1
Rise and Fall and Level Adjustment
Q. 2.14 A level run was conducted to find the elevations of Pegs A-D. Calculate the adjusted reduced
levels of the pegs.
Backsight (m)
Intermediate
Sight (m)
Foresight (m)
1.603
AHD (m)
Remarks
40.825
TBM 1
Peg A
CP
Peg B
CP
Peg C
CP
Peg D
TBM 2
1.001
1.761
1.367
1.297
1.272
1.203
0.910
1.979
0.772
2.291
0.646
3.030
39.685
Steps to Solve
a) Draw a diagram of the level run
TBM 2
39.685
TBM 1
40.825
Peg B
Peg A
CP
CP
CP
Peg D
Peg C
b) Calculate the Rise and Falls and measured AHD heights
Backsight
(m)
1.603
Intermediate
Sight (m)
Foresight
(m)
Rise (m)
1.001
Fall (m)
.602
1.761
1.367
.366
1.297
1.272
.464
.094
.362
1.203
0.910
1.979
0.772
2.291
0.646
3.030
1.381
1.333
2.258
AHD (m)
Remarks
40.825
41.427
41.061
41.525
41.619
41.981
40.6
41.933
39.675
TBM 1
Peg A
CP
Peg B
CP
Peg C
CP
Peg D
TBM 2
c) Check the calculations
BS FS
Rise Fall
7.387
8.537
-1.15
8.537
2.855
4.005
-1.15
BM 2
BM1
4.005
39.675
40.825
-1.15
d) Calculate the misclose
The mislose is the difference between calculated RL at TBM2 and given RL at TBM2
= 39.675 39.685 m
= -.010m
e) Distribute the misclose evenly across level run. In this case there were 5 level set-ups so now add
2mm to each set-up station
Set Up
1
2
3
4
5
AHD (m)
40.825
41.427
41.061
41.525
41.619
41.981
40.600
41.933
39.675
Distribution
Adj RL
.002
.002
.004
.004
.006
.006
.008
.010
41.429
41.063
41.529
41.619
41.987
40.606
41.941
39.685
Remarks
TBM 1
Peg A
CP
Peg B
CP
Peg C
CP
Peg D
TBM 2
Height of Collimation and Percentage Grade calculations
Q.13 Levels were taken at 20 m intervals along the centreline of the proposed work. If the formation
is to have a gradient of 1.5% starting at elevation 68.39 m at Peg I, calculate the amount of cut () or fill (+) required at each peg. Use the collimation height method of reduction.
BS
(m)
Int
(m)
1.85
0.96
FS
(m)
Height of
Collimation
(m)
RL
(m)
GradeR
L
(m)
Distance
(m) along
centreline
70.86
1.69
0.84
2.18
1.33
1.71
2.18
2.49
Cut(-)
/Fill(+)
BM
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
00
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1.54
1.88
1.67
Remarks
a) Draw a picture of the level survey (plan view)
BM
70.86
The aim of this exercise is to determine the difference between the existing surface (measured) and
a designed surface. The first step is to calculate the measured surface.
b) Reduce the levels using Height of Collimation method
Height of collimation =
First Set up
=
=
RL of BM + backsight
70.86 + 1.85
72.71
RL of A
Height of Collimation (First Set up) Foresight
72.71 1.69
71.02
=
=
=
Height of collimation =
Second Set up
=
=
RL of A + backsight
71.02 + 0.96
71.98
RL of B
=
=
=
Height of Collimation (2nd Set up) Intermediate Sight
71.98 1.54
70.44
Etc. complete the level reductions
BS
(m)
Int
(m)
FS
(m)
1.85
0.96
1.69
Height of
Collimation
(m)
72.71
71.98
RL
(m)
70.86
71.02
70.44
70.10
70.31
69.80
69.31
68.93
68.46
68.15
1.54
1.88
1.67
0.84
2.18
Remarks
70.64
1.33
1.71
2.18
2.49
BM
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
c) No lets calculate the design surface. We are told that the design has a gradient of 1.5% from
the Peg I which has a design elevation of 68.39m.
The diagram below shows illustrates the design and natural surface (cross section)
71.5
Natural Surface
Design Surface
71.0
70.5
70.0
69.5
69.0
68.5
68.0
A
Gradient of 1.5%
=
=
=
1.5m rise over 100m.
1.5m * 20/100 over 20 m
0.3m over 20 m
Now we can calculate the design elevations along this level run
RL I = 68.39 (given)
RL H = 68.39 + 0.3 = 68.69m
RL G = 68.69 + 0.3 = 68.99m . Etc.
Add these calculations to the table
BS
(m)
Int
(m)
FS
(m)
1.85
0.96
1.69
Height of
Collimation
(m)
72.71
71.98
2.18
70.64
1.54
1.88
1.67
0.84
1.33
1.71
2.18
2.49
RL
(m)
Design
RL (m)
70.86
71.02
70.44
70.10
70.31
69.80
69.31
68.93
68.46
68.15
Remarks
BM
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
70.79
70.49
70.19
69.89
69.59
69.29
68.99
68.69
68.39
d) Now lets calculate the required cut (natural surface higher than design) or fill (natural surface
lower than design) values at each Peg.
BS
(m)
Int
(m)
1.85
0.96
FS
(m)
1.69
Height of
Collimation
(m)
72.71
71.98
2.18
70.64
1.54
1.88
1.67
0.84
1.33
1.71
2.18
2.49
RL
(m)
Design
RL (m)
70.86
71.02
70.44
70.10
70.31
69.80
69.31
68.93
68.46
68.15
70.79
70.49
70.19
69.89
69.59
69.29
68.99
68.69
68.39
Remarks
BM
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Cut(-)
/Fill(+)
-0.23
0.05
0.09
-0.42
-0.21
-0.02
0.06
0.23
0.24
2 peg test Calculations
Q.2.12
The observations listed below were recorded when testing the adjustment of an automatic
level. Use them to calculate the collimation error in the level
Level
Position
Staff
Position
Sighting
Distance
(m)
Staff Reading
(m)
I1
I1
I2
I2
A
B
A
B
25
25
55
5
1.225
1.090
1.314
1.155
a) Draw a picture of the 2 peg Test
I2
I1
A
25m
25m
5m
b) The first step is to calculate the Difference in height between A and B without any collimation
error. This uses the observations at Instrument Station 1 (equidistant to staffs).
Diff Height
Inst Stn 1
=
=
=
Reading A Reading b
1.225 1.09
0.135
c) Now measure the same points from one end. This assumes the collimation error at the short end
is approximately 0, and any errors in height difference at the far end is fully attributable to
collimation error.
Diff Height
Inst Stn 2
=
=
=
Reading A Reading b
1.314 1.155
0.159
d) Collimation error equals the difference from true value (calculated from Inst Stn 1) over the
observation distance.
Collimation error
=
=
=
(Reading 2 Diff Ht ) / Distance Observed
(0.159 0.135) / 50m
0.024m / 50m