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MotorProtectionBasicExplanation

OVERLOADPROTECTION

Overcurrents
An overcurrent exists when the normal load current for a circuit is
exceeded. It can be in the form of an overload or short-circuit.

When applied to motor circuits an overload is any current, flowing

within the normal circuit path, that is higher than the motors normal
full load amperes (F.L.A.). A short-circuit is an overcurrent which

greatly exceeds the normal full load current of the circuit. Also, as
its name infers, a short-circuit leaves the normal current carrying
path of the circuit and takes a short cut around the load and

back to the power source. Motors can be damaged by both types

of currents.

Single-phasing, overworking and locked rotor conditions are

just a few of the situations that can be protected against with the

careful choice of protective devices. If left unprotected, motors will

continue to operate even under abnormal conditions. The excessive

current causes the motor to overheat, which in turn causes the

motor winding insulation to deteriorate and ultimately fail. Good

motor overload protection can greatly extend the useful life of a

motor. Because of a motors characteristics, many common overcurrent

devices actually offer limited or no protection.

Motor Starting Currents

When an AC motor is energized, a high inrush current occurs.

Typically, during the initial half cycle, the inrush current is often

higher than 20 times the normal full load current. After the first halfcycle
the motor begins to rotate and the starting current subsides

to 4 to 8 times the normal current for several seconds. As a motor

reaches running speed, the current subsides to its normal running

level. Typical motor starting characteristics are shown in Curve 1.

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Because of this inrush, motors require special overload protective

devices that can withstand the temporary overloads associated

with starting currents and yet protect the motor from sustained
overloads. There are four major types. Each offers varying
degrees of protection.
Fast Acting Fuses

To offer overload protection, a protective device, depending on its

application and the motors service factor (S.F.), should be sized at

115% or less of motor F.L.A. for 1.0 S.F. or 125% or less of motor

F.L.A. for 1.15 or greater S.F. However, as shown in Curve 2, when

fast-acting, non-time-delay fuses are sized to the recommended
level the motors inrush will cause nuisance openings.

A fast-acting, non-time-delay fuse sized at 300% will allow the

motor to start but sacrifices the overload protection of the motor.

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As shown by Curve 3 below, a sustained overload will damage the

motor before the fuse can open.

MCPS and Thermal Magnetic Breakers

Magnetic only breakers (MCPs) and thermal magnetic breakers

are also unsatisfactory for the protection of motors. Once again to

properly safeguard motors from overloads, these devices should
be sized at 115% or less of motor F.L.A. for 1.0 S.F. or 125% or

less of motor F.L.A. for 1.15 or greater S.F. When sized this close

to the F.L.A. the inrush causes these breakers to open needlessly.

Curve 4 shows an MCP opening from motor inrush and an

unaffected 15 amp thermal magnetic circuit breaker (the minimum

standard size).

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To allow the motor to start, the MCP must be sized at about 700-800% of the F.L.A. and the thermal

magnetic breaker must be sized at about 250% of F.L.A. Curve 5 clearly shows that breakers sized to
these levels are unable to protect motors against overloads.

Overload Relays
Overload relays, or heaters, installed in motor starters are usually
the melting alloy or bi-metallic type. When properly sized and

maintained, the relay can offer good overload protection. When

operating properly, overload relays allow the motor to start, but

when a sustained overload occurs the overload relays cause the
contacts to open (Curve 6).

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However, if the overload relays are oversized or if the contacts fail to open for any reason (i.e., welded
contacts), the motor is left unprotected. Also, overload relays cannot offer any protection for short-

circuits, and in fact must be protected by fuses or circuit breakers under short-circuit conditions Curve 7
.
.

DualElementFuses
The dual-element fuse is unaffected by the motor inrush current
(Curve 8), but opens before a sustained overload can reach the
motor damage curve (Curve 9).

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The NEC allows dual-element fuses to be used by themselves

for both overload and short-circuit protection, (see NEC sections

430.36, 430.37, 430.55, 430.57, & 430.90). Curve 9 shows that the
dual-element fuse offers excellent overload protection of motors.

Motor Overload Protection

Given a motor with 1.15 service factor or greater, size the FRN-R or

FRS-R fuse at 125% of the motor full load current or the next smaller
available fuse size. With a motor having a service factor of less than
1.15, size these same fuses at 115% of the motors F.L.A. or the
next smaller size.

