CHAPTER I

PREFACE
A. Background of Experiment
Our body gets energy from three main classes of food: carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats. Protein is needed for our bodies, because protein serves as a
source of energy for our body. Protein is also plays a role in the synthesis of
hormones and enzymes formation and antibodi. Protein also needed for the
body in large quantities so that when we lack the protein will resulting in a
variety of diseases that are harmful to our bodies.
Protein is a major component in all living cells. Function primarily as
elements forming the cell structure, for example, in hair, wool, collagen,
connective tissue, cell membranes, and others. But it can also function as an
active protein, such as an enzyme, which acts as a catalyst as biochemical
processes in cells. Active proteins rather than enzymes are hormones, toxins,
antibodies, antigens, and others. (Tatang, 2015)
Protein term introduced in the 1830s by the Dutch chemist named Mulder,
which is one of the first to study the chemistry of proteins in a systematic way.
He appropriately blunt the central role of proteins in living systems by
lowering the name from the Greek "proteos", which means "first storey."
(Tatang, 2015)
Protein composed of a collection of amino acids that are connected to form
a linear sequence by peptide bonds between the amino group of one amino acid
with the carboxyl group of amino acids before. Amino acids are amphoteric
compounds, in this case the amino acid containing acid groups or basic groups.
Therefore, amino acids capable of carrying a net electrical charge, depending
on the nature of the solution. (Philip and Gregory, 2006)

Protein can be found in the foods we eat. Therefore it is necessary for the
protein experiment to prove elements in the protein, solubility of albumine,
biuret test, and ninhidrin test.
B. Stating Problem
1.

What elements are present in protein?

2.

How the solubility of albumin toward various of solvent?

3.

Is there peptide bond that forming protein?

4.

Is there amino acid in each experiment materials?

C. Aims of Experiment
1. Proving the elements that present in protein.
2. Proving the solubility of albumin toward various of solvent.
3. Proving there is peptide bond that forming protein.
4. Proving there is amino acid in each experiment materials.
D. Benefits

1. To increase the scientific development in the field of biochemistry,

especially protein material.

2. For college student, the results of experiment can be used as a reference for
protein material.
3. For readers, can be used as a reference for to do the experiment, especially
experiment of protein.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Proteins are macromolecules consisting of one or more polypeptides. Each
polypeptide consist of a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide (amide)
bonds. The exact amino acid sequence is determined by the gene coding for thats
specific polypeptide. When synthesized, a polypeptide chain folds up, assuming a
specific three dimensional shape (i.e. a specific conformantion), which is unique
to it. The conformation adopted is dependent upon the polypeptides amino acid
sequence, and this conformation is largely stabilized by multiple, weak
interactions. Any influence (e.g. certain chemicals and heat) that disrupts such
weak interaction results in disruption of the polypeptide native conformation, a
process termed denaturation. (Gary, 2002)
Protein is composed of amino acids that are connected to form a linear
sequence by peptide bonds between the amino group of one amino acid with the
carboxyl group of amino acids before. All amino acids found in proteins are the
amino acids, in this case the amino and carboxyl groups are both attached to a
carbon atom . R is one of more than 20 chemical groups or different side chains.
carbon atom is a chiral center is strong, and unless its R group is H, an amino
acid will show optical activity. All amino acids found in proteins belong to the
configuration L. (Philip and Gregory, 2006)

Picture 1. General structure for the amino acid (Source: Philip and Gregory, 2006)

