7/29/2016
SheldonPollockWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
SheldonPollock
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
[Link],theintellectualand
literaryhistoryofIndia,[Link]
iscurrentlytheArvindRaghunathanProfessorofSouthAsian
StudiesattheDepartmentofMiddleEastern,SouthAsian,and
[Link]
editoroftheClaySanskritLibraryandisthefoundingeditorof
theMurtyClassicalLibraryofIndia.
Contents
1 Education
2 Occupations
3 Scholarship
3.1 DeepOrientalism?(1993)
3.2 Ramayana
3.3 TheDeathofSanskrit(2001)
3.4 TheLanguageoftheGodsintheWorldof
Men(2006)
3.4.1 TheSanskritCosmopolis
3.4.2 TheVernacularMillennium
3.4.3 LackofanIndianculture
3.5 CriticalphilologytotranscendSanskrit's
toxicity
3.6 Aesthetics
4 Reception
4.1 HegemonicroleofSanskrit
4.2 ThedeathofSanskrit
4.3 NationalSocialistIndology
4.4 PetitiontoremovePollockfromMurty
ClassicalLibrary
5 Selectedpublications
5.1 Monographs
5.2 Editedvolumes
5.3 Translations
5.4 Articlesandbookchapters
6 Awards
7 Students
8 Seealso
9 Notes
10 References
11 Externallinks
[Link]
Occupation
Chair,SouthAsianStudies,
ColumbiaUniversity
Language
English
Nationality
UnitedStates
Citizenship
UnitedStates
Education
Ph.D
Almamater HarvardUniversity
Notable
awards
PadmaShri
Website
[Link]/cu/mesaas/faculty/directory
/[Link]([Link]
faculty/directory/[Link])
Education
[Link]
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[Link]
[Link].D.in1975inSanskritandIndianStudies.[1]
Occupations
BeforetakinghiscurrentpositionatColumbiaUniversity,PollockwasaprofessorattheUniversityofIowaand
[Link].
HedirectedtheprojectSanskritKnowledgeSystemsontheEveofColonialism,inwhichanumberofscholars
(includingPollock,YigalBronner,LawrenceMcCrea,ChristopherMinkowski,KarinPreisendanz,andDominik
Wujastyk)examinethestateofknowledgeproducedinSanskritbeforecolonialism.[2]Heisalsoeditingaseriesof
HistoricalSourcebooksinClassicalIndianThought,towhichhewillcontributeaReaderonRasa.
HewasgeneraleditoroftheClaySanskritLibraryandisfoundingeditoroftheMurtyClassicalLibraryof
India.[3]
Scholarship
Pollock'[Link],
"AspectsofVersificationinSanskritLyricPoetry,"[Link]
work,includinghis2006bookTheLanguageoftheGodsintheWorldofMen,isdevotedtounderstandingthe
differentrolesthatSanskrithasplayedinintellectualandculturallifethroughoutitshistory.
DeepOrientalism?(1993)
AccordingtoPollock'sDeepOrientalism?(1993),EuropeanindologistsandtheBritishcolonialistsmerely
[Link]
existingoppressivestructuresinSanskritas"preorientalistorientalism","precolonialorientalism"and"apreform
oforientalism".[4]
AccordingtoPollock,"SanskritwastheprincipaldiscursiveinstrumentofdominationinpremodernIndia."[5]
AccordingtoWilhelmHalbfass,Pollockpostulatesaninherentrelationshipbetweenthehegemonicroleof
SanskritintraditionalIndiaanditsstudentsamongBritishcolonialistsorGermanNationalSocialists.[6][note1]
Pollockbelievesthattheprevious"Eurocentrism"and"Europeanepistemologicalhegemony"preventedscholars
"fromprobingcentralfeaturesofSouthAsianlife."[7][8]AccordingtoPollock,"Onetaskofpostorientalist
Indologyhastobetoexhume,isolate,analyze,theorize,andattheveryleasttalkaboutthedifferentmodalitiesof
dominationintraditionalIndia."[9]
Ramayana
InRamayanaandPoliticalImaginationinIndia(1993),writtenagainstthebackdropofthedemolitionofthe
BabriMasjidandattendantsectarianviolenceinAyodhya,PollockseekstoexplainhowtheRamayana,atext
commonlyviewedasa"narrativeofthedivinepresence"intheworldcouldserveasabasisforadivisive
contemporarypoliticaldiscourse.[10]HeassertsthatthereisalonghistoryofrelationshipbetweentheRamayana
andpoliticalsymbology,withtheprotagonist,Ramadepictedasthe"chiefoftherighteous,"andRavana,in
opposition,astheone"whofillsalltheworldwithterror."[11]PollockcallstheRamayanafundamentallyatextof
"othering"asoutsidersintheepicare"othered"bybeingrepresentedassexual,dietetical,andpoliticaldeviants.
