Laboratory Medicine: The Diagnosis of Disease in the Clinical Laboratory > Clinical Laboratory Reference Values
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Specimen
Traditional
Traditional
Conversion Factor, Multiply
SI Reference
Reference Interval
Units
, Divide
Interval
SI Units
Acetaminophen (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
10-30
g/mL
6.62
70-200
mol/L
Acetoacetic acid
Serum, plasma
<1
mg/dL
0.098
<0.1
mmol/L
Acetone
Serum, plasma
<2.0
mg/dL
0.172
<0.34
mmol/L
Acetylcholinesterase
Red blood cells
5-10
U/mL
5-10
U/L
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
Whole blood
25-40
25-40
Adenosine deaminasea
Serum
11.5-25.0
U/L
0.017
0.20-0.43
Kat/L
Alanineb (adult)
Plasma
1.87-5.88
mg/dL
112.2
210-661
mol/day
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT)b
Serum
10-40
U/L
10-40
U/L
Albuminb
Serum
3.5-5.0
g/dL
10
35-50
g/L
Alcohol dehydrogenasea
Serum
<2.8
U/L
0.017
<0.05
Kat/L
Aldolasea,b
Serum
1.0-7.5
U/L
0.017
0.02-0.13
Kat/L
Aldosteroneb (upright)
Plasma
7-30
ng/dL
0.0277
0.19-0.83
nmol/L
Aldosterone
Urine, 24 h
3-20
g/24 h
2.77
8-55
nmol/day
Alkaline phosphataseb
Serum
50-120
U/L
50-120
U/L
1-Acid glycoprotein
Serum
50-120
mg/dL
0.01
0.5-1.2
g/L
2-Macroglobulin
Serum
130-300
mg/dL
0.01
1.3-3.0
g/L
Alprazolam (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
10-50
ng/mL
3.24
32-162
nmol/L
Aluminum
Serum, plasma
<6
ng/mL
37.06
0.0-222.4
nmol/L
Amikacin (therapeutic, peak)
Serum, plasma
20-30
g/mL
1.71
34-52
mol/L
Alanineb
Plasma
1.87-5.89
mg/dL
112.2
210-661
mol/L
-Aminobutyric acidb
Plasma
0.08-0.36
mg/dL
97
8-35
mol/L
Arginineb
Plasma
0.37-2.40
mg/dL
57.4
21-138
mol/L
Asparagineb
Plasma
0.40-0.91
mg/dL
75.7
30-69
mol/L
Aspartic acidb
Plasma
<0.3
mg/dL
75.1
<25
mol/L
Citrullineb
Plasma
0.2-1.0
mg/dL
57.1
12-55
mol/L
Cystineb
Plasma
0.40-1.40
mg/dL
83.3
33-117
mol/L
Glutamic acidb
Plasma
0.2-2.8
mg/dL
67.97
15-190
mol/L
Glutamineb
Plasma
6.1-10.2
mg/dL
68.42
420-700
mol/L
Glycineb
Plasma
0.9-4.2
mg/dL
133.3
120-560
mol/L
Histidineb
Plasma
0.5-1.7
mg/dL
64.5
32-110
mol/L
Hydroxyprolineb
Plasma
<0.55
mg/dL
76.3
<42
mol/L
Isoleucineb
Plasma
0.5-1.3
mg/dL
76.24
40-100
mol/L
Leucineb
Plasma
1.0-2.3
mg/dL
76.3
75-175
mol/L
Lysineb
Plasma
1.2-3.5
mg/dL
68.5
80-240
mol/L
Methionineb
Plasma
0.1-0.6
mg/dL
67.1
6-40
mol/L
Ornithineb
Plasma
0.4-1.4
mg/dL
75.8
30-106
mol/L
Phenylalanineb
Plasma
0.6-1.5
mg/dL
60.5
35-90
mol/L
Prolineb
Plasma
1.2-3.9
mg/dL
86.9
104-340
mol/L
Serineb
Plasma
0.7-2.0
mg/dL
95.2
65-193
mol/L
Taurineb
Plasma
0.3-2.1
mg/dL
80
24-168
mol/L
Threonineb
Plasma
0.9-2.5
mg/dL
84
75-210
mol/L
Tryptophanb
Plasma
0.5-1.5
mg/dL
48.97
25-73
mol/L
Tyrosineb
Plasma
0.4-1.6
mg/dL
55.19
20-90
mol/L
Valineb
Plasma
1.7-3.7
mg/dL
85.5
145-315
mol/L
-Aminobutyric acidb
Plasma
0.08-0.36
mg/dL
97
8-35
mol/L
Amiodarone (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
0.5-2.5
g/mL
1.55
0.8-3.9
mol/L
-Aminolevulinic acid
Urine
1.0-7.0
mg/24 h
7.626
8-53
mol/day
Amitriptyline (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
80-250
ng/mL
3.61
289-903
nmol/L
Ammonia (as NH3)b
Plasma
15-50
g/dL
0.714
11-35
mol/L
Amobarbital (therapeutic)
Serum
1-5
g/mL
4.42
4-22
mol/L
Amoxapine (therapeutic)
Plasma
200-600
ng/mL
200-600
g/L
Amylasea,b
Serum
27-130
U/L
0.017
0.46-2.21
Kat/L
Androstenedione,b male
Serum
75-205
ng/dL
0.0349
2.6-7.2
nmol/L
Androstenedione,b female
Serum
85-275
ng/dL
0.0349
3.0-9.6
nmol/L
Angiotensin I
Plasma
<25
pg/mL
<25
ng/L
Angiotensin II
Plasma
10-60
pg/mL
10-60
ng/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)a,b
Serum
8-52
U/L
0.017
0.14-0.88
Kat/L
Anion gap (Na+)(Cl + HCO3)
Serum, plasma
8-16
mEq/L
8-16
nmol/L
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) (varies with osmolality:
Plasma
1-5
pg/mL
0.926
0.9-4.6
pmol/L
2-Antiplasmin
Plasma
80-130
0.01
0.8-1.3
Fraction of 1.0
Antithrombin III
Plasma
21-30
mg/dL
10
210-300
mg/L
Antithrombin III activity
Plasma
80-130
0.01
0.8-1.3
Fraction of 1.0
1-Antitrypsin
Serum
80-200
mg/dL
0.01
0.8-2.0
g/L
Male
Serum
80-151
mg/dL
0.01
0.8-1.5
g/L
Female
Serum
80-170
mg/dL
0.01
0.8-1.7
g/L
Male
Serum, plasma
50-123
mg/dL
0.01
0.5-1.2
g/L
Female
Serum, plasma
25-120
mg/dL
0.01
0.25-1.20
g/L
Arginineb
Plasma
0.37-2.40
mg/dL
57.4
21-138
mol/L
Arsenic (As)
Whole blood
<23
g/L
0.0133
<0.31
mol/L
Arsenic (As), chronic poisoning
Whole blood
100-500
g/L
0.0133
1.33-6.65
mol/L
Arsenic (As), acute poisoning
Whole blood
600-9300
g/L
0.0133