Amino acids are organic compound that possess amino and carboxyl groups
and exhibit both acidic and basic properties. In nature 22 amino acids are found in
most of the proteins. Generally, these amino acids have amino grop on -carbon
atom. These amino acids are soluble in aqueous but slightly soluble or insoluble in
non-polar organic solvents. Their melting points are generally high (>200C). In
aqueous medium at neutral pH they exist as doubly charged ions called Zwitter
ions. Some amino acids have ionizable groups in the side chain R, which alter the
physicochemical properties of protein and make the protein hydrophobic. (Sharma
and Sangha, 2009)
Amino acid migration in an electric field depends upon predominant ionic form
of amino acid present in the electrophoretic buffer at specific pH. The pH at which
net charge on amino acid is zero and no migration takes place in an electic field is
called isoelectric point. This is referred as isoionic point for amino acids. Proteins
are high molecular weight nitrogen-containing organic compounds composed of
amino acids through peptide bonds. Proteins exist in diverse forms and perform a
wide array of vital function such as structural component of plasma membrane,
serum proteins, immunoglobulins, hormones, enzymes, and other regulatory
factors. Ptotein show several levels of structural organization: primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary. The specific structural organization is a must for the
protein functions. (Sharma and Sangha, 2009)
The presence of proteinous substances in biological materials can be revealed
by colour or qualitative reactions (tests) for their structural components and
functional groups. All qualitative reaction used for protein and peptide
identification can be studied in three types: (Sharma and Sangha, 2009)
1. Reactions for peptide group
It is a characteristic of polypeptide chain. These reactions are specific or
proteins and peptides.
2. Reactions for terminal groups
The terminal -amino and -carboxyl groups and free amino acids five these
tests.

3. Reactions dor side chain radicals

The side-chain radicals and amino acid group constitutive of polypeptides
give these reactions. Free -amino acids and other compounds containing a
corresponding functional group also give these reactions.
Proving The Elements that Present in Protein
This experiment proves the existence of N (nitrogen), C (carbon), O (oksigen)
and H (hidrogen) on the protein. The nitrogen can be evidenced by color change
and odor. The presence of carbon can be evidenced by the ash. And the presence
of oxygen and hydrogen can be evidenced by water vapor.
The Solubility of Albumine
Amino acids are soluble in water and not soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
such as esters, acetone, and chloroform. When the amino acid crystals dissolved in
water will occur nonpolar nature as the acid (proton donor) / base (proton
acceptor). Compounds with two properties are commonly known by the
amphoteric compound or amfibolik.
Solubility properties of the protein depends on the type of protein. In addition
to the types and kinds of suitable solvents also play a role. For example, albumin
is soluble in water, acids, bases, and aqueous salt solution, can be coagulated by
heat and can be precipitated by a saturated salt (Ammonium Sulfate), for example
serum albumin, lactalbumin (milk) and ovalbumin (the eggs).
The solubility of albumins is related to their high total electric charge, with
corresponding strong hydrophilicity and attractiveness for water molecules. Near
neutrality, albumins are extremely soluble in water or dilute salt solution; 35%
(w/v) solutions are marketed, and 50% solution can be prepared (Theodore, 1996)

Biurets Test
Cupric ion in an alkaline medium forms a violet colored complex with peptide
bond nitrogens of peptides and proteins. The reaction is so named since biuret
(

formed by condensation of two molecules of urea, when

heated at 180C, also answer this test. The minimum requirement for a positive
test is the presence of 2 peptide bonds in the molecule. (Ranjna, 2014)

The reaction of Biurets Test (Source: Nigam, 2008)

Ninhydrints Test

The reaction of Ninhydrins Test (Source: Nigam, 2008)

In the pH range of 4-8, all -amino acids react with a powerful oxidizing agent,
ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate), to give a purple colored product

(diketohydrin) termed Ruhemanns purple. All primary amines and ammonia also
react similarly, but without the liberation of carbon dioxide. The imino acids
proline and hydroxyproline also react with ninhydrin, but they give a yellow
colored complex instead of a purple one. Besides amino acids, other complex
structure such as peptides, peptones, and proteins also react positively when
subjected to the ninhydrin reaction. As this reaction is very sensitive it may be
used to detect amino acids in chromatograms and even to determine them
qualitatively in fractions obtained after column chromatopraphy. (Nigam, 2008)

CHAPTER III
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
A. Tools and Materials
1. Proving The Elements that Present in Protein
Tools :
Materials
Reaction tube
Albumin 100%
Pippete drops
Shrimp solution
Reaction tubes rack
Milk solution
Measure glass
Solid NaOH
Burner methylated
Aquadest
Red and blue litmus
2.