[Link]
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Ravana,isnotonly"other"[Link],hestatesthattherakshasas
(demons)ofthepoemcanbeviewedfromapsychosexualperspectivetosymboliseallthatthetraditional
[Link]
onlyhasnoothering,butinfacthas"brothering"duetothesharedidentityoftheantagonists.[12]
A"dramaticandunparalleled"turncameaboutintheeleventhtofourteenthcenturies,atimewhentheMuslim
TurkicruletookholdinIndia,withRamayanatakingacentralplaceinthepublicpoliticaldiscourse.[13]Henotes
thespecificmeaningconjunctureinthedepictionoftheGurjaraPratiharafounderNagabhataIasthesage
Narayanathat"shonewithfourarmswithglitteringterribleweapons."[14]ToPollock,Ramayanaoffers"special
imaginativeresources,"ofdivinizationanddemonization.[15]Valmiki'ssolutiontothepoliticalparadoxofepic
Indiaisthe"divinizedking"whocombatsevilintheformofa'demonizedothers'.[16]Latermedieval
commentariesofValmiki'sRamayanaincludeinstanceswheretheMuslimoutsidersarecastasrakshasasand
asuras,andinthecaseofaMughaltranslationoftheepic,ofAkbarbeingprojectedasthedivineking,Ramaand
divsastherakshasas.[17]Pollockreasonsthatthisrecurrent"mythopoliticalstrategy"ofusingtheRamayanaasa
[Link]
choiceofAyodhya,thetraditionalbirthplaceofRama,butalsointheattemptsbytheBJPandVHPtoportray
Muslimsasdemonic.[18]
TheDeathofSanskrit(2001)
Pollockbeginshis2001paperTheDeathofSanskritbyassociatingSanskritwith"Hindutvapropagandists",the
BharatiyaJanataPartyandtheVishwaHinduParishad.[19]
Pollocknotesthat"mostobserverswouldagreethat,insomecrucialway,Sanskritisdead".[20]andwroteabout
howSanskrithascometothispoint.ObservingthechangesintheuseofSanskritin12thcenturyKashmir,16th
centuryVijayanagara,and17thcenturyVaranasi,PollockarguedthatSanskritcametoservethepurposesof
"reinscriptionandrestatement,"whiletrulycreativeenergiesweredirectedelsewhere.[21]
TheLanguageoftheGodsintheWorldofMen(2006)
TheSanskritCosmopolis
Inhis2006bookTheLanguageoftheGodsintheWorldofMen,Pollockposits"thescholarlycultivationof
languageinpremodernIndia"shouldbeseenintermsof"itsrelationshiptopoliticalpower".[22]AlthoughSanskrit
wasalanguageofVedicritual,itwasadoptedbyroyalcourts,andbythefifthcentury"powerinIndianowhada
Sanskritvoice".[23]AccordingtoPollock,"Sanskritbecomethepremiervehiclefortheexpressionofroyalwill,
displacingallothercodes"and"Sanskritlearningitselfbecameanessentialcomponentofpower."[24]Pollock
believesthatgrammarwaslinkedtopower,stating"themainpointshouldbeclear:thatpowersconcernwith
grammar,andtoacomparabledegreegrammarsconcernwithpower,comprisedaconstitutivefeatureofthe
Sanskritcosmopolitanorder."[25]Pollockstatesthat"overlordswerekeentoensurethecultivationofthelanguage
throughpatronageawardedtogrammarians,lexicographers,metricians,andothercustodiansofpurity,andthrough
endowmentstoschoolsforthepurposeofgrammaticalstudies."[26]PollocklinksthevarnaofSanskritgrammar
(whichmeanslanguagesounds)tothevarnaofsocialorder.[27]
TheVernacularMillennium
[Link]
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Pollockhasarguedthat,intheSanskritcosmopolis,vernacularlanguageswerelargelyexcludedfromdoingthe
kindofpoliticalcultural"work"[Link],however,aprocessof"vernacularization"resultedin
[Link]
"vernacularization"hasgenerallyinvolvedtwosteps:first,theuseofawrittenformofthevernacularin
"everyday"contexts,suchasrecordingnamesininscriptions,whichPollockcalls"literalization,"andsecond,the
useofthewrittenformofthevernacularinmoreimaginativecontexts,suchaswritingpoetry,whichPollockcalls
"literarization."Literarizationhasofteninvolvedthecreativeadaptationofmodelsfrom"superposedcultural
formations,"andinSouthAsiathishaslargelymeantusingSanskritmodels.[28]PollockhasfocusedonKannada
asacasestudyinvernacularizationinSouthAsia,andhasreflectedonthevernacularizationofEuropeasa
parallelinstance.
