Jason Plew Machine Intelligence Lab (MIL) Page 1 of 10

Developing Printed Circuits Board using

Protel 99SE
Most designs today are built on Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), which
consist of multiple layers of electrical copper and insulating material sandwiched
together. Several Electronic Design Applications (EDA) exist to both create schematics
of a circuit and transfer them to a working PCB layout. At the University of Florida, we
have access to Protel 99SE for these functions. The resulting PCB design can then be sent
to a company for a professional board with silkscreens, multiple layers, etc. MIL also has
the ability, through a T-Tech Quick Circuit, to make single and double sided circuit
boards PCBs out of copper-plated sheets of insulating material. The latter process is
unable to make complicated designs, but it both quick and cheap. This tutorial covers the
creation of a sample design using Protel 99SE, and its preparation to be milled out by the
T-Tech.

First we must create an overall database that will contain all the individual components of
the design – the Schematics that describe the circuit, the PCB Designs that physically
layout the components and their connections, and other assorted files.

Start Protel and select File/New. Use a MS Access Database and give it a name – this
will create a Design Database file (extension .DDB) that contains all the parts of your
design. In this case, we'll call it [Link]. Maximize the window – it makes it
easier to have one title bar.

The Database has its own internal File System – go into the Documents Folder, select
File/New and create a new Schematic Document. Always rename your files to
something more descriptive (HC11 [Link], Power [Link], etc.) - this will
make it easier to keep track of what information is in each document. We'll stick to the
pattern and call it [Link].

Save often – both Windows and Protel can be buggy at times, and the last thing you
want to do is lose over an hours work because of a crash.

We can now create the schematic that will describe our circuit. This consists of placing
symbols that represent th e individual components in the design and connecting their
individual connections, or nodes, to one another.
Jason Plew Machine Intelligence Lab (MIL) Page 2 of 10

In the middle is the design window where we actually create our systems. You'll notice
in the left panel three windows. The upper window shows what Schematic Libraries
you currently have open, and the middle window shows individual components in the
library selected from that list. If instead you see a list of files in your design database,
then click the BrowseSch Tab, and set the pulldown menu to Libraries. Usually, the
only open Library will be Miscellaneous. Devices. We will start by using some of its
components to make a sample design.

Select CON4 from the middle window by double clicking it, and then move the
pointer to the design window – you will see the outline of the component. Pressing the
SPACE BAR will rotate the symbol. Pressing TAB will allow you modify the
Properties of the Device. In this case, we go to the Properties, Select the Graphical
Attributes Tab, and Click Mirrored - this will reverse the symbol about the y-axis.
Click once to place the component on the left side of the sheet, about half way down.

The Final Schematic is shown on Page 4 if any questions arise.

Select Place/Wire. Move the Pointer on the end point of pin 1 on the connector. A
Black Circle should appear, indicating that a connection between the wire and a node
on the component can be placed. Click to start the wire. Move the cursor about 6
squares, and then click again. This will lock the wire segment and allow you to keep
extending the wire in other directions. In this case, we press ESC to end the wire. Do
the same for pins 2, 3 and 4.

Select Place/Net Label and move back to the Design Window. A Box Outline should
appear. Press TAB to go to properties, and enter IN1 for a Net Name, and close. Move
the box right above the first wire so that the black circle shows up and click. Move
down one row and click on the second node. It should automatically increment and
place IN2. Do the same for the other two nodes. Net Labels will allow you to connect
separate nodes on the page without actually laying a wire between them.

Now Place a CON3 in the upper left corner (mirror it as well). Connect Wire Segments
to Pins 1 and 2. We will use this as a power connector. Select Place/Power Port, and
go to properties. Select a Net of VCC, and use the Bar Style. Connect it to Pin 1. Place
another Power Port – use a Power Ground Style, and call it GND. Connect it to pin 2.
Power Ports are essentially Net Names with special symbols – they also will connect
separate nodes on the page. Use Place/Place Directive/No ERC on pin 3 – this tells
Protel nothing should be connected to that pin.
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We use a 3 Pin Connector for power even though there are only two connections. This
will ensure that even if we accidentally plug in the connector backwards, that we will
not destroy the board in the process. Keeping in mind that your creating a physical
object and thinking ahead on how it will actually be used will save a lot of time when
actually working with the PCB.

Also place a CON1 – connect a wire and net name to it called ENABLE.

We will now place AND Gates in the design. To do this we need to use another
library. Click Add/Remove under the Library Window. The Protel Schematic
Libraries are in C:\Program Files\Design Explorer 99SE\Library\Sch. Double-Click
on NSC [Link] and then click OK.