3.

4.

The solubility of Albumin

Tools :
Reaction tube
Pippete drops
Reaction tubes rack
Measure glass
Vortex

Materials
2% Albumin solution
0,2% NaOH
0,2% NaCO3
0,2% HCl solution
Aquadest

Biurets Test
Tools :
Reaction tube
Pippete drops
Reaction tubes rack
Measure glass
Vortex

Materials
Albumin 100%
Shrimp solution
Milk solution
10% NaOH
CuSO4 0,01 M

Ninhydrin Test
Tools :
Reaction tube
Pippete drops
Reaction tubes rack
Measure glass
Burner methylated

Materials
Arginin
0,1% Ninhidrin solution
Albumin 100%
Shrimp solution
Milk solution

B. Procedure
1. Proving The Elements that Present in Protein
1) Put a few albumin solution into dry reaction tube, then heat it it on the
burner methylated. Observe all of the change (smell, color, water vapor)

2) Put a few albumin solution into dry reaction tube, add solid NaOH (two
times of amount of albumin solution), then heat it on the burner
methylated. Observe the smell
2. The solubility of Albumin
1) Prepare 4 reaction tube, drop 1 ml 2% albumin solution in each reaction
tube
2) Then drops (1 ml aquadest for first tube), (1 ml 0,2% NaOH solution for
second tube), (1 ml 0,2% HCl solution for third tube), and (1 ml 0,2%
NaCO3 for fourth tube)
3) Stir the reaction tube with vortex about 1-2 minutes, then let it a minute.
Observe the alteration
3. Biurets Test
1) Prepare 3 kind of protein solution (white egg solution, milk solution,
shrimp solution)
2) Put each protein solution into reaction tube. Each tube is 3 ml
3) Added 1 ml 10% NaOH into each reaction tube which contain every kind
protein solution
4) Stir it with vortex until the solution are homogen
5) Add 3 drops CuSO4 0,01 M, then mix it. If there are not forming color
add again 1-2 drops of CuSO4
6) Observer the color change
4. Ninhydrin Test
1) Prepare 4 kind of protein solution (arginin, milk solution, shrimp solution,
and white egg solution)
2) Put each protein solution into reaction tube. Each tube is 1 ml
3) Added 5 drops of 0,1% ninhidrin solution into each reaction tube
4) Heat until boiled, then let it cool
5) Observe the color change

C. Work flow
1. Proving The Elements that Present in Protein
Albumin solution
- put into dry reaction tube
- heat it on the burner methylated
- observe all of the change (smell,
color, water vapor)

Albumin solution
- put into dry reaction tube
- add NaOH (two times of amount
of albumin solution)
- heat it on the burner methylated
- observe the smell

Smell = Stinky (+++)

Color = White
Water vapor (+++)
Carbons color = Blackish brown
(+++)
pH = Basic
Phase = Solid

Smell = Stinky (++)

Color = Orange (++)
Water vapor (+)
Carbons = pH = Basic

Milk solution
- put into dry reaction tube
- add NaOH (two times of amount
of albumin solution)
- heat it on the burner methylated
- observe the smell

Shrimp solution
- put into dry reaction tube
- add NaOH (two times of amount
of albumin solution)
- heat it on the burner methylated
- observe the smell

Smell = Hair burned

Color = Orange (+++)
Water vapor (+)
Carbons = pH = Basic

Smell = Stinky (++++)

Color = Orange (+)
Water vapor (+)
Carbons = pH = Basic

2. The solubility of Albumin

1 ml 2% albumin solution

1 ml 2% albumin solution

- put into reaction tube

- add 1 ml aquadest
- stir the reaction tube with vortex
about 1-2 minutes
- let it a minute, observe the
alteration

- put into reaction tube

- add 1 ml 0,2% NaOH
- stir the reaction tube with vortex
about 1-2 minutes
- let it a minute, observe the
alteration

