SIDE BAND SUPRESSION IN OFDM BASED ON ADJACENT
USERS USING AN ADAPTIVE WINDOWING TECHNIQUE
Abstract:
AS OFDM is an emerging technology in the current wireless communication
world. This project uses an energy detection algorithm for spectrum sensing
and based on presence of adjacent users we control our OFDM side lobes
power to avoid adjacent channel interference(ACI).We suppress the side
lobes using an adaptable windowing technique. While in the absence of other
users, we transmit our signal directly without any suppression.
Introduction:
Recently, a worldwide convergence has occurred for the use of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as an emerging technology for high data
rates. In particular, many wireless standards (Wi-Max, IEEE802.11a, LTE, DVB) have
adopted the OFDM technology as a mean to increase dramatically future wireless
communications. OFDM is a particular form of Multi-carrier transmission and is
suited for frequency selective channels and high data rates. This technique
transforms a frequency-selective wide-band channel into a group of non-selective
narrowband channels, which makes it robust against large delay spreads by
preserving orthogonality in the frequency domain. Moreover, the ingenious
introduction of cyclic redundancy at the transmitter reduces the complexity to only
FFT processing and one tap scalar equalization at the receiver.
An OFDM Signal :
OFDM Signal Generation- OFDM systems rely on orthogonal multi-carriers which are
optimally spaced to carry the data. The spectrum sensing for ODFM systems in blind
environment poses a greater challenge which relies on center frequency, carrier
spacing, and bandwidth estimations. Spectrum utilization techniques for ODFM
systems goes one step beyond other systems an utilize the null subcarriers
(subcarriers not utilized by primary user), technique known as spectrum spooling.
The QAM symbols generated are surpassed through the Inverse Fourier Transform
algorithm. The IFFT is necessary to compute the frequency response of the time
variant function. We incorporated IFFT for our input QAM symbols which give
frequency response in time domain typically giving OFDM sub carriers . The receiver
computes the Fourier transform of the received signal in order to get the desired
symbol period and energy levels. The nature of OFDM is that it can sustain the
changes caused by environment variables like fading, interference and attenuation
especially at higher frequencies.
OFDM Signals can cope up with severe inter symbol interferences (ISI) if the guard
bad interval is set with respect to the signal time period and sampling rate. As the
symbol stream is low-rate for OFDM signals, we can add guard bands to avoid any
ISI between corresponding parallel streams [9]. A guard band also eliminates the
needs of a pulse shaping filter. The cyclic prefix generators are normally used with
guard bands to identify the signal and sub-carrier boundaries at the receiver while
taking FFT [8, 9]. The cyclic prefix generator appends the end bits of OFDM signal in
guard bands and transmits along, thus providing a stream of end points along with
the actual signal, so that the receiver can detect the actual length of the symbols
received. OFDM signal in mathematical form:
Where T is the OFDM symbol duration, t s being the starting time of symbol, Ns is no.
of subcarriers & di is the complex symbol for QAM modulation. The signal generated
is corrupted by AWGN channel . Therefore with our assumptions the received signal
towards the receiver takes a very simple form of:
where x(t) is the signal to be detected and w(t)
Gaussian noise.
is the additive white
Spectrum sensing:
Spectrum sensing is the process of a cognitive radio sensing the channel and
determining if a primary user is present, detecting the spectrum holes. In this we
discuss about the techniques used in spectrum sensing. Three different signal
processing techniques that are used in the systems are matched filter, energy
detector and cyclostationary feature detection. Here we are using an energy
detection technique.
Energy Detection:
Energy detection (also denoted as non-coherent detection), is the signal
detection mechanism using an energy detector ( known as radiometer) to
specify the presence or absence of signal in the band.
The most often used approaches in the energy detection are based on the
Neyman-Pearson (NP) lemma. The NP lemma criterion increases the
probability of detection (Pd) for a given probability of false alarm (Pfa).
Energy Detector:
The input band pass filter selects the center frequency fs and bandwidth of
interest W. The filter is followed by a squaring device to measure the
received energy then the integrator determines the
observation interval, T. Finally the output of the integrator, Y is compared
with a threshold, to
decide whether adjacent user are present or not. The signal is detected by
comparing the output of
energy detector with threshold which depends on the noise floor.
Windowing Technique:
Expected results and discussions:
Conclusion:
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