LackofanIndianculture
[Link]:
itiserroneoustothinkofacivilization,oragreattradition,asaunitaryentityofwhateversize.
Indeed,astablesingularitycalled"Indianculture",sooftenconjuredupbySoutheastAsian
indigenists,[Link],
manyrecentlydeveloped(Sanskritkvya,publicinscriptions,freestandingtemplebuildings,quasi
universalistpoliticalimagery,landgrantstoBrahmanicalcommunities,andsoon)andundoubtedly
generatedoutofvariouslocalpractices.[29]
Pollockbelievestheideaof"asingleIndianpeoplehood(janata)"presentinthenameoftheBharatiyaJanata
Partyisamoderninvention:
TheverynamesofthegroupsthatmakeuptheinstitutionalcomplexofHindutvaincludingthe
BharatiyaJanataParty(IndianPeoplesParty)anditsideologicalwing,theVishwaHinduParishad
(WorldHinduCouncil)bespeakwhathadneverbeenspokenbefore,postulatingintheonecasea
singleIndian"peoplehood"(janata),intheother,Hinduismasanaggressiveuniversalism.[30]
CriticalphilologytotranscendSanskrit'stoxicity
Pollockhaswrittenaboutthehistoryandcurrentstateofphilology,[Link]
PhilologyandIndia'sPhilology(2011)hedefinesthiscurrentstateas"thepracticesofmakingsenseoftexts."[31]
InFuturePhilology?(2009)hehascalledforpractisinga"criticalphilology"whichissensitivetodifferentkinds
oftruths:thefactsofatext'sproductionandcirculation,andthevariouswaysinwhichtextshavebeeninterpreted
throughouthistory.[32]InCrisisintheClassics(2011)Pollockstatesthat,oncethe"toxicity","extraordinary
inequality"and"socialpoisons"ofSanskritareacknowledged,criticalphilologycanbeusedtotranscend
inequalityandtransformthedominantcultureby"outsmarting"theoppressivediscoursethroughstudyand
analysis.[33][note2]
IntheintroductiontoWorldPhilology(2015)hehasalsodrawnattentiontothediversityandlongevityof
philologicaltraditionsintheworldandarguedforstudyingthemcomparatively.[34]
Aesthetics
[Link]
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PollockhaspublishedonissuesrelatedtothehistoryofaestheticsinIndia,andinparticularontheparadigmshift
froma"formalist"analysisofemotion(rasa)inliterarytextstoamore"readercentered"analysisinthe(lost)
worksofthe9th/10thcenturytheoristBhaaNyaka.[35]
Reception
HegemonicroleofSanskrit
AccordingtoJessicaFrazier,Pollockpoints"anaccusatoryfingeratthelanguage,highlightingitsfunctionasa
purveyorofformsofauthoritythatareculturallyandethnicallyexclusive,benefitingthefewattheexpenseofthe
many."[36]AccordingtoFrazier,Pollockshowshowtextscanfunctiontosupportandspreadformsofauthority
whichexcludespecificculturalandethnicsubgroups,therebybenefitingsmallgroupswithinsociety,atthe
expenseofothergroups.[36]
AccordingtoFrazier,Pollockhasbeen"contributingtothehermeneuticsofsuspicionthathasbecomeinuential
inHinduStudies".[36]"Hermeneuticsofsuspicion"isaphrasecoinedbyPaulRicur,"tocaptureacommonspirit
thatpervadesthewritingsofMarx,Freud,andNietzsche."[37]AccordingtoRitaFelski,itis"adistinctively
modernstyleofinterpretationthatcircumventsobviousorselfevidentmeaningsinordertodrawoutlessvisible
andlessflatteringtruths.[37][note3]RuthellenJosselsonexplainsthat"Ricoeurdistinguishesbetweentwoformsof
hermeneutics:ahermeneuticsoffaithwhichaimstorestoremeaningtoatextandahermeneuticsofsuspicion
whichattemptstodecodemeaningsthataredisguised."[38]
AccordingtoDavidPeterLawrence,PollockcharacterizesShastras,includingphilosophicalworks,aseffortsto
eternallyenshrinetheinterestsandculturalpracticesofsectionsofpremodernIndia.[39]
ThedeathofSanskrit