Colorless (++++)

Colorless (+++)

10

1 ml 2% albumin solution

1 ml 2% albumin solution

- put into reaction tube

- add 1 ml 0,2% HCl
- stir the reaction tube with vortex
about 1-2 minutes
- let it a minute, observe the
alteration

- put into reaction tube

- add 1 ml 0,2% NaCO3
- stir the reaction tube with vortex
about 1-2 minutes
- let it a minute, observe the
alteration

Turbid (++)

Colorless (++)

3. Biurets Test
3 ml Albumin 100%
- put into reaction tube
- add 1 ml 10% NaOH solution
- stir it with vortex until the solution
are homogen
- add 3 drops CuSO4 0,01 M, then
mix it
- if there are not forming color add
again 1-2 drops of CuSO4
- observe the color change
Purple (+++)

3 ml Milk Solution
- put into reaction tube
- add 1 ml 10% NaOH solution
- stir it with vortex until the solution
are homogen
- add 3 drops CuSO4 0,01 M, then
mix it
- if there are not forming color add
again 1-2 drops of CuSO4
- observe the color change
Purple (++)

3 ml Shrimp Solution
- put into reaction tube
- add 1 ml 10% NaOH solution
- stir it with vortex until the solution
are homogen
- add 3 drops CuSO4 0,01 M, then
mix it
- if there are not forming color add
again 1-2 drops of CuSO4
- observe the color change
Purple (+)

11

4. Ninhydrin Test
1 ml of Arginin
- put into reaction tube
- add 5 drops of 0,1% ninhidrin
solution
- heat until boiled, then let it cool
- observe the color change
Purplish Blue
(+++++)
1 ml of Milk solution
- put into reaction tube
- add 5 drops of 0,1% ninhidrin
solution
- heat until boiled, then let it cool
- observe the color change
Purplish Blue
(+++)

1 ml of Albumin 100%
- put into reaction tube
- add 5 drops of 0,1% ninhidrin
solution
- heat until boiled, then let it cool
- observe the color change
Purplish Blue
(++++)
1 ml of Shrimp solution
- put into reaction tube
- add 5 drops of 0,1% ninhidrin
solution
- heat until boiled, then let it cool
- observe the color change
Purple (+++++)

12

CHAPTER IV
RESULT OF EXPERIMENT
A. Data of Experiment
Tabel 1. Observation Result of Proving The Elements that Present in
Protein
No

Procesure

Albumin

Albumin

Milk solution
NaOH

Shrimp solution
NaOH

+ NaOH

Observation Result
Before
After
Odor (++++)
Odor (+++)
Color = Pale yellow
Color = White
Phase = Liquid
Water vapor (+++)
Carbons color =
Blackish brown (+++)
pH = Basic
Phase = Solid
Odor (+)
Odor (++)
Color = Colorless
Color = Orange (++)
Water vapor (+)
Carbons = pH = Basic
Smell = Milks smell Smell = Hair burned
Color = White
Color = Orange (+++)
Water vapor (+)
Carbons = pH = Basic
Odor (++++)
Odor (++++)
Color = Brown
Color = Orange (+)
(++++)
Water vapor (+)
Shrimp + NaOH
Carbons = color = Brown (++) pH = Basic

13

Table 2. Observation Result of The solubility of Albumin

No

Procesure

Albumin 2% + Aquadest

Albumin 2% + NaOH
0,2%

Albumin 2% + HCl 0,2%

Albumin 2% +
0,2%

Observation Result
Before
After
Color Solution:
Color Solution:
Albumin = Turbid
Colorless (++++)
Aquadest = Colorless
Albumin + Aquadest =
Colorless (+++)
Color Solution:
Color Solution:
Albumin = Turbid
Colorless (+++)
NaOH = Colorless
Albumin + NaOH =
Colorless (++)
Color Solution:
Color Solution:
Albumin = Turbid
Turbid (++)
HCl = Colorless
Albumin + HCl =
Turbid (+)
Color Solution:
Color Solution:
Albumin = Turbid
Colorless (++)
= Colorless
Albumin +
=
Colorless (+)

