CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING
VADE-MECUM
1. MATHEMATICS
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING
VADE-MECUM
SECTION 1 MATHEMATICS
Table of Contents
1. Algebra .................................................................................................... 1.1
2. Trigonometry........................................................................................... 1.2
3. Plane Geometry ....................................................................................... 1.3
4. Solid Geometry........................................................................................ 1.4
Index - i
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING
VADE-MECUM
1. Algebra
a) Exponents
(a ) (a ) = a
m
m+n
(a ) = a
(am ) (bm ) = (a b)m
m n
am
an
mn
= amn
an
a
=
bn b
a1 / k = k a
1
a n =
an
n
am / n = am
b) Fractions
a c ac
=
b b
b
a c ac
=
b d bd
a c ad a d
=
=
b d bc b c
c) Radicals
(n a )n = a
SECTION 1 MATHEMATICS
a 2 2 ab + b 2 = (a b )2
log x + log y = log( xy )
x
log x log y = log
y
( )
x * log y = log y x
1
log n x = * log x
n
log10 a = 0.4343 In a
In a = 2.3026 log10 a
f) Determinants
Simultaneous equations: ax + by + cz = d ,
ex + fy + gz = h , ix + jy + kz = l
If:
D = e
D1 = h
a d
D2 = e
D1 = e
a =a
n a * n b = n ab
The solution is:
x=
d) Factoring
ax + ay = a( x + y )
a 2 b 2 = (a + b )(a b )
e) Logarithms
n n
a na
=
n
b
b
a3 + b3 = (a + b ) a 2 ab + b2
a3 b3 = (a b ) a 2 + ab + b 2
D1 dfk + bgl + cjh ( cfl + gjd + khb )
=
D
afk + bgi + cje ( cfi + gja + keb )
D 2 ahk + dgi + cie ( chi + gla + ked )
y=
=
D
afk + bgi + cje ( cfi + gja + keb )
D3 afl + bhi + dje ( dfi + hja + leb )
=
z=
D afk + bgi + cje ( cfi + gja + keb )
a 2 + 2 ab + b 2 = (a + b )2
1.1
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING
VADE-MECUM
g) Quadratic Equation
SECTION 1 MATHEMATICS
b) Right Triangle
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
c
b b 2 4 ac
x=
2a
If:
- b 2 4 ac > 0 , the roots are real and unequal.
-
pico = 10 12
deka = 101
( da )
nano = 10
hecto = 10
(h)
c) Any Triangle
h) Power of Ten
( p)
(n)
( ) micro = 10
( m ) milli = 10
(c)
(d )
a
sin A =
c
b
cos A =
c
a
tan A =
b
b 2 4 ac = 0 , the roots are real and equal.
b 2 4 ac < 0 , the roots are imaginary.
centi = 10 2
deci = 10
kilo = 10
mega = 10
(k )
6
giga = 10 9
tera = 10
12
(M )
(G )
c
a
c
sec A =
b
b
cot A =
a
csc A =
C
b
A
c
(T )
Law of sines
a) General Relationships
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
sin 2 A + cos 2 A = 1
Law of cosines
2. Trigonometry
sec 2 A = 1 + tan 2 A
csc 2 A = 1 + cot 2 A
1
1
sin A =
cos A =
csc A
sec A
sin A
cos A
tan A =
cot A =
cos A
sin A
sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
2
sin A = 2 sin A cos A
cos 2 A
= cos 2 A sin 2 A
= 1 2 sin 2 A , = 2 cos 2 A 1
1 cos A
=
2
1 cos A
=
1 + cos A
A
sin
2
A
tan
2
A
1 + cos A
cos =
2
2
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2 ac cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2 ab cos C
Law of tangents
A B
2 = a b
A+ B a +b
tan
2
BC
tan
2 = bc
B+C b+c
tan
2
AC
tan
2 = ac
A+C a +c
tan
2
tan
where a > b
where b > c
where a > c
1.2
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING
VADE-MECUM
SECTION 1 MATHEMATICS
Newton's formula
c
sin
C
2
a+b
A B
cos
2
3. Plane Geometry
a) Rectangle
b+c+d
2
( p a )( p b )( p c )
2
p
tan =
pa
If p =
tan =
2
tan =
Area
S
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
b
b) Parallelogram
( p a )( p b )( p c )
p
pb
( p a )( p b )( p c )
p
pc
c) Triangle
Area: 0.5 * a * b
b+c+d
2
Area: p * ( p b ) * ( p c ) * ( p d )
If p =
d) Circle
s
h
r
ac sin B
2
ab sin C
2
x
x
sinh x = e + e
2
x
x
cosh x = e + e
2
d
b
bc sin A
2
d) Hyperbolic
Area: a * b
2 , p( p a )( p b )( p c )
a 2 sin B sin C
2 sin A
2
b sin A sin C
2 sin B
2
c sin A sin B
2 sin C
Area: a * b
Tangents of half angles
c
Circumference: = D , = 2r
Area:
2
2
= 0.25D , = r
0.25c 2 + h 2
=
2h
= 2 * h * ( D h ) , = 2rsin
1.3
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING
VADE-MECUM
2
2
= r r 0.25c
SECTION 1 MATHEMATICS
i)
Polygon
s
D , = 0.01745 r
360
Area
= 0.5*n*s*r
e) Circular Sector
Where:
n is the number of sides
= 0.5 rs, = 0.008727 r2 ( in )
Area
f) Circular Segment
h
r
j)
Area = nr 2 tan
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.7205 s2
2.5981 s2
3.6339 s2
4.8284 s2
6.1818 s2
Trapezoid
= 0.5 (rs - c*(r-h))
Area
2
= r
c* ( r h )
*
360
2
c
Area
Area
2
( D d2 )
4
= 0.5 [b*(H+h) + ch + aH]
4. Solid Geometry
a) Cube
h) Ellipse
a
A
g) Circular Ring
180
n
Area
Aa
4
b
Volume:
Surface area:
= abc
= 2(ab+bc+ca)
1.4
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING
VADE-MECUM
SECTION 1 MATHEMATICS
b) Cylinder
f) Sphere
Volume =
D3
Surface area = D 2
Volume
2
D h
g) Segment of a Sphere
Surface area: = Dh (without end surface)
= D (0.5D + h) (with end surface)
c) Pyramid
Volume
c + 4h
h
= h2
area of base
h
3
perimeter of base
s
Lateral area =
2
Sphere surface
d) Cone
h) Sector of a Sphere
Volume
Volume =
Surface area = r
(r
+h
r + rR + R h
3
Surface area = s ( R + r )
=
r ( 4h + c )
h
R
Volume
Torus
r
s
2
r 2h
3
Total surface =
r
i)
e) Frustum of a Cone
Volume =
r h
8h
(
c2 + 4h2 )
4
2
= (c + 8 rh )
4
Total surf
D d2
Volume (compl ring)
Surface (
= 2 Dd
"
1.5
Rev. 2002