7.9-123.7
mol/L
Asparagineb
Plasma
0.40-0.91
mg/dL
75.7
30-69
mol/L
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT)a,b
Serum
20-48
U/L
0.017
0.34-0.82
Kat/L
Aspartic acidb
Plasma
<0.3
mg/dL
75.1
<25
mol/L
Atrial natriuretic hormone
Plasma
20-77
pg/mL
20-77
ng/L
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (see corticotropin)
Alcohol (see ethanol, isopropanol, methanol)
Amino acid fractionation
285-290 mOsm/kg)
Apolipoprotein Ab
Apolipoprotein Bb
Ascorbate, ascorbic acid (see vitamin C)
Barbiturates (see individual drugs pentobarbital, phenobarbital, thiopental)
Basophils (see complete blood count, white blood cell count)
Benzodiazepines (see individual drugs alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, lorazepam)
Beryllium, toxic
Urine
>20
g/L
0.111
>2.22
mol/L
Bicarbonate
Plasma
21-28
mEq/L
21-28
mmol/L
Bile acids (total)
Serum
0.3-2.3
g/mL
2.448
0.73-5.63
mol/L
Totalb
Serum
0.3-1.2
mg/dL
17.1
2-18
mol/L
Direct (conjugated)
Serum
<0.2
mg/dL
17.1
<3.4
mol/L
Biotin
Whole blood, serum
200-500
pg/mL
0.0041
0.82-2.05
nmol/L
Bismuth
Whole blood
1-12
g/L
4.785
4.8-57.4
nmol/L
PCO2
Arterial blood
35-45
mm Hg
35-45
mm Hg
pH
Arterial blood
7.35-7.45
7.35-7.45
PO2
Arterial blood
80-100
mm Hg
80-100
mm Hg
BNP
Plasma
<100
pg/mL
<100
pg/mL
Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban)
Serum, plasma
25-100
ng/mL
3.62
91-362
nmol/L
C1 esterase inhibitor
Serum
12-30
mg/dL
0.01
0.12-0.30
g/L
C3 complementb
Serum
1200-1500
g/mL
0.001
1.2-1.5
g/L
C4 complementb
Serum
350-600
g/mL
0.001
0.35-0.60
g/L
CA125
Serum
<35
U/mL
1.0
<35
kU/L
CA19-9
Serum
<37
U/mL
1.0
<37
kU/L
CA15-3
Serum
<30
U/mL
1.0
<30
kU/L
CA27.29
Serum
<37.7
U/mL
1.0
<37.7
kU/L
Cadmium (nonsmoker)
Whole blood
0.3-1.2
g/L
8.897
2.7-10.7
nmol/L
Caffeine (therapeutic, infants)
Serum, plasma
8-20
g/mL
5.15
41-103
mol/L
Calcitonin
Serum, plasma
<19
pg/mL
<19
ng/L
Calcium, ionized
Serum
4.60-5.08
mg/dL
0.25
1.15-1.27
mmol/L
Calcium, total
Serum
8.2-10.2
mg/dL
0.25
2.05-2.55
mmol/L
Calcium, normal diet
Urine
<250
mg/24 h
0.025
<6.2
mmol/day
Carbamazepine (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
8-12
g/mL
4.23
34-51
mol/L
Carbon dioxide
Serum, plasma,
22-28
mEq/L
22-28
mmol/L
Bilirubin
Blood gases
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN, see urea nitrogen)
Calciferol (see vitamin D)
venous blood
Carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide), as fraction of hemoglobin saturation
Nonsmoker
Whole blood
<2.0
0.01
<0.02
Fraction of 1.0
Toxic
Whole blood
>20
0.01
>0.2
Fraction of 1.0
Serum
10-85
g/dL
0.0186
0.2-1.6
mol/L
CEA, nonsmoker
Serum
<3
ng/mL
1.0
<3
g/L
CEA, smoker
Serum
<5
ng/mL
1.0
<5
g/L
Ceruloplasminb
Serum
20-40
mg/dL
10
200-400
mg/L
Chloramphenicol (therapeutic)
Serum
10-25
g/mL
3.1
31-77
mol/L
Chlordiazepoxide (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
0.7-1.0
g/mL
3.34
2.3-3.3
mol/L
Chloride
Serum, plasma
96-106
mEq/L
96-106
mmol/L
Chloride
CSF
118-132
mEq/L
118-132
mmol/L
Chlorpromazine (therapeutic, adult)
Plasma
50-300
ng/mL
3.14
157-942
nmol/L
Chlorpromazine (therapeutic, child)
Plasma
40-80
ng/mL
3.14
126-251
nmol/L
Chlorpropamide (therapeutic)
Plasma
75-250
mg/L
3.61
270-900
mol/L
Cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
Plasma
40-60
mg/dL
0.02586
1.03-1.55
mmol/L
Optimal
Plasma
<100
mg/dL
0.02586
<2.59
mmol/L
Near optimal
Plasma
100-129
mg/dL
0.02586
2.59-3.34
mmol/L
Borderline high
Plasma
130-159
mg/dL
0.02586
3.37-4.12
mmol/L
High
Plasma
160-189
mg/dL
0.02586
4.15-4.90
mmol/L
Very high
Plasma
>190
mg/dL
0.02586
>4.90
mmol/L
Desirable
Serum
<200
mg/dL
0.02586
<5.17
mmol/L
Borderline high
Serum
200-239
mg/dL
0.02586
5.17-6.18
mmol/L
High
Serum
>240
mg/dL
0.02586
>6.21
mmol/L
Desirable
Serum
<170
mg/dL
0.02586
4.40
mmol/L
Borderline high
Serum
170-199
mg/dL
0.02586
4.40-5.15
mmol/L
High
Serum
>200
mg/dL
0.02586
>5.18
mmol/L
Chromium
Whole blood
0.7-28.0
g/L
19.2
13.4-538.6
nmol/L
Citrate
Serum
1.2-3.0
mg/dL
52.05
60-160
mol/L
Citrullineb
Plasma
0.4-2.4
mg/dL
57.1
20-135
mol/L
Clonazepam (therapeutic)
Serum
15-60
ng/mL
3.17
48-190
nmol/L
Coagulation factor I (fibrinogen)
Plasma
150-400
mg/dL
0.01
1.5-4.0
g/L
Coagulation factor II (prothrombin)
Plasma
60-140
0.01
0.60-1.40
Fraction of 1.0
Coagulation factor V
Plasma
60-140
0.01
0.60-1.40
Fraction of 1.0
Coagulation factor VII
Plasma
60-140
0.01
0.60-1.40
Fraction of 1.0
Coagulation factor VIII
Plasma
50-200
0.01
0.50-2.00
Fraction of 1.0