Several more Libraries are now available. Select CMOS Logic Databook 1988, and
then double click MM74HC08 – an AND Gate. Using the filter will allow you to find
it quicker – enter in the Filter Window *08*. Place one of the devices into the design,
and extend wire segments from the nodes. Then click and drag until the gate and wires
are surrounded by the outlined box, and let go. The symbols will be selected and
therefore be outlined in yellow, and can be copied. You can select a single component
by holding shift and then clicking it. Merely clicking a symbol and having a dashed
outline will let you delete it, but not let you copy it to the clipboard. Press CTRL-
C to copy and click the mouse on the start of one of the wire segments – when you
paste the symbols, they will be oriented from this location. The symbols can be
deselected by holding X and then pressing A.

Paste the Gate three times so that you have four gates total. Connect the first inputs to
net names of IN1 – 4, and the second inputs to ENABLE. Place two more gates –
MM74HC02s, which are NOR Gates– to the left of the HC08s. Connect them to the
AND Gates as shown on Page .

If you look at the logic gates, you will notice that the AND gates are identical, as are
the NOR gates – we are using a single chip for each device, which is obviously not a
good idea. To use a single chip for multiple gates, we must go back to the properties
window of each device and change the Parts from the default of 1 to 2, 3, and 4 as
necessary – 4 gates are in the HC08, and both NOR gates can fit in a HC02. You will
notice that the gate designators change from U?A to U?B, U?C, etc.

We will now number these designators. This can be done using Tools/Annotate,
which will automatically assign numbers to the designators. There are a few options in
what parts to number – in this case, use the defaults. You will notice that all the AND
Gates are under U1, and the NOR gates are U2.
The Resulting Schematic is
Jason Plew Machine Intelligence Lab (MIL) Page 5 of 10

Now that the schematic is complete, we must make sure there are no errors in the design.
Then, we must prepare the design to be imported into the section of Protel that actually
creates PCBs. Protel has multiple tools to do both.

We are now ready to check our design to make sure there are no errors. This can be
done using whats called an Electrical Rule Check (ERC). It can be found under
Tools/ERC. There are many thinks the ERC can look for, though for this case, we are
mainly concerned about accidental short circuits and the like. Therefore, use the
defaults. The ERC should come back reporting no errors.

We are now ready to actually create a PCB from this schematic. There is no
information about physical data in a schematic – orientation, spacing, and the
like mean nothing. The only data that will be sent to the PCB document besides a list
of what nodes are connected to each other (a netlist) are the number of pins on each
part, and the Footprint for each part. The latter is where physical data comes into play.
A Footprint is a graphical symbol that shows where each pin of a device is physically
located. We still must enter this information before we can create the PCB.

The PCB Libraries are in C:\Program Files\Design Explorer 99SE\Library\PCB.

While PCBs manufactured elsewhere create circuit boards that are covered with a
laminating material, the T-Tech Machine at MIL creates circuit boards that are just
exposed layers of copper. Therefore, soldering to these boards can be more difficult
then soldering to a regular PCB. We therefore use special PCB libraries for T-Tech
Boards – they are located in C:\Program Files\Design Explorer
99SE\Library\Pcb\Generic Footprints\MLL_PCB.DDB.

Open up MIL_PCB.DDB – you'll see several .LIB files in the Documents folder. These
are PCB Footprint Libraries. If you open up [Link] and [Link], you
will notice they have the same footprints, with the only difference being that the latter
has oval, or oblong, pads (the dark gray) instead of circles like SHEET1. The Oblong
pads are easier to solder to, and should always be used when possible if you are
making a copper clad board.
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We use the following footprints for each part:

Part Footprint Library

CON1 SIP1R [Link]
CON2 SIP2R [Link]
CON3 SIP3R [Link]
CON4 SIP4R [Link]
MM74HC02 DIP14R [Link]
MM74HC08 DIP14R [Link]

The Connectors Property Windows can be opened, and the Footprints entered (SIP1R,
SIP2R, etc.) Instead of entering the Footprint for each logic gate, we can use the
Global Feature. Open up the Properties Window of one of the HC08s, and click
Global. The Window expands. The Middle Column lets us set attributes to select
certain components, and the Last Column allows us to set certain properties of all
those components that are selected. In this case, we determine that all parts that have a
Library Reference of MM74HC08 should have a DIP14R Footprint. There are entered
in their boxes under the Attributes to Match By and Copy Attributes Columns,
respectively. Once OK is clicked, it will tell you how many gates it found that should
be modified, and ask if you want to go through with the operation. In this case, there
should be four objects – if so, go ahead. All four AND gates should now be using
DIP14R Footprints.

Do the same for the two NOR Gates.

Jason Plew Machine Intelligence Lab (MIL) Page 7 of 10

We are now done with creating our Tutorial Schematic. Up next is actually creating the
PCB. We start by transferring the schematic information – a netlist and footprints – to a
new PCB document. There footprints can be located in the available system libraries, or
you can create your own PCB Library and make your own footprints for special parts.

We start by going to Design/Update PCB in our schematic. A new PCB document is

created ([Link]), and a window pops up. Leave the defaults, except that you
should unselect Generate Component Class for all Schematic Sheets in Project. Then
click Preview Changes.