Tabel 3. Observation Result of Biurets Test

No

Procesure

100% Albumin + 10%

NaOH +
0,01 M

Milk solution + 10%

NaOH +
0,01 M

Observation Result
Before
After
Color Solution:
After +
0,01
Albumin = Pale yellow M Color Solution:
(+)
Purple (+++)
NaOH = Colorless
Albumin + NaOH =
Yellow (+)
= Light Blue
Color Solution:
After +
0,01
Milk solution = White
M Color Solution:
(+)
Purple (++)
NaOH = Colorless

14

Shrimp solution + 10%

NaOH +
0,01 M

Milk solution + NaOH

= White (+)
= Light Blue
Color Solution:
Shrimp solution = Pale
orange (+)
NaOH = Colorless
Shrimp solution +
NaOH = Pale orange
(+)
= Light Blue

After +
0,01
M Color Solution:
Purple (+)

Tabel 4. Observation Result of Ninhydrin Test

No

Procesure

1 ml of Arginin + 5 drops
0,1% Ninhydrin solution

1 ml of 100% Albumin + 5
drops 0,1% Ninhydrin
solution

1 ml of Milk solution + 5
drops 0,1% Ninhydrin
solution

1 ml of Shrimp solution +
5 drops 0,1% Ninhydrin
solution

Observation Result
Before
After
Color Solution:
Color Solution:
Arginin = Colorless
Purplish Blue
Ninhydrin = Yellow (+)
(+++++)
Arginin + Ninhydrin =
Colorless
Color Solution:
Color Solution:
Albumin = Yellow
Purplish Blue
(+++)
(++++)
Ninhydrin = Yellow (+)
Albumin + Ninhydrin =
Yellow (++)
Color Solution:
Color Solution:
Milk solution = White
Purplish Blue
(+++)
(+++)
Ninhydrin = Yellow (+)
Milk solution +
Ninhydrin = White (++)
Color Solution:
Color Solution:
Shrimp solution =
Purple (+++++)
Brownish orange (+++)
Ninhydrin = Yellow (+)
Shrimp solution +
Ninhydrin = Brownish
orange (++)

15

B. Data Analyzing
1. Proving The Elements that Present in Protein
In this test there are three experiment materials, there are Albumin, Milk
solution and Shrimp solution. There are two different treatment for Albumin
as experiment materials.
First. Albumin solution heated, show the alterations, there are odor (+++),
the solution color is white, there are water vapor (+++), the carbons color is
blackish brown (+++), showed the pH is basic, and the phase is solid.
Second. Albumin solution added NaOH and then heated, show the
alterations, there are odor (++), the solution color is orange (++), there are
water vapor (+), the are no carbon and showed the pH is basic.
Third. Milk solution added NaOH and then heated, show the alterations,
there are the smell is hair burned, the solution color is orange (+++), there
are water vapor (+), the are no carbon and showed the pH is basic.
Fourth. Shrimp solution added NaOH and then heated, show the
alterations, there are odor (++++), the solution color is orange (+), there are
water vapor (+), the are no carbon and showed the pH is basic.
This experiment showed the existence of N (nitrogen), C (carbon), O
(oksigen) and H (hidrogen) on the protein. The nitrogen can be evidenced
by color change and odor. The presence of carbon can be evidenced by the
ash. And the presence of oxygen and hydrogen can be evidenced by water
vapor. The result of experiment that Albumin, Milk and Shrimp are
containing protein because there are N (nitrogen), C (carbon), O (oksigen)
and H (hidrogen) on their solution. But Carbon does not appear in
experiments 2, 3 and 4 because the experiment was added NaOH which
inhibits the formation of ashes.