Coagulation factor IX
Plasma
60-140
0.01
0.60-1.40
Fraction of 1.0
Coagulation factor X
Plasma
60-140
0.01
0.60-1.40
Fraction of 1.0
Coagulation factor XI
Plasma
60-140
0.01
0.60-1.40
Fraction of 1.0
Coagulation factor XII
Plasma
60-140
0.01
0.60-1.40
Fraction of 1.0
Cobalt
Serum
<1.0
g/L
16.97
<17
nmol/L
Codeine (therapeutic)
Serum
10-100
ng/mL
3.34
33-334
nmol/L
Male
Whole blood
41-50
0.01
0.41-0.50
Fraction of 1.0
Female
Whole blood
35-45
0.01
0.35-0.45
Fraction of 1.0
Male
Whole blood
13.5-17.5
g/dL
10
135-175
g/L
Female
Whole blood
12.0-15.5
g/dL
10
120-155
g/L
Male
Whole blood
13.6-17.2
g/dL
0.6206
8.44-10.65
mmol/L
Female
Whole blood
12.0-15.0
g/dL
0.6206
7.45-9.30
mmol/L
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mass concentrationb
Whole blood
27-33
pg/cell
27-33
pg/cell
MCH, substance concentration, Hb [Fe]
Whole blood
27-33
pg/cell
0.06206
1.70-2.05
fmol
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mass
Whole blood
33-37
g Hb/dL
10
330-370
g Hb/L
MCHC, substance concentration, Hb [Fe]
Whole blood
33-37
g Hb/dL
0.6206
20-23
mmol/L
Mean cell volume (MCV)b
Whole blood
80-100
m3
80-100
fL
Platelet count
Whole blood
150-450
103 L1
150-450
109 L1
Female
Whole blood
3.9-5.5
106 L1
3.9-5.5
1012 L1
Male
Whole blood
4.6-6.0
106 L1
4.6-6.0
1012 L1
Reticulocyte countb
Whole blood
25-75
103 L1
25-75
109 L1
Reticulocyte countb (fraction)
Whole blood
0.5-1.5
% of RBCs
0.01
0.005-0.015
Fraction of
-Carotene
Catecholamines, total (see norepinephrine)
Cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL)b
Cholesterol (total), adult
Cholesterol (total), children
Complete blood count (CBC)
Hematocritb
Hemoglobin (mass concentration)b
Hemoglobin (substance concentration, Hb [Fe])
concentration
Red blood cell count
RBCs
White blood cell countb
Whole blood
4.5-11.0
103 L1
4.5-11.0
109 L1
Neutrophils
Whole blood
1800-7800
L1
1.8-7.8
109 L1
Bands
Whole blood
0-700
L1
0.00-0.70
109 L1
Lymphocytes
Whole blood
1000-4800
L1
1.0-4.8
109 L1
Monocytes
Whole blood
0-800
L1
0.00-0.80
109 L1
Eosinophils
Whole blood
0-450
L1
0.00-0.45
109 L1
Basophils
Whole blood
0-200
L1
0.00-0.20
109 L1
Neutrophils
Whole blood
56
0.01
0.56
Fraction of 1.0
Bands
Whole blood
0.01
0.03
Fraction of 1.0
Lymphocytes
Whole blood
34
0.01
0.34
Fraction of 1.0
Monocytes
Whole blood
0.01
0.04
Fraction of 1.0
Eosinophils
Whole blood
2.7
0.01
0.027
Fraction of 1.0
Basophils
Whole blood
0.3
0.01
0.003
Fraction of 1.0
Copperb
Serum
70-140
g/dL
0.1574
11.0-22.0
mol/L
Coproporphyrin
Urine
<200
g/24 h
1.527
<300
nmol/day
Corticotropinb (08:00)
Plasma
<120
pg/mL
0.22
<26
pmol/L
08:00
Plasma
5-25
g/dL
27.6
138-690
nmol/L
16:00
Plasma
3-16
g/dL
27.6
83-442
nmol/L
20:00
Plasma
<50% of 08:00
g/dL
<50% of 08:00
nmol/L
Cortisol, freeb
Urine
30-100
g/24 h
2.76
80-280
nmol/day
Cotinine (smoker)
Plasma
16-145
ng/mL
5.68
91-823
nmol/L
C-peptide
Serum
0.5-3.5
ng/mL
0.333
0.17-1.17
nmol/L
Creatine, male
Serum
0.2-0.7
mg/dL
76.3
15.3-53.3
mol/L
Creatine, female
Serum
0.3-0.9
mg/dL
76.3
22.9-68.6
mol/L
Creatine kinase (CK)a
Serum
50-200
U/L
0.017
0.85-3.40
Kat/L
CK-MB fraction
Serum
<6
0.01
<0.06
Fraction of 1.0
Creatinineb
Serum, plasma
0.6-1.2
mg/dL
88.4
53-106
mol/L
Creatinine
Urine
1-2
g/24 h
8.84
8.8-17.7
mmol/day
Creatinine clearance, glomerular filtration rate
Serum, urine
75-125
mL/min/1.73
0.00963
0.72-1.2
mL/s/m2
Differential countb (absolute)
Differential countb (number fraction)
Cortisol, totalb
m2
C-telopeptide
Men
Serum, plasma
60-700
pg/mL
60-700
pg/mL
Premenopausal women
Serum, plasma
40-465
pg/mL
40-465
pg/mL
Cyanide (toxic)
Whole blood
>1.0
g/mL
38.4
>38.4
mol/L
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Plasma
4.6-8.6
ng/mL
3.04
14-26
nmol/L
Cyclosporine (toxic)
Whole blood
>400
ng/mL
0.832
>333
nmol/L
Cystineb
Plasma
0.40-1.40
mg/dL
83.3
33-117
mol/L
D-dimer
Plasma
Negative (<500)
ng/mL
Negative (<500)
ng/mL
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (unconjugated, male)b
Plasma, serum
180-1250
ng/dL
0.0347
6.2-43.3
nmol/L
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (male)b
Plasma, serum
10-619
g/dL
0.027
0.3-16.7
mol/L
Desipramine (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
50-200
ng/mL
3.75
170-700
nmol/L
Diazepam (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
100-1000
ng/mL
0.00351
0.35-3.51
mol/L
Digoxin (therapeutic)
Plasma
0.5-2.0
ng/mL
1.281
0.6-2.6
nmol/L
Disopyramide (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
2.8-7.0
mg/L