ScholarshavereactedtoPollock'[Link]'sargumentation
is"oftenarbitrary".[40]Hannederstates"Pollockhasoverinterpretedtheevidencetosupporthistheory,perhapsin
hisunderstandableangerovercurrentnationalisticstatementsaboutSanskritandindeednewattemptsat
resanskritizationprocessesthatshouldperhapsbeanalysedafewdecadeslaterfromadistance."[41]Hanneder
saysthatSanskritisnot"deadlanguageinthemostcommonusageoftheterm,"sinceitisstill"spoken,written
andread,"andhasemphasizedthecontinuousproductionofcreativeliteratureinSanskrituptothepresent
day.[42][43]OthershaveemphasizedthenewcreativeandintellectualprojectsthatSanskritwasapartofinearly
modernity,suchasNlakahaCaturdhara'scommentaryontheMahbhrataandthedevelopmentof
sophisticatedformsoflogicalanalysis(navyanyya).[44]
NationalSocialistIndology
ReinholdGrnendahltakesacriticalstancetowardsPollock'scharacterisationofGermanprewarIndologyas"a
statefundedAryanistthinktank,setuptocreateanIndoGerman"counteridentitytoSemite",andsimultaneously
preparingthescientificbasisforracialantiSemitism."[45]AccordingtoGrunendahl,Pollock'snewAmerican
schoolofindologyis"postOrientalistmessianism,"commentingthatPollock'sselfdescribed"Indologybeyond
theRajandAuschwitz"leadsto"theNewRajacrossthedeepbluesea."[46]
PetitiontoremovePollockfromMurtyClassicalLibrary
[Link]
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ApetitioninitiatedbyIndianscholarsdemandedthatPollockberemovedfromtheeditorshipoftheMurty
ClassicalLibraryofIndia,aninitiativethatpublishesclassicalliteraryworksfromIndia.[note4]Thepetitionersare
believedtobelongtothe`networkoftrust'createdbyRajivMalhotra'sbook,TheBattleforSanskrit.[47]
Inaresponse,RohanMurty,thefounderofthelibrary,[48]madeclearthatSheldonPollockwillcontinuehis
position,sayingthatthelibrarywillcommissionthebestpossiblescholarforthatparticularlanguage.[49][50]
Selectedpublications
HispublicationsclusteraroundtheRmyaa,thephilosophicaltraditionofMms(scripturalhermeneutics),
andrecently,thetheoryofrasa(aestheticemotion).PollockdirectedtheLiteraryCulturesinHistoryproject,
whichculminatedinabookofthesametitle.
Monographs
TheLanguageoftheGodsintheWorldofMen:Sanskrit,CultureandPowerinPremodernIndia([Link]
[Link]/[Link]?isbn=9780520260030).Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2006.
[Link]:AmericanOrientalSociety,1977.
Editedvolumes
(withBenjaminElmanandKevinChange)[Link],Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,
2015.
FormsofKnowledgeinEarlyModernAsia:ExplorationsintheIntellectualHistoryofIndiaandTibet,
[Link]:DukeUniversityPress,2011.
LiteraryCulturesinHistory:[Link]:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,
2003.
Translations
Rama'sLastAct(Uttararmacarita)[Link]:NewYorkUniversityPress,2007.(Clay
SanskritLibrary.)
TheBouquetofRasaandtheRiverofRasa(RasamajarandRasataragi)[Link]:New
YorkUniversityPress,2009.(ClaySanskritLibrary)
TheRmyaaofVlmki,AnEpicofAncientIndia,[Link]:[Link]:PrincetonUniversity
Press,1991.
TheRmyaaofVlmki,AnEpicofAncientIndia,[Link]:[Link]:PrincetonUniversity
Press,1986.
ARasaReader:ClassicalIndianAesthetics,HistoricalSourcebooksinClassicalIndianThoughtseries,
ColumbiaUniversityPress,2016[51]
Articlesandbookchapters
'FromRasaSeentoRasaHeard.'InCaterinaGuenziandSylviadIntino,[Link].
Paris:Brepols,2012,pp.189207.
'ReviewArticle:IndianPhilologyandIndia'sPhilology.'JournalAsiatiquevolume299,number1(2011),
pp.423475.