Motor Backup Overload Protection

By using the following backup method of fusing, it is possible
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to have two levels of overload protection. Begin by sizing the overload

relays according to the manufacturers directions. Then, size

the fuse at 125%-130% or the next larger size. With this combination
you have the convenience of being able to quickly reset the

overload relay after solving a minor problem, while the fuses

remain unopened. However, if the overload relays are sized too

large, if the contacts fail to open for any reason or the heaters lose
calibration, the fuses will open before the motor damage curve is
reached.

Typically LPN-RK_SP, and LPS-RK_SP or FRN-R, and FRS-R

fuses have sufficient delay and thermal capacity to be sized for

motor backup overload protection.

Curve 10 below shows the backup protection available with

this method.

Motor Circuit Branch Circuit Protection

Is Resettability of Value?
Motor Circuits Choice of Overcurrent Protection
Motor circuits have unique characteristics and several functions,

such as short-circuit protection, overload protection and automatic/

remote start/stop, that may be required. Sometimes the comment
is made that users prefer circuit breakers because they can

be reset. Lets examine the choice of either circuit breakers or currentlimiting fuses for motor branch circuit protection.

In the case to be examined, fuses and circuit breakers

(includes magnetic only circuit breakers which are called MCPs or

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motor circuit protectors) are sized with the intent to provide only

short-circuit and ground fault protection for the motor branch circuit

protection per 430.52. Other means, such as overload relays, provide

the motor overload protection. Typical thermal magnetic circuit

breakers can only be sized for motor branch circuit protection (typically
200% - 250% of motor current) because if they are sized closer,

the motor starting current trips the circuit breakers instantaneous

mechanism. Magnetic only circuit breakers (MCPs) are

intentionally not provided with overload capability; they only operate

on short-circuit currents. There are some fuses such as the

FRS-R and LPS-RK fuses that can be sized close enough for motor
running overload protection or backup motor running protection.

But for the discussion in this section, assume current-limiting fuses

are sized only for motor short-circuit and ground fault protection.

It is important to note that in this protection level being discussed,

a circuit breaker or fuses should only open if there is a

fault on the motor circuit. A separate overload protective device,

such as an overload relays, provides motor overload protection
per 430.32. Here are some important considerations:

1. OSHA regulation 1910.334(b)(2)UseofEquipmentstates

Reclosingcircuitsafterprotectivedeviceoperation. After a circuit

is deenergized by a circuit protective device, the circuit

may not be manually reenergized until it has been determined

that the equipment and circuit can be safely energized. The

repetitive manual reclosing of circuit breakers or reenergizing

circuits through replaced fuses is prohibited. NOTE: When it

can be determined from the design of the circuit and the overcurrent
devices involved that the automatic operation of a

device was caused by an overload rather than a fault condition,

no examination of the circuit or connected equipment is needed

before the circuit is reenergized.

So the speed of reclosing a circuit breaker after a fault is not

an advantage. The law requires that if the condition is a fault (that

is the only reason the circuit breaker or fuses should open on a

motor circuit), then the fault must be corrected prior to replacing

fuses or resetting the circuit breaker.

2. The typical level of short-circuit protection for the motor starter

provided by circuit breakers and MCPs is referred to as Type 1.

This is because most circuit breakers are not current-limiting. So,

for a loadside fault, the starter may sustain significant damage

such as severe welding of contacts and rupturing of the heater elements.

Or the heater / overload relay system may lose calibration.

This is an acceptable level of performance per UL508, which is the

product standard for motor starters. Current-limiting fuses can be

selected that can provide Type 2 no damage short-circuit protection

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for motor starters.

Consequently, with circuit breaker protection, after a fault condition,

significant downtime and cost may be incurred in repairing or

replacing the starter. With properly selected fuses for Type 2 protection,
after the fault is repaired, only new fuses need to be inserted

in the circuit; the starter does not have to be repaired or replaced.

3. Circuit breakers must be periodically tested to verify they

mechanical operate and electrically tested to verify they still are

properly calibrated within specification. The circuit breaker manufacturers

recommend this. Typically circuit breakers should be

mechanically operated at least every year and electrically tested

every 1 to 5 years, depending on the service conditions. Modern

current-limiting fuses do not have to be maintained or electrically

tested to verify they still will operate as intended. The terminations

of both circuit breakers and fusible devices need to be periodically
checked and maintained to prevent thermal damage. Plus fuse

clips should be periodically inspected and if necessary maintained.

