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Nuremberg Code: 10 Ethical Principles

The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation established after World War II. It was developed as a result of the "Doctors' Trial" against Nazi doctors who conducted experiments on concentration camp prisoners without their consent. The 10 principles outlined in the Nuremberg Code include requiring voluntary informed consent, that experiments yield positive results for society that cannot be obtained otherwise, and that risks to subjects be proportional to the expected benefits while protecting subjects' well-being and right to withdraw consent.

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313 views2 pages

Nuremberg Code: 10 Ethical Principles

The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation established after World War II. It was developed as a result of the "Doctors' Trial" against Nazi doctors who conducted experiments on concentration camp prisoners without their consent. The 10 principles outlined in the Nuremberg Code include requiring voluntary informed consent, that experiments yield positive results for society that cannot be obtained otherwise, and that risks to subjects be proportional to the expected benefits while protecting subjects' well-being and right to withdraw consent.

Uploaded by

Novia Hergiani
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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  • Introduction
  • Nuremberg Code: Principles

Nuremberg Code

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


For the set of guidelines for determining what constitutes a war crime, see Nuremberg Principles.
For the denaturalization of German Jews, see Nuremberg Laws.
The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a
result of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials at the end of the Second World War.

Background
On August 20, 1947,[1] the judges delivered their verdict in the "Doctors' Trial" against Karl Brandt
and 22 others.[1] These trials focused on doctors involved in the human experiments in concentration
camps.[2] The suspects were involved in over 3,500,000 sterilizations of German citizens.[2] The
trials began on December 9, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany and were led exclusively by the United
States. Harry Truman approved these trials in January 1946.[3] Most of the suspects escaped
punishment for their crimes.[4] Several of the accused argued that their experiments differed little
from pre-war ones and that there was no law that differentiated between legal and illegal
experiments.
In May of the same year, Dr. Leo Alexander had submitted to the Counsel for War Crimes six points
defining legitimate medical research. The trial verdict adopted these points and added an extra four.
The ten points constituted the "Nuremberg Code". Although the legal force of the document was not
established and it was not incorporated directly into either the American or German law, the
Nuremberg Code and the related[5] Declaration of Helsinki are the basis for the Code of Federal
Regulations Title 45 Part 46,[6] which are the regulations issued by the United States Department of
Health and Human Services governing federally funded human subjects research in the United
States.
The Nuremberg code includes such principles as informed consent and absence of coercion;
properly formulated scientific experimentation; and beneficence towards experiment participants.

The ten points of the Nuremberg Code


These are:
1. Required is the voluntary, well-informed, understanding consent of the human subject in a
full legal capacity.
2. The experiment should aim at positive results for society that cannot be procured in some
other way.
3. It should be based on previous knowledge (like, an expectation derived from animal
experiments) that justifies the experiment.
4. The experiment should be set up in a way that avoids unnecessary physical and mental
suffering and injuries.

5. It should not be conducted when there is any reason to believe that it implies a risk of death
or disabling injury.
6. The risks of the experiment should be in proportion to (that is, not exceed) the expected
humanitarian benefits.
7. Preparations and facilities must be provided that adequately protect the subjects against the
experiments risks.
8. The staff who conduct or take part in the experiment must be fully trained and scientifically
qualified.
9. The human subjects must be free to immediately quit the experiment at any point when they
feel physically or mentally unable to go on.
10. Likewise, the medical staff must stop the experiment at any point when they observe that
continuation would be dangerous.

Nuremberg Code From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the set of guidelines for determining what constitutes a war crime,
5. It should not be conducted when there is any reason to believe that it implies a risk of death or disabling injury. 6. Th

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