

control was developed in 1893 by

used for the remote operation of a machine.

Nikola Tesla, and described in his

The term remote control can be also

patent, U.S. Patent 613,809 , named

referred to as "remote" or "controller" when

Method of an Apparatus for

abbreviated. It is known by many other

Controlling Mechanism of Moving

names as well, such as the "clicker",

Vehicle or Vehicles.

"channel-changer", "splat", "magic hand",

In 1903, Leonardo Torres Quevedo

etc. Commonly, remote controls are used to

presented the Telekino at the Paris

issue commands from a distance to

Academy of Science, accompanied by

a brief, and making an experimental

Television Remote

demonstration. In the same year, he obtained

Controls

a patent in France, Spain, Great Britain, and

the United States. The Telekino consisted of

Some televisions were previously

a robot that executed commands transmitted

manufactured with hard wired remote

by electromagnetic waves. It constituted the

controls which plugged in to a

world's first apparatus for radio control and

receptacle or jack in the television

was a pioneer in the field of remote control.

whereas more modern televisions use

In 1906, in the presence of the king and

wireless (generally infrared) remote

before a great crowd, Torres successfully

control units

demonstrated the invention in the port of

Bilbao, guiding a boat from the shore. Later,
he would try to apply the Telekino to
projectiles and torpedoes, but had to
abandon the project for lack of financing.

There are 11 various remote controls

The first remote-controlled model aeroplane

for TV-, VHS- and DVD-devices

flew in 1932, and the use of remote control

shown here

technology for military purposes was

The first remote intended to control a

worked intensively during the Second World

television was developed by Zenith

War, one result of this being the German

Radio Corporation in 1950. The

Wasserfall missile.

remote officially called "Lazy

By the late 1930s, several radio

Bones" was connected to the television

manufacturers offered remote controls for

set by a wire. To improve the

some of their higher-end models. Most of

cumbersome setup, a wireless remote

these were connected to the set being

control called "Flashmatic" was

controlled by wires, but the Philco Mystery

developed in 1955 which worked by

Control (1939) was a battery-operated low-

shining a beam of light onto a

frequency radio transmitter , thus making it

photoelectric cell. Unfortunately, the

the first wireless remote control for a

cells did not distinguish between light

consumer electronics device.

from the remote and light from other

sources and the Flashmatic also required that

xylophone matched the remote's

the remote control be pointed very

ultrasonic frequency.

accurately at the receiver.

Jerrold remote control by General

The Zenith Space Commander 600 remote

Instrument from the late 1970s

control

The impetus for a more complex type

In 1956 Robert Adler developed "Zenith

of television remote control came in

Space Command", a wireless remote. It was

the late 1970s with the development of

mechanical and used ultrasound to change

the Ceefax teletext service by the

the channel and volume. When the user

BBC. Most commercial remote

pushed a button on the remote control it

controls at that time had a limited

clicked and struck a bar, hence the term

number of functions, sometimes as few

"clicker". Each bar emitted a different

as three: next channel, previous

frequency and circuits in the television

channel, and volume/off. This type of

detected this noise. The invention of the

control did not meet the needs of

transistor made possible cheaper electronic

teletext sets where pages were

remotes that contained a piezoelectric

identified with three-digit numbers. A

crystal that was fed by an oscillating electric

remote control to select teletext pages

current at a frequency near or above the

would need buttons for each number

upper threshold of human hearing, though

from zero to nine, as well as other

still audible to dogs. The receiver contained

control functions, such as switching

a microphone attached to a circuit that was

from text to picture, and the normal

tuned to the same frequency. Some problems

television controls of volume, station,

with this method were that the receiver

brightness, colour intensity and so on.

could be triggered accidentally by naturally

Early teletext sets used wired remote

occurring noises, and some people,

controls to select pages but the

especially young women, could hear the

continuous use of the remote control

piercing ultrasonic signals. There was even a

required for teletext quickly indicated

noted incident in which a toy xylophone

the need for a wireless device. So BBC

changed the channels on these types of TVs

engineers began talks with one or two

since some of the overtones from the

television manufacturers which led to

early prototypes in around 1977-78 that

appliance, as well as by the sensor of a

could control a much larger number of

digital camera.

functions. ITT was one of the companies

With a single channel (single-function,

and later gave its name to the ITT protocol

one-button) remote control the

of infrared communication.

presence of a carrier signal can be used

to trigger a function. For multi-channel
(normal multi-function) remote

Technique

controls more sophisticated procedures

are necessary: one consists of
modulating the carrier with signals of
different frequency. After the
demodulation of the received signal,
the appropriate frequency filters are
applied to separate the respective
signals. Nowadays digital procedures
are more commonly used. One can
often hear the signals being modulated
on the infrared carrier by operating a
remote control in very close proximity
to an AM radio not tuned to a station.

The emission spectrum of a typical sound

Working of a

system remote control is in the near infrared.

The modulation of the IR diode varies by

television remote

button.

control:

Most control remotes for electronic

appliances use a near infrared diode to emit

Lets take a normal television remote

a beam of light that reaches the device. A

control as in the figure

940 nm wavelength LED is typical. This

infrared light is invisible to the human eye
but carries signals that are detected by the

The remote control's job is to wait for you to

press a key, and then to translate that keypress into infrared light signals that are
received by the TV. When you take off the
back cover of the control you can see that
there is really just 1 part visible: a printed
circuit board that contains the electronics
and the battery contacts.

