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History and Applications of Complex Numbers

Complex numbers were first conceived by Gerolamo Cardano to solve cubic equations. They allow any polynomial equation to have a solution by forming an algebraically closed field. A complex number consists of a real part and imaginary part in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i satisfies i^2 = -1. Quaternions extend complex numbers and provide a convenient way to represent 3D rotations, making it easier for computers to smoothly interpolate rotations. Many video games use quaternion rotations to animate camera movements and prevent jerky motion. Fractals are patterns that repeat at every scale and are produced using iterative mathematical functions, allowing complex numbers to generate beautiful artistic designs.

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Majid Mehmood
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38 views8 pages

History and Applications of Complex Numbers

Complex numbers were first conceived by Gerolamo Cardano to solve cubic equations. They allow any polynomial equation to have a solution by forming an algebraically closed field. A complex number consists of a real part and imaginary part in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i satisfies i^2 = -1. Quaternions extend complex numbers and provide a convenient way to represent 3D rotations, making it easier for computers to smoothly interpolate rotations. Many video games use quaternion rotations to animate camera movements and prevent jerky motion. Fractals are patterns that repeat at every scale and are produced using iterative mathematical functions, allowing complex numbers to generate beautiful artistic designs.

Uploaded by

Majid Mehmood
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as ODP, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Complex

numbers and Its


application

HISTORY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:


Complex numbers were first conceived and defined by the Italian
mathematician Gerolamo Cardano, who called them "fictitious", during
his attempts to find solutions to cubic equations. This ultimately led to
the fundamental theorem of algebra, which shows that with complex
numbers, a solution exists to every polynomial equation of degree one
or higher. Complex numbers thus form an algebraically closed field,
where any polynomial equation has a root.
The rules for addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex
numbers were developed by the Italian mathematician Rafael Bombelli.
A more abstract formalism for the complex numbers was further
developed by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.

A complex number is a number


that can be expressed in the
form a + bi, where a and b are
real numbers and i is the
imaginary unit, that satisfies
the equation x2 = 1, that is,
i2 = 1. In this expression, a is
the real part and b is the
imaginary part of the complex
number.

Complex numbers are


beautiful, because they
encode geometric
information through
algebra.

Quaternion
In mathematics, the
quaternions are a number
system that extends the
complex numbers
Quaternions provide a very
convenient way of representing
rotations of three-dimensional space.
Even more importantly, when
rotations are represented with
quaternions (as opposed to Euler
angles), it becomes much easier to
smoothly interpolate one rotation to
another, which is something
computers need to do repeatedly

Video Games and Quaternion


Many game programmers have already discovered the wonderful world of
quaternions and have started to use them extensively. Several third-person
games, including both TOMB RAIDER titles, use quaternion rotations to
animate all of their camera movements. Every third-person game has a
virtual camera placed at some distance behind or to the side of the player's
character. Because this camera goes through different motions (that is,
through arcs of a different lengths) than the character, camera motion can
appear unnatural and too "jerky" for the player to follow the [Link]
This Quat
is
{
one area where quaternions come to rescue.

};

float
float
float
float

x;
y;
z;
w;

"The shortest
route between
two truths in the
real domain
passes through
the complex
domain."

Fractal

A fractal is a natural phenomenon or a


mathematical set that exhibits a
repeating graphical pattern that
With computers, we can generate
displays at every scale.

beautiful art from complex numbers.

These designs are called


fractals.

Fractals are produced using an throughthis

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