2.95
8-21
mol/L
Doxepin (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
150-250
ng/mL
3.58
540-890
nmol/L
Chloride
Serum, plasma
96-106
mEq/L
96-106
mmol/L
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Serum, plasma,
venous blood
22-28
mEq/L
22-28
mmol/L
Potassium
Plasma
3.5-5.0
mEq/L
3.5-5.0
mmol/L
Sodiumb
Plasma
136-142
mEq/L
136-142
mmol/L
Epinephrine (supine)
Plasma
<50
pg/mL
5.46
<273
pmol/L
Epinephrineb
Urine
<20
g/24 h
5.46
<109
nmol/day
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)b
Whole blood
0-20
mm/h
0-20
mm/h
Erythropoietin
Serum
5-36
mU/mL
5-36
IU/L
Follicular phase
Serum
20-350
pg/mL
3.69
73-1285
pmol/L
Midcycle peak
Serum
150-750
pg/mL
3.69
551-2753
pmol/L
Luteal phase
Serum
30-450
pg/mL
3.69
110-1652
pmol/L
Postmenopausal
Serum
<59
pg/mL
3.69
<218
pmol/L
Estradiol (unconjugated),b male
Serum
<20
pg/mL
3.67
<184
pmol/L
Estriol (E3, unconjugated), males and nonpregnant females,
varies with length of gestation
Serum
<2
ng/mL
3.47
<6.9
nmol/L
Follicular phase
Serum
60-200
pg/mL
60-200
ng/L
Luteal phase
Serum
160-400
pg/mL
160-400
ng/L
Postmenopausal
Serum
<130
pg/mL
<130
ng/L
Serum
20-80
pg/mL
20-80
ng/L
Follicular phase
Plasma, serum
100-250
pg/mL
3.69
370-925
pmol/L
Luteal phase
Plasma, serum
15-200
pg/mL
3.69
55-740
pmol/L
Postmenopausal
Plasma, serum
15-55
pg/mL
3.69
55-204
pmol/L
Estrone (E1),b male
Plasma, serum
15-65
pg/mL
3.69
55-240
pmol/L
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), toxic
Serum, whole blood
>100
mg/dL
0.2171
>21.7
mmol/L
Ethosuximide
Plasma, serum
40-100
g/mL
7.08
283-708
mol/L
Ethylene glycol (toxic)
Plasma, serum
>30
mg/dL
0.1611
>5
mmol/L
Everolimus
Whole blood
3-15
ng/mL
1.04
3-16
nmol/L
Fatty acids (nonesterified)
Plasma
8-25
mg/dL
0.0354
0.28-0.89
mmol/L
Fecal fat (as stearic acid)
Stool
2.0-6.0
g/day
2-6
g/day
Felbamate
Serum, plasma
30-60
g/mL
4.20
126-252
mol/L
Ferritinb
Plasma
15-200
ng/mL
15-200
g/L
-Fetoproteinb
Serum
<10
ng/mL
<10
g/L
Fibrinogen
Plasma
150-400
mg/dL
0.01
1.5-4.0
g/L
Fibrin breakdown products (fibrin split products)
Serum
<10
g/mL
<10
mg/L
Folate (folic acid)
Red blood cells
166-640
ng/mL
2.266
376-1450
nmol/L
Folate (folic acid)
Serum
5-25
ng/mL
2.266
11-57
nmol/L
Follicular phase
Serum
1.37-9.9
mIU/mL
1.3-9.9
IU/L
Ovulatory phase
Serum
6.17-17.2
mIU/mL
6.1-17.2
IU/L
Luteal phase
Serum
1.09-9.2
mIU/mL
1.0-9.2
IU/L
Postmenopausal
Serum
19.3-100.6
mIU/mL
19.3-100.6
IU/L
FSH (follitropin),b male
Serum
1.42-15.4
mIU/mL
1.4-15.4
IU/L
FSH (follitropin),b female
Urine
2-15
IU/24 h
2-15
IU/day
FSH (follitropin),b male
Urine
3-12
IU/24 h
3-11
IU/day
Fructosamineb
Serum
1.5-2.7
mmol/L
1.5-2.7
mmol/L
Gabapentin
Serum, plasma
2-20
g/mL
5.84
12-117
mol/L
Gastrin (fasting)
Serum
<100
pg/mL
<100
ng/L
Gentamicin (therapeutic, peak)
Serum
6-10
g/mL
2.1
12-21
mol/L
Glucagonb
Plasma
20-100
pg/mL
20-100
ng/L
Glucoseb
Serum, plasma
70-110
mg/dL
0.05551
3.9-6.1
mmol/L
Glucose
CSF
50-80
mg/dL
0.05551
2.8-4.4
mmol/L
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Red blood cells
10-14
U/g of Hb
0.0645
0.65-0.90
U/mol of Hb
Glutamic acidb
Plasma
0.2-2.8
mg/dL
67.97
15-190
mol/L
Glutamine
Plasma
6.1-10.2
mg/dL
68.42
420-700
mol/L
Female
Serum
<30
U/L
0.017
0.51
Kat/L
Male
Serum
<50
U/L
0.017
<0.85
Kat/L
Glycerol (free)b
Serum
<1.5
mg/dL
0.1086
<0.16
mmol/L
Glycineb
Plasma
0.9-4.2
mg/dL
133.3
120-560
mol/L
Whole blood
Whole blood
4-5.6
% of total Hb
4-5.6
Fraction of
total Hb
Diagnosis
Whole blood
>6.5
% of total Hb
>6.5
Fraction of
total Hb
Gold (therapeutic)
Serum
100-200
g/dL
0.05077
5.1-10.2
mol/L
Growth hormone, adult (GH, somatotropin)b
Plasma, serum
<10
ng/mL
<10
g/L
Haloperidol (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
5-20
ng/mL
2.6
13-52
nmol/L
Haptoglobinb
Serum
40-180
mg/dL
0.01
0.4-1.8
g/L
Hemoglobin A2b
Whole blood
2.0-3.5
% total Hb
2.0-3.5
Fraction of 1.0
Hemoglobin Fb (fetal hemoglobin in adult)
Whole blood
<2
0.01
<2
Fraction of 1.0
Histidineb
Plasma
0.5-1.7
mg/dL
64.5
32-110
mol/L
Homocysteine (total)
Plasma, serum
4-12
mol/L
4-12
mol/L
Homovanillic acidb
Urine
<8
mg/24 h
5.489
<45
mol/day
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (nonpregnant adult female)
Serum
<3
mIU/mL
<3
IU/L
-Hydroxybutyric acid
Serum
0.21-2.81
mg/dL
96.05
20-270
mol/L
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
Urine
<25
mg/24 h
5.23
<131
mol/day
Follicular phase
Serum
15-70
ng/dL
0.03
0.4-2.1
nmol/L
Luteal phase
Serum
35-290
ng/dL
0.03
1.0-8.7