The components that you see here are

typical for most remotes. You can see
an integrated circuit (also known as a
chip) labeled "TA11835". The chip is
packaged in what is known as an 18
pin Dual Inline Package, or a DIP.
To the right of the chip you can see a
diode, a transistor (black, with three
leads), a resonator (yellow), two
resistors (green) and a capacitor (dark
blue). Next to the battery contacts
there is a resistor (green) and a
capacitor (tan disk). In this circuit, the

chip can detect when a key is pressed. It

then translates the key into a sequence
something like morse code, with a different
sequence for each different key. The chip
sends that signal out to the transistor to
amplify the signal and make it stronger.
When you look at the board, you can
see a set of contact points for the
buttons. The buttons themselves are
made of a thin rubbery sheet. For each
button there is a black conductive disk.
When the disk touches the contacts on
the printed circuit board, it connects
them and the chip can sense that

The Circuit Board

connection.

When you unscrew the circuit board and

take it out, you can see that the circuit board
is a thin piece of fiber glass that has thin
copper "wires" etched onto its surface.
Electronic parts are assembled on printed
circuit boards because they are easy to mass
produce and assemble. In the same way that

At the end of the circuit board there is

it is relatively inexpensive to print ink onto a

an infrared LED, or Light Emitting

sheet of paper, it is inexensive to "print"

Diode. You can think of an LED as a

copper wires onto a sheet of fiber glass. It is

small light bulb. Many LEDs produce

also easy to have a machine drop the parts

visible light, but a remote's LED

(the chips, transistors, etc.) onto the sheet of

produces infrared light that is invisible

fiberglass and then solder them on to

to the human eye. It is not invisible to

connect them to the copper wires.

all eyes, however. For example, if you

have a camcorder it can see the
infrared light. Point your remote at the

camera and push a button. You will be able

controlled robots were used during

to see the infrared light flashing in the

liquidation of circumstances of

viewfinder. The receptor in the TV is able to

Chernobyl disaster.

see infrared light as well.

So the basic operation of the remote goes

Military

like this: You press a button. When you do

In World War I the Imperial German

that you complete a specific connection. The

Navy employed FL-boats

chip senses that connection and knows what

(Fernlenkbootes) against coastal

button you pressed. It produces a morse-

shipping. These were driven by

code-line signal specific to that button.

internal combustion engines, and

The transistors amplify the signal and send

controlled remotely from a shore

them to the LED, which translates the signal

station through several miles of wire

into infrared light. The sensor in the TV can

wound on a spool on the boat. An

see the infrared light and "seeing" the signal

aircraft was used to signal directions to

reacts appropriately.

the shore station. EMBs carried a high

explosive charge in the bow and

Applications

traveled at speeds of thirty knots.

The Soviet Red Army used remotely

Industry

controlled teletanks during 1930s in

the Winter War against Finland and the

Remote control is used for controlling

early stages of the Great Patriotic War.

substations, pump storage power stations

A teletank is controlled by radio from a

and HVDC-plants. For these systems often

control tank at a distance of 5001,500

PLC-systems working in the longwave

meters, the two constituting a

range are used.

telemechanical group. The Red Army

Emergency

fielded at least two teletank battalions

at the beginning of the Great Patriotic

Remotely controlled machinery is used in

War. There were also remotely

radioactive or toxic environments to avoid

human casualties and to prevent damage to
human health. For example, remotely

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controlled cutters and experimental remotely

current generation of gaming consoles,

controlled planes in the Red Army.

wireless controllers have become the

Space

standard.

Toys

Remote control technology is also used in

space travel, for instance the Russian

Remote control toys, such as racing

Lunokhod vehicles were remote-controlled

cars, boats and even aircraft are a

from the ground. Direct remote control of

favorite pastime of many people.

space vehicles at greater distances from the

Audience response

earth is not practical due to increasing signal

Remote keyless system

delay times.

Telecommand

Video games

Remote-controlled animal

Video game consoles had not used wireless

Control Car Remote Control

Locomotive

controllers until recently, mainly because of

the difficulty involved in playing the game

Garage door opener

while keeping the infrared transmitter

pointed at the console. Early wireless
controlers were cumbersome and when
powered on alkaline batteries, lasted only a

CONCLUSION:

few hours before they needed replacement.

Wireless communication is an

Some wireless controllers were produced by

electronic operation which is

third parties, in most cases using a radio link

accomplished without any hardware

instead of infrared. Even these were very

connections has many applications in

inconsistent, and in some cases, had

our day to day life Remote control is a

transmission delays, making them virtually

short range wireless technology used

useless. The first official wireless controller

for operation of a machine i.e. one can

made by a first party manufacturer was the

communicate with machines up to

WaveBird for Nintendo Gamecube. The

certain range by passing signals

Wavebird changed the face of wireless

through the remote control. . Most

technology in video game consoles. In the

importantly remote control has its

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own application in industry, space, toys ,

vedio games.. By using keys present on the
remote control the infrared light can be
transmitted and is received by the machine.

REFERENCES:
1. [Link]
2. ATIS Committee T1A1 Performance
and Signal Processing. ANS T1.5232001, Telecom Glossary 2000
[Link]
3. Story, Alfred Thomas (1904). A story of
wireless telegraphy. New York, D.
Appleton and Co..
4. "Electromagnetic fields". World Health
Organization. Last retrieved September
24, 2007.
5. "Consensus Statement on
Electromagnetic Radiation (Draft)".
Collaborative on Health.

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