4. After a circuit breaker interrupts a fault, it may not be suitable for

further service. UL489, the product standard for molded case circuit

breakers, only requires a circuit breaker to interrupt two short-circuit

currents at its interrupting rating. Circuit breakers that are rated 100
amperes or less do not have to operate after only one short-circuit

operation under bus bar short-circuit conditions. If the fault current

is high, circuit breaker manufacturers recommend that a circuit

breaker should receive a thorough inspection with replacement, if

necessary. How does one know a circuit breakers service history or

what level of fault current that a circuit breaker interrupts?

With modern current-limiting fuses, if the fuse interrupts a fault,

new factory calibrated fuses are installed in the circuit. The original
level of superior short-circuit protection can be there for the life
of the motor circuit.

5. After a fault, the electrician has to walk back to the storeroom to

get new fuses; that is if spare fuses are not stored adjacent to the
equipment. This does require some additional down time.

However, if fuses opened under fault conditions, there is a fault

condition that must be remedied. The electrician probably will be

going back to the storeroom anyway for parts to repair the fault. If

properly selected current-limiting fuses are used in the original circuit,

the starter will not sustain any significant damage or loss of
overload calibration.

With circuit breaker protection on motor circuits, after a fault

condition, it may be necessary to repair or replace the starter, so a

trip to the storeroom may be necessary. And if the starter is not

significantly damaged, it may still need to be tested to insure the

let-through energy by the circuit breaker has not caused the loss
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of starter overload calibration. Also, the circuit breaker needs to be

evaluated for suitability before placing it back into service. Who is
qualified for that evaluation? How much time will that take?

In summary, reset ability is not an important feature for motor

branch circuit (short-circuit) protection and reset ability of the

branch circuit protective device is not a benefit for motor circuits.

As a matter of fact, reset ability of the motor branch circuit overcurrent

protective device may encourage an unsafe practice. The

function of motor branch circuit protection is fault protection: short-circuit

and ground fault protection. Faults do not occur on a regular

basis. But when a fault does occur, it is important to have the

very best protection. The best motor branch circuit protection can
be judged by (1) reliability - its ability to retain its calibration and

speed of operation over its lifetime, (2) current-limiting protection its ability to provide Type 2 no damage protection to the motor

starter, and (3) safety - its ability to meet a facilitys safety needs.
Modern current-limiting fuses are superior to circuit breakers for
motor branch circuit protection.

After a heavy fault on a motor branch circuit, you may need to

(1) replace the fuses or (2) reset the circuit breaker and replace the
starter (and maybe the circuit breaker, too).

Motor ProtectionVoltage Unbalance/SinglePhasing

From the above data, it can be seen that 44% of motor failure
problems are related to HEAT.

Allowing a motor to reach and operate at a temperature 10C

above its maximum temperature rating will reduce the motors

expected life by 50%. Operating at 10C above this, the motors

life will be reduced again by 50%. This reduction of the expected

life of the motor repeats itself for every 10C. This is sometimes
referred to as the half life rule.

Although there is no industry standard that defines the life of

an electric motor, it is generally considered to be 20 years.

The term, temperature rise, means that the heat produced in

the motor windings (copper losses), friction of the bearings, rotor

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and stator losses (core losses), will continue to increase until the

heat dissipation equals the heat being generated. For example, a

continuous duty, 40C rise motor will stabilize its temperature at
40C above ambient (surrounding) temperature.

Standard motors are designed so the temperature rise produced

within the motor, when delivering its rated horsepower, and

added to the industry standard 40C ambient temperature rating,

will not exceed the safe winding insulation temperature limit.

The term, Service Factor for an electric motor, is defined as:

a multiplier which, when applied to the rated horsepower, indicates

a permissible horsepower loading which may be carried

under the conditions specified for the Service Factor of the motor.
Conditions include such things as operating the motor at
rated voltage and rated frequency.

Example:A 10 H.P. motor with a 1.0 S.F. can produce 10

H.P. of work without exceeding its temperature rise requirements.

A 10 H.P. motor with a 1.15 S.F. can produce 11.5 H.P. of work
without exceeding its temperature rise requirements.

Overloads, with the resulting overcurrents, if allowed to continue,

will cause heat build-up within the motor. The outcome will

be the eventual early failure of the motors insulation. As stated

previously for all practical purposes, insulation life is cut in half for
every 10C increase over the motors rated temperature.

Voltage Unbalance
When the voltage between all three phases is equal (balanced),
current values will be the same in each phase winding.

The NEMA standard for electric motors and generators recommends

that the maximum voltage unbalance be limited to 1%.

When the voltages between the three phases (AB, BC, CA)

are not equal (unbalanced), the current increases dramatically in

the motor windings, and if allowed to continue, the motor will be

damaged.