nmol/L
Postmenopausal
Serum
<70
ng/dL
0.03
<2.1
nmol/L
17-Hydroxyprogesterone,b male
Serum
27-199
ng/dL
0.03
0.8-6.0
nmol/L
Hydroxyproline
Plasma
<0.55
mg/dL
76.3
<42
mol/L
Ibuprofen (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
10-50
g/mL
4.85
49-243
mol/L
Imipramine (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
150-250
ng/mL
3.57
536-893
nmol/L
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)b
Serum
50-350
mg/dL
0.01
0.5-3.5
g/L
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
Serum
0.5-3.0
mg/dL
10
5-30
mg/L
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Serum
10-179
IU/mL
2.4
24-430
g/L
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)b
Serum
600-1560
mg/dL
0.01
6.0-15.6
g/L
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)b
Serum
54-222
mg/dL
0.01
0.5-2.2
g/L
Insulin
Plasma
5-20
U/mL
6.945
34.7-138.9
pmol/L
Males
Serum
1.0-3.6
pg/mL
1.0-3.6
ng/L
Female, early follicular
Serum
5.5-28.2
pg/mL
5.5-28.2
ng/L
Female, late follicular
Serum
19.5-102.3
pg/mL
19.5-102.3
ng/L
Female, midcycle
Serum
49.9-155.5
pg/mL
49.9-155.5
ng/L
Female, midluteal
Serum
13.2-159.6
pg/mL
13.2-159.6
ng/L
Female, postmenopausal
Serum
1.0-3.9
pg/mL
1.0-3.9
ng/L
Serum
130-450
ng/mL
130-450
g/L
Iron (total)b
Serum
60-150
g/dL
0.179
10.7-26.9
mol/L
Iron-binding capacity
Serum
250-400
g/dL
0.179
44.8-71.6
mol/L
Isoleucineb
Plasma
0.5-1.3
mg/dL
76.24
40-100
mol/L
Isoniazid (therapeutic)
Plasma or serum
1-7
g/mL
7.29
7-51
mol/L
Isopropanol (toxic)
Plasma, serum
>400
mg/L
0.0166
>6.64
mmol/L
Lactate (lactic acid)
Arterial blood
3-11.3
mg/dL
0.111
0.3-1.3
mmol/L
Lactate (lactic acid)
Venous blood
4.5-19.8
mg/dL
0.111
0.5-2.2
mmol/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Serum
50-200
U/L
50-200
U/L
Lamotrigine
Serum, plasma
2.5-15
g/dL
3.91
10-59
mol/L
Lead
Whole blood
<25
g/dL
0.0483
<1.21
mol/L
Leucineb
Plasma
1.0-2.3
mg/dL
76.3
75-175
mol/L
Levetiracetam
Serum, plasma
12-46
g/mL
5.88
71-270
mol/L
Lidocaine (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
1.5-6.0
mL g/mL
4.27
6.4-25.6
mol/L
Lipasea
Serum
0-160
U/L
0.017
0-2.72
Kat/L
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a))
Serum, plasma
10-30
mg/dL
0.01
0.1-0.3
g/L
Lithium (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
0.6-1.2
mEq/L
0.6-1.2
mmol/L
Lorazepam (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
50-240
ng/mL
3.11
156-746
nmol/L
LDL cholesterolb
Serum, plasma
60-130
mg/dL
0.02586
1.55-3.37
mmol/L
Follicular phase
Serum
2.0-15.0
mIU/L
2.0-15.0
IU/L
Ovulatory peak
Serum
22.0-105.0
mIU/L
22.0-105.0
IU/L
Luteal phase
Serum
0.6-19.0
mIU/L
0.6-19.0
IU/L
Postmenopausal
Serum
16.0-64.0
mIU/L
16.0-64.0
IU/L
Serum
2.0-12.0
mIU/L
2.0-12.0
IU/L
Lysineb
Plasma
1.2-3.5
mg/dL
68.5
80-240
mol/L
Lysozyme (muramidase)
Serum
4-13
mg/L
4-13
mg/L
Magnesiumb
Serum
1.5-2.5
mg/dL
0.4114
0.62-1.03
mmol/L
Magnesiumb
Serum
1.3-2.1
mEq/L
0.5
0.65-1.05
mmol/L
Manganese
Whole blood
10-12
g/L
18.2
182-218
nmol/L
Maprotiline (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
200-600
ng/mL
200-600
g/L
Meperidine (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
0.4-0.7
g/mL
4.04
1.6-2.8
mol/L
Mercury
Whole blood
0.6-59.0
g/L
4.99
3.0-294.4
nmol/L
Metanephrines (total)b
Urine
<1.0
mg/24 h
5.07
<5
mol/day
Methadone (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
100-400
ng/mL
0.00323
0.32-1.29
mol/L
Methanol
Whole blood, serum
<1.5
mg/L
0.0312
<0.05
mmol/L
Methemoglobin
Whole blood
<0.24
g/dL
155
<37.2
mol/L
Methemoglobin
Whole blood
<1.0
% of total Hb
0.01
<0.01
Fraction of
total Hb
Methionineb
Plasma
0.1-0.6
mg/dL
67.1
6-40
mol/L
Methsuximide (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
10-40
g/mL
5.29
53-212
mol/L
Methyldopa (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
1-5
g/mL
4.73
5-24
mol/L
Metoprolol (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
75-200
ng/mL
3.74
281-748
nmol/L
Toxic 24 h after dose
Serum, plasma
10
mol/L
10
mol/L
Toxic 48 h after dose
Serum, plasma
mol/L
mol/L
Toxic 72 h after dose
Serum, plasma
0.1
mol/L
0.1
mol/L
2-Microglobulin
Serum
<2
g/mL
85
<170
nmol/L
Serum, plasma
10-80
ng/mL
3.5
35-280
nmol/L
Mycophenolic acid
Serum, plasma
1.3-3.5
g/mL
3.12
4-11
mol/L
Naproxen (therapeutic trough)
Plasma, serum
>50
g/mL
4.34
>217
mol/L
Niacin (nicotinic acid)
Urine
2.4-6.4
mg/24 h
7.3
17.5-46.7
mol/day
Nickel
Whole blood
1.0-28.0
g/L
17
17-476
nmol/L
Nicotine (smoker)
Plasma
0.01-0.05
mg/L
6.16
0.062-0.308