16

2. The solubility of Albumin

In this experiment there are four different treatment for Albumin solution,
they are:
First. 1ml 2% Albumin solution added Aquadest and after stirring by
vortex the solution color is colorless (++++)
Second. 1ml 2% Albumin solution added 1ml 2% NaOH and after
stirring by vortex the solution color is colorless (+++)
Third. 1ml 2% Albumin solution added 1ml 2% HCl and after stirring by
vortex the solution color is turbid (++)
Fourth. 1ml 2% Albumin solution added 1ml 2% NaCO3 and after
stirring by vortex the solution color is colorless (++)
This experiment is showed that Albumin are soluble in aquadest, salt
(NaCO3), and base solution (NaOH). Albumin are insoluble in acid (HCl).
In theory, albumin are soluble in aquadest, salt, acid, and base. This is
because albumin in each egg contains proteins that are amphoteric which
can react with the acid and base. But in this experiment, albumin is
insoluble in HCl. This is due to the lack of precision and accuracy when
doing a practicum as an excess or deficiency in the dripping solution and
reactant. So it can be said that the nature of the protein solubility depends on
the type of protein and the type of solvent that is mixed with the protein.
3. Biurets Test
In this test there are three experiment materials, there are Albumin, Milk
solution and Shrimp solution with same treatment.
First. 3 ml Albumin solution added 1 ml 10% NaOH solution then stirred
with vortex, and added CuSO4 0,01 M, the solution color becomes to purple
(+++)

17

Second. 3 ml Milk solution added 1 ml 10% NaOH solution then stirred

with vortex, and added CuSO4 0,01 M, the solution color becomes to purple
(++)
Third. 3 ml Shrimp solution added 1 ml 10% NaOH solution then stirred
with vortex, and added CuSO4 0,01 M, the solution color becomes to purple
(+)
Alkaline copper suplhate reacts with peptide containing two or more
peptide bonds to give a violet coloured complex. The compound containing
two carboxyl groups linked through nitrogen or carbon atom also gives this
reaction. (Sharma and Sangha, 2009)
Based on this experiment showed that Albumin, Milk and Shrimp have
peptide bond on their solution. This is indicated by a color change to purple
in the solution. The intensity of different color indicates the amount of the
peptide bond which is different for each solution.
4. Ninhydrin Test
In this test there are four experiment materials, there are Arginin,
Albumin, Milk solution and Shrimp solution with same treatment.
First. 1 ml Arginin added 5 drops of 0,1% ninhidrin solution then boiled,
after the solution cool, solution color changes into purplish blue (+++++)
Second. 1 ml Albumin solution added 5 drops of 0,1% ninhidrin solution
then boiled, after the solution cool, solution color changes into purplish blue
(++++)
Third. 1 ml Milk solution added 5 drops of 0,1% ninhidrin solution then
boiled, after the solution cool, solution color changes into purplish blue
(+++)

18

Fourth. 1 ml Shrimp solution added 5 drops of 0,1% ninhidrin solution

then boiled, after the solution cool, solution color changes into purplish blue
(+++++)
Ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate) reacts with -amino acids at pH
between 4 and 8 to give purple coloured complex. (Sharma and Sangha,
2009)
Based on the theory and the experiment result showed that Arginine,
Albumin, Milk and Shrimp have amino acids in their solution. This is
indicated with the solution color becomes to purple. Arginine is one
example of an amino acid.
C. Discussion of Question
Proving The Elements that Present in Protein
1) Is there a color change on the test with litmus paper? Give your
opinion!
Yes, there is a color change on the test with litmus paper. Red litmus
becomes to blue/ purple because the pH of Albumin + NaOH is base. But
on the blue litmus still has blue color, the litmus paper not change.
2) When the litmus paper showing the color change that indicates what
elements? Reason?
There are base elements because red litmus becomes to blue, its indicate
that pH of the solution is base.

