Week One

ECE 2208B
Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation
January7,2016
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Outlines

Current
Voltage
Ideal DC Voltage Source
Ideal DC Current Source
Ideal Resistor
Power
Ohms Law
Electric Circuit Networks
Passive Sign Convention
Kirchhoffs Laws
Series & Parallel Resistances
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Current
Current i
The current results from the flow of electric
charge around the closed loop.
Electrons are electrically (negatively) charged
particles and their flow in conductors such as
wires results in electric current. i
The current, , is equal to the amount of charge,
Q, passing through a cross-section per second
and it is expressed as
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Cont.

dQ
i=
dt
The unit of charge is the Coulomb. One Coulomb
is equivalent to 6.24 x 1018 electrons. The
unit for current is the ampere, A. One ampere
= 1 Coulomb/sec.1

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DC and AC Currents

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Cont.
Direct current (DC) circuits involve current
flowing in one direction. In alternating current
(AC) circuits, instead of a constant voltage
supplied by a battery, the voltage oscillates in
a sine wave pattern, varying with time as:
i(t)=I sin(t)

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Voltage
Volt v
For the electrons to move along a conductor
some amount of work is required.
The work required must be somehow supplied
by an electromotive force usually provided by
a battery or similar device.
This electromotive force is referred to as the
voltage or potential difference between two
points or across an element.
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Cont.
By representing an element with the block
diagram shown in the figure below, the
voltage across the element represents the
potential difference between terminals a and
b. Mathematically the voltage

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Cont.
Mathematically the voltage Vab is equal to:

dW
V =
dQ
The positive (+) and negative (-) signs define the polarity
of the voltage Vab . With this definition, Vab represents
the voltage at point a relative to point b. Equivalently
we may also say that the voltage at point a is Vab volts
higher than the voltage at point b.
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Always Remember!
The positive reference for
head of the arrow.

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is at the

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i/v curves
The two dynamical variables of electric circuits
are:

current & voltage

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Ideal DC voltage sources

The most common voltage source is a battery.
The voltage provided by a battery is constant
in time and it is called DC voltage. In its ideal
implementation the battery provides a specific
voltage at all times and for all loads

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Cont.
The common symbols for a battery is shown below:

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Ideal DC current sources

The current source is a device that can provide a
certain amount of current to a circuit.

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DC and AC voltages
DC Voltage VDC
The voltage is constant
as in the batteries.
AC Voltage v(t)
the voltage oscillates in a sine wave pattern, varying with
time as: v(t)=V sin(t)
In a household circuit, the frequency is 60 Hz. The angular
frequency is related to the frequency, f,
=2f
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Ideal resistor
Resistor R
An ideal resistor is a passive, linear, two-terminal device
whose resistance follows Ohms law

V = IR
which states that the voltage across an element is directly
proportional to the current flowing through the element.
The constant of proportionality is the resistance R provided
by the element. The resistance is measured in Ohms- and
its symbol is

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Ohms Law

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Power
Power P
When current flows through an element and voltage appears
across the element, energy is transferred. The rate of
energy transfer is p = vi.
The units for power are Joules/sec or Watts, W. (1 Joules/sec =
1 W)
dW
P =

= vi

dt
dW dQ
P =
= vi
dQ dt

the power dissipated in a resistor of resistance R is a

non-linear function of either i or v
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Cont.
The power rating of a resistor corresponds to
the maximum power that the device can
dissipate without adversely affecting its
operation. When the power rating is exceeded
the resistor overheats and it is destroyed by
burning up.
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Cont.
When current flows through an element and voltage
appears across the element, energy is
transferred. The rate of energy transfer is p = vi.

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A Simple Electric Circuit

Or simply

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Electric Circuits and Networks

By convention everything in a circuit is assumed to happen in the
elements of a circuit, the lines just show the interconnections

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Passive Sign Convention

The passive sign convention states that in components in which
the conventional current variable i is defined as entering the
device through the terminal which is positive as defined by
the voltage variable v,the power p and resistance r are given
by p=vi, passive components (loads) will have p > 0 and r > 0
In components in which the current i enters the device through
the negative voltage terminal, power and resistance are given
by p=-vi , active components (power sources) will have p < 0
and r < 0

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Examples
Calculate the power for the followings

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Solutions
For (a): Pa=va*ia=12V x2A=24W
For(b): Pb=-vb*ib=-(12V) x1A=-12W
For(c): Pc=vc*ic=12V x(-3A)=-36W

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Kirchhoffs Laws
Kirchhoffs laws known as:
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) and
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
They along with Ohms law present the
fundamental tools for circuit analysis

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Kirchhoffs Current Law

states that: The current flowing out of any node
in a circuit must be equal to the current
flowing into the node. It is expressed
mathematically as :
N

i
n =1

=0

where N is the number of branches that are

connected to the node
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Cont.
By adopting the sign convention that current
flowing into a node is positive (+) and current
flowing out of the node is negative (-),
application of KCL gives:

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Cont.
The definition of KCL may be extended to say
that the algebraic sum of currents flowing into
and out of a system must be zero.

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Cont.
When a current source is present on a certain
branch the current at that branch is equal to
the current of the source.
Application of KCL
at the indicated
node gives:
But the current i2 is forced by the current source
to be equal to I s
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Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law states that: The algebraic sum of
voltages around a closed loop is zero. It is expressed
mathematically as
N

v
n =1

=0

where N is the number of voltages in the loop. The

number of voltages is equal to the number of elements
encountered as we go around the loop.

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Cont.

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Cont.
The technique to write the mesh/loop equation
is to use the first encountered polarity for
each voltage .
Loop1:-va+vb+vc=0
Loop2:-vc-vd+ve=0
Loop3:va-vb+vd-ve=0
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Mesh
A mesh is a closed loop.
The sum of all voltage changes/drops around a
closed loop equals ZERO.
A mesh is any closed loop that contains no other
closed loop

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Example
Mesh
3

4
6

8
9

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Cont.
Mesh One:1 to 2 to 1
Mesh Two:8 to 4 to 6 to 7 to 8
Mesh Three:2 to 3 to 5 to 4 to 2
Mesh Four:2 to 9 to 8 to 2
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What to Know!
Each node can generate an equation
Each mesh can generate an equation
Each node has a voltage associated with it
Each mesh has current associated with it
N number of mesh gives n numbers of
equations
N number of node gives n number of
equations

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Remember!
Elements in series have same current.
Elements in parallel have the same voltage
Two elements are said to be connected in
series if they share one common node.
Two elements are connected in parallel if they
share two nodes
Any elements the is connected to one node is
not a part of a circuit
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Series and Parallel Resistance

In Series

In Parallel

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Cont.
R(total) in series =R1+R2+R3+R4
G(total)=1/R(total) in
parallel=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+1/R4

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Introduction to Circuits

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Examples (p.31)

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Mesh vs. Node Analysis

For mesh use KVL

For node use KCL

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Remember!!!!

Practice examples and

problems in Chapter 1
END

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