mol/L
Norepinephrineb
Plasma
110-410
pg/mL
5.91
650-2423
nmol/L
Norepinephrineb
Urine
15-80
g/24 h
5.91
89-473
nmol/day
Nortriptyline (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
50-150
ng/mL
3.8
190-570
nmol/L
Men
Serum
5.4-24.2
nmol BCE/L
5.4-24.2
nmol BCE/L
Premenopausal women
Serum
6.2-19.0
nmol BCE/L
6.2-19.0
nmol BCE/L
Ornithineb
Plasma
0.4-1.4
mg/dL
75.8
30-106
mol/L
Osmolalityb
Serum
275-295
mOsm/kg H2O
275-295
mmol/kg H2O
Osmolality
Urine
250-900
mOsm/kg H2O
250-900
mmol/kg H2O
Osteocalcinb
Serum
3.0-13.0
ng/mL
3.0-13.0
g/L
Oxalate
Serum
1.0-2.4
mg/L
11.4
11-27
mol/L
Oxazepam (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
0.2-1.4
g/mL
3.49
0.7-54.9
mol/L
Oxycodone (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
10-100
ng/mL
3.17
32-317
nmol/L
Oxygen, partial pressure (PO2)
Arterial blood
80-100
mm Hg
80-100
mm Hg
Intactb
Serum
10-50
pg/mL
10-50
ng/L
N-terminal specificb
Serum
8-24
pg/mL
8-24
ng/L
C-terminal (mid-molecule)
Serum
0-340
pg/mL
0-340
ng/L
Pentobarbital (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
1-5
g/mL
4.42
4.0-22
mol/L
Pepsinogen Ib
Serum
28-100
ng/mL
28-100
g/L
Phenobarbital (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
15-40
g/mL
4.31
65-172
mol/L
Phenylalanineb
Plasma
0.6-1.5
mg/dL
60.5
35-90
mol/L
Phenytoin (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
10-20
g/mL
3.96
40-79
mol/L
Phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid
Serum
1.5-4.5
U/L
0.017
0.03-0.08
Kat/L
Phosphorus (inorganic)b
Serum
2.3-4.7
mg/dL
0.3229
0.74-1.52
mmol/L
Phosphorus (inorganic)b
Urine
0.4-1.3
g/24 h
32.29
12.9-42.0
mmol/day
Plasminogen
Plasma
8.4-14.0
mg/dL
10
84-140
mg/L
Plasminogen
Plasma
80-120
0.01
0.80-1.20
Fraction of 1.0
Plasminogen activator inhibitor
Plasma
<15
IU/mL
<15
kIU/L
Porphobilinogen deaminase
Red blood cells
>7.0
nmol/s/L
>7.0
nmol/(s L)
Potassium
Plasma
3.5-5.0
mEq/L
3.5-5.0
mmol/L
Prealbumintransthyretin
Serum, plasma
18-45
mg/dL
0.01
0.18-0.45
g/L
Follicular phase
Urine
<2.6
mg/24 h
3.12
<8
mol/day
Luteal phase
Urine
2.3-10.6
mg/24 h
3.12
8-33
mol/day
Pregnanediol,b male
Urine
0-1.9
mg/24 h
3.12
0-5.9
mol/day
Pregnanetriolb
Urine
<2.5
mg/24 h
2.97
<7.5
mol/day
Primidone (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
5-12
g/mL
4.58
23-55
mol/L
Procainamide (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
4-10
g/mL
4.23
17-42
mol/L
Follicular phase
Serum
0.1-0.7
ng/mL
3.18
0.5-2.2
nmol/L
Luteal phase
Serum
2.0-25.0
ng/mL
3.18
6.4-79.5
nmol/L
Progesterone,b male
Serum
0.13-0.97
ng/mL
3.18
0.4-3.1
nmol/L
Prolactin (nonlactating subject)
Serum
1-25
ng/mL
1-25
g/L
Prolineb
Plasma
1.2-3.9
mg/dL
86.9
104-340
mol/L
Propoxyphene (therapeutic)
Serum
0.1-0.4
g/mL
2.946
0.3-1.2
mol/L
Propanolol (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
50-100
ng/mL
3.86
190-386
nmol/L
Protein (total)b
Serum
6.0-8.0
g/dL
10
60-80
g/L
Protein C
Plasma
70-140
0.01
0.70-1.40
Fraction of 1.0
Cyanocobalamin (see vitamin B12)
Electrolytes
Eosinophils (see complete blood count, white blood cell count)
Erythrocyte count (see complete blood count, red blood cell count)
Estradiol (E2, unconjugated),b female
Estrogens (total),b female
Estrogens (total),b male
Estrone (E1),b female
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin),b female
-Glutamyltransferase (GGT -glutamyl transpeptidase)b
Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1, A1c)
Hematocrit (see complete blood count)
Hemoglobin (see complete blood count)
Hemoglobin A1c (see glycated hemoglobin)
17-Hydroxyprogesterone,b female
5-Hydroxytryptamine (see serotonin)
Inhibin A
Insulin C-peptide (see C-peptide)
Insulin-like growth factorb
Ionized calcium (see calcium)
Leukocyte count (see complete blood count, white blood cell count)
Luteinizing hormone (LH),b female
LH,b male
Lymphocytes (see complete blood count, white blood cell count)
MCH (see complete blood count)
MCHC (see complete blood count)
Mexthotrexate
Monocytes (see complete blood count, white blood cell count)
Morphine (therapeutic)
Muramidase (see lysozyme)
Neutrophils (see complete blood count, white blood cell count)
N-telopeptide (BCE, bone collagen equivalents)
Pantothenic acid (see vitamin B5)
Parathyroid hormone
pH (see blood gases)
Platelet count (see complete blood count, platelet count)
Pregnanediol,b female
Progesterone,b female
Protein electrophoresis (serum protein electrophoresis [SPEP]), fraction of total protein
Albumin
Serum
