AP CALCULUS AB
CHAPTER 4 NOTES
SECTION (4.1):
INTRODUCTION / ANTIDERIVATIVES
Definition of Antiderivative
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if
IN OTHER WORDS:
Another name for antiderivative is indefinite integral.
for all x in I.
The antiderivative (indefinite integral) of f is a function F whose derivative is equal to f.
Constant of Integration
Every function has a family of antiderivatives.
Also, dx means with respect to x. It tells you the variable in the function.
This family is represented by the constant of integration, c.
Basic Integration Rules and Properties
0
=
=
=
sin
+1
+
=
cos
= cos +
sec tan
= sec +
csc cot
= csc +
= sin +
sec
= tan +
csc
= cot +
Antidifferentiation Shortcut
To find the antiderivative of a term in a function,
add one to the exponent.
divide by the new exponent.
Initial Condition
In some instances, c (constant of integration) can be determined if an initial condition is given.
EXAMPLE:
In other words, you can use an initial condition to find a particular solution to a problem.
Solve the differential equation
Since you know
=3
subject to the initial condition
2 = 20, you can figure out what c is in the solution
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2 = 20.
=
+ .
AP CALCULUS AB
CHAPTER 4 NOTES
SECTIONS (4.2 4.3):
AREA AND RIEMANN SUMS
Rectangular Approximation
You can estimate the area under a curve using rectangular approximation.
Subintervals tell you how many rectangles to use. For example, if you are asked to partition the area into
five subintervals, you need to use five rectangles.
Each approximation can be an overestimate or underestimate.
LRAM: Left side of the rectangle touches the curve.
MRAM: Rectangle touches the curve at the midpoint of each subinterval.
RRAM: Right side of the rectangle touches the curve.
Definition of Area of a Region in a Plane
This definition applies when f is continuous and nonnegative on [a, b].
The area of the region bounded by the graph of f, the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b is
Area = lim
=1
where
Riemann Sums
When you hear the term Riemann Sum, it is safe to assume we are talking about rectangular
approximation.
The sums of RRAM, LRAM, and MRAM are all Riemann Sums.
The Definite Integral as the Area of a Region
Rectangular approximation gives you an estimate of area. Definite integrals give you exact area.
If a function is continuous and nonnegative on [a, b], then the area of the region bounded by f, the x-axis,
and the vertical lines x = a and x = b is given by
Area =
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Continuity Implies Integration
If f is continuous on [a, b],
If f is continuous and nonnegative on [a, b],
then f is integratable on [a, b].
then f is integratable on [a, b], and the definite integral can be used to find area.
Properties of Definite Integrals
where c is between a and b
Area: Displacement vs. Distance
Definite integrals can be negative.
There is a difference between distance and displacement, as shown below.
Area cannot be negative.
Displacement on [a, b]:
Distance on [a, b]:
EXAMPLE:
Refer to the graph of
|
A1
Displacement = A1 + A2 + A3
Distance = |A1 | + |A2 | + |A3 |
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A3
A2
AP CALCULUS AB
CHAPTER 4 NOTES
SECTION (4.4):
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If a function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and F is the antiderivative of f on the interval
[a, b], then
EXAMPLE:
Find the are under the graph of
+2
1
2
+2
+ 2 from x = 0 to x = 3.
| =
1
3
2
+2 3
1
0
2
+2 0
= 4.5 + 6 0 = 10.5
Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
If a function is continuous on [a, b], then there is a number c on [a, b] such that
where f(c) is called the average value of f on [a, b] and can also be written as
IN OTHER WORDS:
The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If a function f is continuous on an open interval containing a, then for every x on the interval
EXAMPLES:
+3
+5
+3
+5
=
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+5
AP CALCULUS AB
CHAPTER 4 NOTES
SECTION (4.5):
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
Antidifferentiation of a Composite Function
The role of u-substitution in integration is comparable to the role of the Chain Rule in differentiation.
Let g be a function whose range is an interval I, and let f be a function that is continuous on I. If g is
differentiable on its domain and F is an antiderivative of f on I, and if =
, then
and
IN OTHER WORDS:
1) Set u equal to the inside function.
2) Set du equal to the derivative of u, adding dx.
3) Rewrite the original integral in terms of u.
4) Find the resulting integral in terms of u.
5) Replace u with the inside function from part 1).
6) Check your answer by differentiating.
EXAMPLE:
Evaluate the definite integral
=2
1
2
+1
(Set du equal to the derivative of u, adding dx.)
+1
(Because there is a 2 in du, you have to multiply x by 2 inside the integral.
You then multiply the integral by 1/2 in order to not change its value.)
(Rewrite the original integral in terms of u.)
1 1
2 3
1
6
(Set u equal to the inside function.)
1
2
1
6
+1
(Find the resulting integral in terms of u.)
+
+1
(Simplify)
(Replace u with the inside function.)
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Definite Integrals
When u-substituting with definite integrals, it is often convenient to determine the limits of integration for
the variable u rather than to convert the antiderivative back to the variable x and evaluate the original
limits.
EXAMPLE:
Evaluate the definite integral
=2 1
Write the limits of integration in terms of u instead of x.
12 1 1=1
2 1
1
2
1
4
1
4
1 2
4 3
1 64
4 3
16
3
+1
2
(Solve for x so that you can take care of the leftover x in the
previous step.)
+1
2
+1
(Substitute).
(Factor out a 1/2. This makes arithmetic easier.)
(Simplify.)
+
+2
(Because there is a 2 in du, you have to multiply by 2 inside the
integral. You then multiply the integral by 1/2 in order to not change
its value.)
(Rewrite the original integral in terms of u.)
(Set du equal to the derivative of u, adding dx.)
52 5 1=9
1
2
(Set u equal to the inside function.)
=2
1
2
2 1
9
|
1
(Find the resulting integral in terms of u.)
(Simplify.)
(Simplify.)
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AP CALCULUS AB
CHAPTER 4 NOTES
SECTION (4.6):
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION / TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
The Trapezoidal Rule
sin
When u-substitution doesnt work (ex:
Let f be continuous on [a, b]. The Trapezoidal Rule for n subintervals is given by
), the best we can do it find a close approximation.
This is the justification for the Trapezoidal Rule.
+2
+2
+ + 2
Overall, the coefficients in the Trapezoidal Rule have the following pattern.
1
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