'ComparisonwithoutHegemony.'InBarbroKleinandHansJoas,[Link]:
[Link]
[Link]:Brill,2010,pp.185204.
'WhatwasBhaaNyakaSaying?TheHermeneuticalTransformationofIndianAesthetics.'InSheldon
[Link]
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Pollock,[Link]:[Link]:
Manohar,2010,pp.143184.
'FuturePhilology?TheFateofaSoftScienceinaHardWorld.'InJamesChandlerandArnoldDavidson,
[Link].SpecialnumberofCriticalInquiryvolume35,number4(Summer2009):
931961.
'TheRealClassicalLanguagesDebate([Link]
anguagesdebate/[Link]).'TheHindu,27November2008.
'TowardsaPoliticalPhilology:[Link].'EconomicandPoliticalWeekly([Link]
CentenaryVolume),July26,2008,pp.5259.
'TheDeathofSanskrit([Link]
fromPage=online&aid=80241).'ComparativeStudiesinSocietyandHistory,Volume43,Issue02,April
2001,pp.392426.
'DeepOrientalism?'In:OrientalismandthePostcolonialPredicament,[Link]
derVeer,eds(Philadelphia,1993).
'RamayanaandPoliticalImaginationinIndia'.TheJournalofAsianStudies52.2(1993):261297.
Awards
[Link]'s
PadmaSriin2010.[52]
Students
AmonghisformerstudentsaremanyleadingIndologistsandscholarsofIndianintellectualhistorysuchasDan
Arnold,YigalBronner,AllisonBusch,WhitneyCox,[Link],[Link],AndrewJ.
Nicholson,[Link],ArshiaSattarandAnanyaVajpeyi.In2011,YigalBronner,WhitneyCox,and
LawrenceMcCreapublishedacollectionofessaysbyPollock'sstudentsandcolleagues,titledSouthAsianTextsin
History:CriticalEngagementswithSheldonPollock.
Seealso
WendyDoniger
AlfHiltebeitel
DavidDeanShulman
Notes
[Link]:[Pollock]"postulatesaninherent
affinitybetweenthehegemonicroleofSanskritin
traditionalIndia(aspropagatedbytheMmsakasand
others)andtheattitudesofitslatterdaystudentsamong
BritishcolonialistsorGermanNationalSocialists."[6]
[Link]
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[Link]:"Wemayunhesitatinglygrantthepremisethat
classicalculture,Sanskritforexample,offersatoneand
thesametimearecordofcivilizationandarecordof
barbarism,ofextraordinaryinequalityandothersocial
[Link]
discourse,however,therewillbecontestationoverhow
[Link],youdonottranscend
inequality,tothedegreeitisaconceptualcategory
takingsomeofitsforcefromtraditionaldiscourse,by
outlawingtheauthorsandburningthediscourses,or
indeedbytryingtoforgetthemyoutranscend
inequalitybymasteringandovermasteringthose
[Link]
simplygoaroundatraditiontoovercomeit,ifthatis
[Link]
[Link],I
believe,ispreciselywhatsomeofIndiasmost
disruptivethinkers,[Link],soughtto
do,thoughtheywerenotassuccessfulastheymight
havebeenhadtheyhadaccesstoallthetoolsofa
criticalphilologynecessarytothetask.[33]
[Link]:"Thehermeneuticsofsuspicionisa
phrasecoinedbyPaulRicoeurtocaptureacommon
spiritthatpervadesthewritingsofMarx,Freud,and
[Link],he
argued,thesethinkersjointlyconstituteaschoolof
[Link],theyshareacommitmentto
unmaskingtheliesandillusionsofconsciousness
theyarethearchitectsofadistinctivelymodernstyleof
interpretationthatcircumventsobviousorselfevident
meaningsinordertodrawoutlessvisibleandless
flatteringtruths(Ricoeur356).Ricoeurstermhas
sustainedanenergeticafterlifewithinreligiousstudies,
aswellasinphilosophy,intellectualhistory,andrelated
fields[.]"[37]
[Link]`132Indianacademicianscallforremovalof
SheldonPollockasgeneraleditorofMurthyClassical
Library'([Link]
icianscallforremovalofsheldonpollockasgenerale
ditorofmurthyclassicallibrary/)fortheoriginaltext
ofthepetition.
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Categories: Livingpeople Indianlinguists AmericanIndologists HarvardUniversityalumni
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RecipientsofthePadmaShri Sanskritscholars
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