A Window should pop up showing all the modifications that will be made to the PCB
Document. Click Only Show Errors. The Table should then be blank. If there are
errors, its probably because Protel couldn't find a Footprint. Check your Schematic to
make sure they're all entered correctly.

Once there are no errors, click Execute. Then Select View/Fit Document. Your
footprints should appear, with faint lines showing the connections between the
components.

Before we can place the components on the PCB document, we must understand how the
PCB is actually laid out, i.e. In layers.

A PCB exists as Simple Graphical Constructs (Lines, Circles) on multiple layers.

These Layers include
Top, Bottom Layer: Where Electrical Routes occur
Top, Bottom Overlay: Graphical Symbols Showing the Part Layout
Keepout Layer: Circuit Board Outline
Multi layer – Exists on all of the Layers

There are other layers as well,, but we are most concerned with these when making
boards at MIL. The T-Tech cannot do Overlay Layers, but it can do Double Sided
Boards, meaning we can use both Top and Bottom Layers.

The PCB Window shows the design in the center of the screen. Towards the left is an
area similar the Browse Schematic Windows you previously saw. Here new footprint
libraries can be added, individual parts and traces can be highlighted, or errors can be
found. There is also a magnification window that lets you quickly move around the
board, and a pull down window that sets the current layer you work in.
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We will normally create single-sided boards with the T-Tech, unless a design is so
complex that it requires routes on both side. Therefore, all parts should be moved from
the top layer to the bottom. This can be done easily using the global feature. Double-
Click a footprint to get to its properties, and change the Layer to Bottom Layer. Click
the Global Tab, and then hit OK. All the Components should change from a bright
yellow outline to a dark tan.

We can now actually design the PCB.

We can first layout the components. Clicking a footprint and dragging the mouse will
allow you to move the component. Pressing the Space Bar while doing this causes it to
rotate. You should try to place the components reasonably close together (save surface
area), and in a manner that ensures that the connections cross each other as little as
possible. This will make it easier for Protel to route the design. For this design, you
can use the figure on the next page as a reference.

We now need to define the dimensions of the circuit board. This can be done by
drawing a box around the components in the Keepout Layer. In the lower left of the
screen there is a pull-down box that selects the currently layer you are working in.
Ensure this is set to KeepoutLayer. Then use Place/Line to draw the box.

We now need to tell Protel's AutoRouter to work only in the Top Layer. This can be
done through Design/Rules. Select Routing/Routing Layers, click Properties, and
set Bottom Layer to Not Used.

We also should select Routing/Width Constraint, and change the parameters from
10mils to 15mils. This will cause the Router to create electrical traces .015” wide. This
should be a minimum. Traces always benefit from being wider, especially Power
Signals. If a high amount of current goes through a thin trace, it will blow. Therefore,
If it looks like your board can fit larger traces, increase the width constraint.

Now select AutoRoute/All, and hit Route All. The Board should Route, with the
result being similar to the figure below.
Jason Plew Machine Intelligence Lab (MIL) Page 9 of 10

Now we can run a Design Rule Check (DRC), which will ensure that we have no short
circuits, that everything is routed, etc. It can be accessed from Tools/Design Rule
Check. Leave the Defaults set, and click Run DRC. A text file should appear and say
that no violations appeared. If there are issues, fix them, use Tools/Reset Error
Markers, and then rerun the DRC.

The PCB design is now complete. All that remains is to transfer the PCB out of Protel in
a format that can be understood by either the PCB manufacture or the T-Tech software.

Your board design should now be ready to be manufactured. This is accomplished by

exporting the design to a series of files know as Gerber Files. These are an industry
standard format that all the PCB manufactures use for layout information.

Run File/CAM Manager. Select Gerber for the Output. Leave the name as it is, and
ignore the notice about Embedded Apertures. Leave the Defaults for the Next Window
(Units and Format). For the Gerber Layers to Plot, Select only the Top Layer and the
Keepout Layer, and make sure neither is set to be mirrored. Leave the remaining
settings as default.
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Protel Now displays a new window whose Tab is Titled Cam Outputs. Run
Edit/Insert NC Drill. Use the Defaults and click OK. The main window should now
say both Gerber Output 1 and NC Drill Output 1. Run Tools/Generate CAM Files.

Return to the Documents Folder, and then open the CAM Folder. You should see
several files. We are interested in the *.GTL (Gerber Top Layer), *.GKO (Gerber
Keepout Layer) and *.TXT (NC Drill) Files. Select these files and run File/Export.
There should be a shortcut on the Desktop to T-Tech Files. If you cannot find it, ask
the IMDL TA. Create a Folder with your name if it does not already exist, and then
create a folder with the name of this design, and save the three files there.

One more piece of information is required: return to your PCB Design. Use
Report/Measure Distance to measure the dimensions of your Circuit Board. Save this
information in a text file, and include it in the Design Folder in T-Tech Files. Then
inform the IMDL TA that you are ready to have your PCB milled out.