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Algebra,Algebra of Expressions
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 ; a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 2ab
2. (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 ; a2 + b2 = (a b)2 + 2ab
3. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b); a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 3ab(a + b)
5. (a b)3 = a3 b3 3ab(a b); a3 b3 = (a b)3 + 3ab(a b)
6. a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)
7. a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
8. a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 )
9. an bn = (a b)(an1 + an2 b + an3 b2 + + bn1 )
10. an = a.a.a . . . n times
11. am .an = am+n
am
12. n = amn if m > n
a
=1
if m = n
1
= nm if m < n; a R, a 6= 0
a
13. (am )n = amn = (an )m
14. (ab)n = an .bn
a n
an
15.
= n
b
b
16. a0 = 1 where a R, a 6= 0
1
1
17. an = n , an = n
a
a
18. ap/q = q ap
19. If am = an and a 6= 1, a 6= 0 then m = n
20. If an = bn where n 6= 0, then a = b
21. If x, y are quadratic surds and if a + x = y, then a = 0 and x = y
22. If x, y are quadratic surds and if a + x = b + y then a = b and x = y
23. If a, m, n are positive real numbers and a 6= 1, then loga mn
= loga m+loga n
m
24. If a, m, n are positive real numbers, a 6= 1, then loga
= loga m loga n
n
25. If a and m are positive real numbers, a 6= 1 then loga mn = n loga m
logk a
26. If a, b and k are positive real numbers, b 6= 1, k 6= 1, then logb a =
logk b
1
27. logb a =
where a, b are positive real numbers, a 6= 1, b 6= 1
loga b
28. if a, m, n are positive real numbers, a 6= 1 and if loga m = loga n, then
m=n
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29. if a + ib = 0
1, then a = b = 0
where i = 1, then a = x and b = y
where i =
30. if a + ib = x + iy,
31. The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 +bx+c = 0; a 6= 0 are
The solution set of the equation is
b2 4ac
2a
)
b + b
,
2a
2a
where = discriminant = b2 4ac
32. The roots are real and distinct if > 0.
33. The roots are real and coincident if = 0.
34. The roots are non-real if < 0.
35. If and are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 6= 0 then
b
coeff. of x
i) + =
=
a
coeff. of x2
c
constant term
ii) = =
a
coeff. of x2
36. The quadratic equation whose roots are and is (x )(x ) = 0
i.e. x2 ( + )x + = 0
i.e. x2 Sx + P = 0 where S =Sum of the roots and P =Product of the
roots.
37. For an arithmetic progression (A.P.) whose first term is (a) and the common
difference is (d).
i) nth term= tn = a + (n 1)d
ii) The sum of the first (n) terms = Sn =
where l =last term= a + (n 1)d.
n
n
(a + l) = {2a + (n 1)d}
2
2
38. For a geometric progression (G.P.) whose first term is (a) and common ratio
is (),
i) nth term= tn = a n1 .
ii) The sum of the first (n) terms:
Sn
a(1 n)
1
a( n 1)
=
1
= na
if < 1
if > 1
if = 1
39. For any sequence {tn }, Sn Sn1 = tn where Sn =Sum of the first (n)
terms.
n
P
n
40.
= 1 + 2 + 3 + + n = (n + 1).
2
=1
n
P 2
n
= 12 + 22 + 32 + + n2 = (n + 1)(2n + 1).
41.
6
=1
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42.
n
P
=1
3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + + n3 =
n2
(n + 1)2 .
4
43. n! = (1).(2).(3). . . . .(n 1).n.
44. n! = n(n 1)! = n(n 1)(n 2)! = . . . . .
45. 0! = 1.
46. (a + b)n = an + nan1 b +
bn , n > 1.
n(n 1) n2 2 n(n 1)(n 2) n3 3
a
b +
a
b ++
2!
3!
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