52-65
0.01
0.52-0.65
Fraction of 1.0
1-Globulin
Serum
2.5-5.0
0.01
0.025-0.05
Fraction of 1.0
2-Globulin
Serum
7.0-13.0
0.01
0.07-0.13
Fraction of 1.0
-Globulin
Serum
8.0-14.0
0.01
0.08-0.14
Fraction of 1.0
-Globulin
Serum
12.0-22.0
0.01
0.12-0.22
Fraction of 1.0
Albumin
Serum
3.2-5.6
g/dL
10
32-56
g/L
1-Globulin
Serum
0.1-0.4
g/dL
10
1-10
g/L
2-Globulin
Serum
0.4-1.2
g/dL
10
4-12
g/L
-Globulin
Serum
0.5-1.1
g/dL
10
5-11
g/L
-Globulin
Serum
0.5-1.6
g/dL
10
5-16
g/L
Protein S (activity)
Plasma
70-140
0.01
0.70-1.40
Fraction of 1.0
Prothrombin time (PT)
Plasma
10-13
10-13
Protoporphyrin
Red blood cells
15-50
g/dL
0.0177
0.27-0.89
mol/L
PSA
Serum
0-4.0
ng/mL
0-4.0
g/L
Male
Urine
10.3-20
nmol/mmol
creatinine
10.3-20
nmol/mmol
creatinine
Premenopausal female
Urine
15.3-33.6
nmol/mmol
creatinine
15.3-33.6
nmol/mmol
creatinine
Pyruvate (as pyruvic acid)
Whole blood
0.3-0.9
mg/dL
113.6
34-102
mol/L
Quinidine (therapeutic)
Serum, plasma
2.0-5.0
g/mL
3.08
6.2-15.4
mol/L
Renin (normal-sodium diet)b
Plasma
1.1-4.1
ng/mL/h
1.1-4.1
ng/(mL h)
Reticulocyte countb
Whole blood
25-75
103 L1
25-75
109 L1
Reticulocyte countb (fraction)
Whole blood
0.5-1.5
% of RBCs
0.01
0.005-0.015
Fraction of
RBCs
Serum
<30
IU/mL
<30
kIU/L
Serum, plasma
15-30
mg/dL
0.0724
1.08-2.17
mmol/L
Selenium
Whole blood
58-234
g/L
0.0127
0.74-2.97
mol/L
Serineb
Plasma
0.7-2.0
mg/dL
95.2
65-193
mol/L
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
Whole blood
50-200
ng/mL
0.00568
0.28-1.14
mol/L
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Serum or plasma
10-50
ng/mL
3.27
33-164
nmol/L
Sex hormone-binding globulinb
Serum
0.5-1.5
g/dL
34.7
17.4-52.1
nmol/L
Sirolimus
Whole blood
4-20
ng/mL
1.1
4-22
nmol/L
Sodiumb
Plasma
136-142
mEq/L
136-142
mmol/L
Somatostatin
Plasma
<25
pg/mL
<25
ng/L
Strychnine (toxic)
Whole blood
>0.5
mg/L
2.99
>1.5
mol/L
Substance P
Plasma
<240
pg/mL
<240
ng/L
Sulfhemoglobin
Whole blood
<1.0
% of total Hb
0.01
<0.010
Fraction of
total Hb
Tacrolimus
Whole blood
3-20
ng/mL
1.24
4-25
nmol/L
Taurineb
Plasma
0.3-2.1
mg/dL
80
24-168
mol/L
Testosterone,b male
Plasma, serum
300-1200
ng/dL
0.0347
10.4-41.6
nmol/L
Testosterone,b female
Plasma, serum
<85
ng/dL
0.0347
2.95
nmol/L
Theophylline (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
10-20
g/mL
5.55
56-111
mol/L
Thiocyanate (nonsmoker)
Plasma, serum
1-4
mg/L
17.2
17-69
mol/L
Thiopental (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
1-5
g/mL
4.13
4-21
mol/L
Thioridazine (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
1.0-1.5
g/mL
2.7
2.7-4.1
mol/L
Thrombin time
Plasma
16-24
1.0
16-24
Threonineb
Plasma
0.9-2.5
mg/dL
84
75-210
mol/L
Thyroglobulinb
Serum
3-42
ng/mL
3-42
g/L
Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH)b
Serum
0.5-5.0
IU/mL
0.5-5.0
mU/L
Thyroxine, free (FT4)b
Serum
0.9-2.3
ng/dL
12.87
12-30
pmol/L
Thyroxine, total (T4)b
Serum
5.5-12.5
g/dL
12.87
71-160
nmol/L
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG),b as T4 binding capacity
Serum
10-26
g/dL
12.9
129-335
nmol/L
Tissue plasminogen activator
Plasma
<0.04
IU/mL
1000
<40
IU/L
Tobramycin (therapeutic, peak)
Plasma, serum
5-10
g/mL
2.14
10-21
mol/L
Tocainide (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
4-10
g/mL
5.2
21-52
mol/L
Topiramate
Serum, plasma
5-20
g/mL
2.95
15-59
mol/L
Transferrin (siderophilin)b
Serum
200-380
mg/dL
0.01
2.0-3.8
g/L
Triglyceridesb
Plasma, serum
10-190
mg/dL
0.01129
0.11-2.15
mmol/L
Triiodothyronine, free (FT3)b
Serum
260-480
pg/dL
0.0154
4.0-7.4
pmol/L
Triiodothyronine, resin uptakeb
Serum
25-35
0.01
0.25-0.35
Fraction of 1.0
Triiodothyronine, total (T3)b
Serum
70-200
ng/dL
0.0154
1.08-3.14
nmol/L
Troponin I (cardiac)
Serum
0-0.4
ng/mL
0-0.4
g/L
Troponin T (cardiac)
Serum
0-0.1
ng/mL
0-0.1
g/L
Tryptophanb
Plasma
0.5-1.5
mg/dL
48.97
25-73
mol/L
Tyrosineb
Plasma
0.4-1.6
mg/dL
55.19
20-90
mol/L
Urea nitrogen (BUN)b
Serum
8-23
mg/dL
0.0357
2.9-8.2
mmol/L
Uric acidb
Serum
4.0-8.5
mg/dL
0.0595
0.24-0.51
mmol/L
Urobilinogenb
Urine
0.05-2.5
mg/24 h
1.693
0.1-4.2
mol/day
Valineb
Plasma
1.7-3.7
mg/dL
85.5
145-315
mol/L
Valproic acid (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
50-150
g/mL
6.93
346-1040
mol/L
Vancomycin (therapeutic, peak)
Plasma, serum
10-20
g/mL
0.69
6.9-13.8
mol/L
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)b
Urine
2.1-7.6
mg/24 h
5.046
11-38
mol/day
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
Plasma
<50
pg/mL
<50
ng/L
