Module 1
WANs and Routers
Introduction to WANs
WANs make data connections across a broad
geographic area
Connect various company site
Operates at layers 1 & 2
Exchange data packets/frames between
router/switches and supported LANs
WAN Standards
WAN standards are defined and managed by
a number of recognized authorities, including
the following agencies:
International Telecommunication UnionTelecommunication Standardization Sector (ITUT) - formerly the Consultative Committee for
International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT)
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
WAN Devices
Routers offer many services, including internetworking
and WAN interface ports.
Switches in the WAN provide connectivity for voice,
data, and video communication.
Modems include interface voice-grade services, channel
service units/digital service units (CSU/DSUs) that
interface T1/E1 services, and Terminal Adapters/Network
Termination 1 (TA/NT1s) that interface Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) services.
Communication servers concentrate dial-in and dial-out
user communication.
WAN Encapsulation Methods
Used on synchronous serial lines
WAN Technologies
Router LANs and WANs
Introduction to routers in a WAN
Is a type of computer
It has a CPU, memory, a
system bus, and various
input/output interfaces.
Routers connect and allow
communication between
two networks and
determine the best path
Routers need the
Internetwork Operating
System software (IOS) to
run configuration files
Introduction to routers in a WAN
RAM, also called dynamic RAM
(DRAM), has the following
characteristics and
functions:
Stores routing tables
Holds ARP cache
Holds fast-switching cache
Performs packet buffering
(shared RAM)
Maintains packet-hold queues
Provides temporary memory
for the configuration file of
the router while the router is
powered on
Loses content when router is
powered down or restarted
Introduction to routers in a WAN
NVRAM has the
following
characteristics and
functions:
Provides storage for the
startup configuration file
Retains content when
router is powered down or
restarted
Introduction to routers in a WAN
Flash memory has the
following characteristics
and functions:
Holds the operating system
image (IOS)
Allows software to be
updated without removing
and replacing chips on the
processor
Retains content when router
is powered down or
restarted
Can store multiple versions
of IOS software
Is a type of electronically
erasable, programmable
ROM (EEPROM)
Introduction to routers in a WAN
Read-only memory (ROM)
has the following
characteristics and
functions:
Maintains instructions for
power-on self test
(POST) diagnostics
Stores bootstrap program
and basic operating
system software
Requires replacing
pluggable chips on the
motherboard for software
upgrades
Management port connections
The console port and the
auxiliary (AUX) port are
management ports
Non-network
Initial configuration
Asynchronous serial ports
Aux port is mainly used to
remotely configure using a
modem
Console port is the
recommended port for
initial configuration
Debugging
Password recovery
troubleshooting
Router internal components
External
Components
Allows for frame entry & exit
Motherboard or modules
Connects LANs & WANs
Lab 10-1.1 (2500s)
connecting console interfaces
Identify connectors
& components
Ethernet interfaces
(AUI) {E0 and/or
E1}
Serial interfaces
(S0 and/or S1}
RJ-45 to DB9
Male Adapter
{connect to
computer COM1
or COM2 port
Rollover Cable
Lab 10-1.2 (2500s)
Connecting Router LAN Interfaces
Identify Ethernet (FastEthernet) interfaces on
the router
What device is needed for the Ethernet port on
the Cisco 2500s router?
Identify cables and connect the router to a switch
What type of cable is needed?
Turn on and check
Connecting console interfaces
To connect the PC to a router:
Configure terminal emulation
software (HyperTerminal) on the
PC for:
The appropriate com port
9600 baud
8 data bits
No parity
1 stop bit
No flow control
Connect the RJ-45 connector of
the rollover cable to the router
console port.
Connect the other end of the
rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9
adapter.
Attach the female DB-9 adapter to
a PC.
Hyperterminal
LAB 10-3
Connecting WAN interfaces
Connect 2 routers using directly attached cables to simulate a WAN link
Identify serial interfaces
How many serial ports are available?
What cables are going to be used?
One router will be the service provider (provide the
clocking), What cable end will be used on that router?
Routers - Cisco 3660s
Routers - Cisco 7200 and 7500
Routers Cisco 12000s
Cisco 12000s