The solubility of Albumin

1) Why the characteristic of protein solution depending on the type of

protein as well as the type and kind of solvent?
Proteins are amphoteric which can react with the acid or alkaline solution.
Different protein solubility in water, acids, and bases. Some are soluble
and water but some are poorly soluble in water. Most of the protein when

19

dissolved in water to form a colloidal dispersion and can not be missed

either diffuse through a semipermeable membrane.
Biurets Test

1) Is the biuret test can be used to determine such protein hydrolysis

has been completed?
Yes, biuret test can be used to determine protein hydrolysis process,
because the purple color of the solution indicates a peptide bond, it
means a process of hydrolysis.
Ninhydrin Test

1) Why ninhydrin reagent can be used to determined the presence of

amino acid?
The ninhydrin test is answered by amino acids and proteins. The
formation of a complex called Rheumanns purple due to condensation of
two molecule of ninhydrin with one molecule of ammonia from amino
acid is responsible for the violet color. The -amino group is the reactive
group. (Ranjna, 2014)

20

CHAPTER V
ENCLOSURE
A. Summary

Elements that present in protein are N (nitrogen), C (carbon), O (oksigen)

and H (hidrogen). The nitrogen can be evidenced by color change and odor.
The presence of carbon can be evidenced by the ash. And the presence of
oxygen and hydrogen can be evidenced by water vapor.
Albumin are soluble in aquadest, salt (NaCO3), and base solution (NaOH).
Albumin are insoluble in acid (HCl). So it can be said that the nature of the
protein solubility depends on the type of protein and the type of solvent that
is mixed with the protein.
Albumin, Milk and Shrimp have peptide bond on their solution. This is
indicated by a color change to purple in the solution.
Arginine, Albumin, Milk and Shrimp have amino acids in their solution.

B. Suggestion
For college student and all residents anyone who using biochemistry lab in
biology departement must take care of materials/tools in biochemistry
laboratory. Like test tube, pippete, meassure glass, etc. After using
materials/tools must cleaned up and return materials/tools in the right place.

21

REFFERENCES
Julianto, Tatang S. 2015. Biokimia: Biomolekul dalam Prespektif Al-Quran.
Yogyakarta: Deepublish
Kuchel, Philip W. and Grefory B. Ralston. 2006. Schaums Easy Outlines
Biokimia. Jakarta: Erlangga
Walsh, Gary. 2002. Proteins: Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Chichester: John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Sharma, R.K and S.P.S Sangha. 2009. Basic Techniques in Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology. New Delhi: I.K. International Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Jr, Theodore Peters. 1996. All About Albumin Biochemistry, Genetics, and
Medical Applications. New York: Academic Press
Chawla, Ranjna. 2014. Practical Clinical Biochemistry: Methods and
Interpretations. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Nigam, Arti and Archana Ayyagari. 2008. Lab Manual in Biochemistry:
Immunology and Biotechnology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limited

22

APENDIX
1.

Proving The Elements that Present in Protein

PICTURE

EXPANATION

PICTURE

EXPANATION

Albumin heated

Milk solution +
thick NaOH
heated

Albumin solution +
thick NaOH
heated

Shrimp solution
heated

Milk solution
heated

Shrimp solution +
thick NaOH
heated

23

2.

The solubility of Albumin

PICTURE

3.

EXPANATION

PICTURE

EXPANATION

Albumin solution
2% + aquades

Albumin solution
2% + NaOH 0,2%

Albumin solution
2% + HCl 0,2%

Albumin solution
2% + NaCO3
0,2%

Biurets Test

PICTURE

EXPANATION

3 ml milk solution
+ 1 ml NaOH 10%
+ 9 drops of CuSO4
0,01M

PICTURE

EXPANATION

3 ml albumin
solution + 1 ml
NaOH 10% + 3
drops of CuSO4
0,01M

3 ml shrimp
solution + 1 ml
NaOH 10% + 10
drops of CuSO4
0,01M

24

4.

Ninhydrin Test

PICTURE

EXPANATION

PICTURE

EXPANATION

1 ml arginin
solution + 5 drops
of ninhydrin
solution + heated

1 ml milk
solution + 5
drops of
ninhydrin
solution + heated

1 ml albumin
solution + 5 drops
of ninhydrin
solution + heated

1 ml shrimp
solution + 5
drops of
ninhydrin
solution + heated

25