Verapamil (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
100-500
ng/mL
2.2
220-1100
nmol/L
Vitamin A (retinol)b
Serum
30-80
g/dL
0.0349
1.05-2.80
mol/L
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Whole blood
2.5-7.5
g/dL
29.6
74-222
nmol/L
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Plasma, serum
4-24
g/dL
26.6
106-638
nmol/L
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
Whole blood
0.2-1.8
g/mL
4.56
0.9-8.2
mol/L
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Plasma
5-30
ng/mL
4.046
20-121
nmol/L
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)b
Serum
160-950
pg/mL
0.7378
118-701
pmol/L
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Plasma, serum
0.4-1.5
mg/dL
56.78
23-85
mol/L
Vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Plasma, serum
16-65
pg/mL
2.6
42-169
pmol/L
Vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Plasma, serum
14-60
ng/mL
2.496
35-150
nmol/L
Vitamin E (-tocopherol)b
Plasma, serum
0.5-1.8
mg/dL
23.22
12-42
mol/L
Vitamin K
Plasma, serum
0.13-1.19
ng/mL
2.22
0.29-2.64
nmol/L
von Willebrand factor (ranges vary according to blood type)
Plasma
70-140
0.01
0.70-1.40
Fraction of 1.0
Warfarin (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
1.0-10
g/mL
3.24
3.2-32.4
mol/L
White blood cell countb
Whole blood
4.5-11.0
103 L1
4.5-11.0
109 L1
Xylose absorption test (25-g dose)b
Whole blood
>25 mg/dL
mg/dL
0.06661
>1.7
mmol/L
Zidovudine (therapeutic)
Plasma, serum
0.15-0.27
g/mL
3.74
0.56-1.01
mol/L
Zinc
Serum
50-150
g/dL
0.153
7.7-23.0
mol/L
Protein electrophoresis (SPEP), concentration
Pyridinium cross-links (deoxypyridinoline)
Pyridoxine (see vitamin B6)
Red blood cell count (see complete blood count)
Red cell folate (see folate)
Retinol (see vitamin A)
Rheumatoid factor
Riboflavin (see vitamin B2)
Salicylates (therapeutic)
Sedimentation rate (see erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
SPEP (see protein electrophoresis)
Somatomedin C (see insulin-like growth factor)
Thiamine (see vitamin B1)
-Tocopherol (see vitamin E)
White blood cell, differential count (see complete blood count)
The sample type listed under Specimen in this table shows the reference interval for that specimen type. Thus, if the specimen for a test is listed as serum, the reference interval shown is for serum specimens.
For many tests listed with serum as the specimen type, plasma is also acceptable, often with a similar reference interval.
The normal ranges listed here are included as a helpful guide and are by no means comprehensive. The listed reference, unless noted, pertains to adults. Laboratory results are method dependent and can have
intralaboratory variation. Conversion factors are not affected by age-related differences. This table is compiled from data in the following sources: 1) Tietz NW, ed. Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests. 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co 1995 2) Laposata M. SI Unit Conversion Guide. Boston: NEJM Books 1992 3) American Medical Association Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. 9th ed. Chicago:
AMA 1998:486503. Copyright 1998, American Medical Association 4) Jacobs DS, DeMott WR, Oxley DK, eds. Jacobs & DeMott Laboratory Test Handbook With Key Word Index. 5th ed. Hudson, OH: LexiComp Inc 2001 5) Henry JB, ed. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 20th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co 2001 6) Kratz A, et al. Laboratory reference values. N Engl J Med.
2006351:15481563 7) Burtis CA, ed. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier 2012. This version of the table of reference ranges was reviewed and updated
by Jessica Franco-Colon, PhD, and Kay Brooks.
aThe
bFor
SI unit katal is the amount of enzyme generating 1 mol of product per second. Although provisionally recommended as the SI unit for enzymatic activity, it has not been universally accepted. It is suitable to
maintain use of U/L in these circumstances (conversion factor 1.0).
this analyte, there is age dependence for the reference range. There may be several different normal ranges for different pediatric age ranges. Consult your clinical laboratory for the local institution agespecific reference range. Pediatric reference values may also be found in Soldin SJ, Brugnara C, Wong EC, eds Hicks JM, editor emeritus. Pediatric References Intervals. 5th ed. (formerly Pediatric Reference
Ranges). Washington, DC: AACC Press 2005.