It is possible, to a limited extent, to operate a motor when the

voltage between phases is unbalanced. To do this, the load must

be reduced.

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Some Causes of Unbalanced Voltage Conditions

Unequal single-phase loads. This is why many consulting

engineers specify that loading of panelboards be balanced to

10% between all three phases.
Open delta connections.

Transformer connections open - causing a single-phase

condition.

Tap settings on transformer(s) not proper.

Transformer impedances (Z) of single-phase transformers

connected into a bank not the same.

Power factor correction capacitors not the same. . .or off the
line.

Insulation Life
The effect of voltage unbalance on the insulation life of a typical Tframe
motor having Class B insulation, running in a 40C ambient,
loaded to 100%, is as follows:

Note that motors with a service factor of 1.0 do not have as

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much heat withstand capability as does a motor that has a service

factor of 1.15.

Older, larger U-frame motors, because of their ability to dissipate

heat, could withstand overload conditions for longer periods
of time than the newer, smaller T-frame motors.

Insulation Classes
The following shows the maximum operating temperatures for different
classes of insulation.
Class A Insulation 105C
Class B Insulation 130C
Class F Insulation 155C
Class H Insulation 180C

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The National Electrical Code

The National Electrical Code, in Table 430.37, requires three overload
protective devices, one in each phase, for the protection of all
three-phase motors.

Prior to the 1971 National Electrical Code, three-phase

motors were considered to be protected from overload (overcurrent)

by two overload protective devices. These devices could be

in the form of properly sized time-delay, dual-element fuses, or

overload heaters and relays (melting alloy type, bimetallic type,
magnetic type, and solid-state type.)

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Diagram showing two overload devices protecting a threephase motor.

This was acceptable by the National Electrical Code prior to 1971.

Two motor overload protective devices provide adequate protection

against balanced voltage overload conditions where the

voltage between phases is equal. When a balanced voltage overload

persists, the protective devices usually open simultaneously.

In some cases, one device opens, and shortly thereafter, the second
device opens. In either case, three-phase motors are protected
against balanced voltage overload conditions.

Three-phase motors protected by two overload protective

devices are not assured protection against the effect of single-phasing.

For example, when the electrical system is WYE/DELTA or

DELTA/WYE connected, all three phases on the secondary side of

the transformer bank will continue to carry current when a single-phasing

caused by an open phase on the primary side of the transformer
bank occurs. As will be seen later, single-phasing can be

considered to be the worstcaseof unbalanced voltage possible.

Diagram of a WYE/DELTA transformation with one primary phase open.

The motor is protected by two overload devices. Note that one phase to
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the motor is carrying two times that of the other two phases. Without an
overload device in the phase that is carrying two times the current in the
other two phases, the motor will burn out.
The National Electrical Code, Section 430.36 requires that

when fuses are used for motor overload protection, a fuse shall be
inserted in each phase. Where thermal overload devices, heaters,

etc. are used for motor overload protection, Table 430.37 requires

one be inserted in each phase. With these requirements, the number

of single-phasing motor burnouts are greatly reduced, and are

no longer a serious hazard to motor installations. The following figure

shows three overload protective devices protecting the three-phase
motor.

Since 1971, The National Electrical Code has required three overload

protective devices for the protection of threephase motors, one in each

phase.

Motor Branch Circuit, ShortCircuit and Ground Fault Protection

When sized according to NEC 430.52, a 3-pole common trip circuit
breaker or MCP can not protect against single-phasing damage.
It should be emphasized, the causes of single-phasing cannot
be eliminated. However, motors can be protected from the

damaging effects of single-phasing through the use of proper

overcurrent protection.

Dual-element, time-delay fuses can be sized at or close to the

motors nameplate full-load ampere rating without opening on normal

motor start-up. This would require sizing the fuses at 100-

125% of the motors full-load current rating. Since all motors are not
necessarily fully loaded, it is recommended that the actual current

draw of the motor be used instead of the nameplate rating. This is

possible for motors that have a fixed load, but not recommended
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where the motor load varies.*

Thus, when single-phasing occurs, FUSETRON FRS-R and

FRN-R and LOW-PEAK LPS-RK_SP and LPN-RK_SP dualelement,

time-delay fuses will sense the overcurrent situation and
respond accordingly to take the motor off the line.

For motor branch-circuit protection only, the following sizing

guidelines per 430.52 of the National Electrical Code are
allowed.

Normal Maximum

Dual-element, time- 175% 225%

delay fuses

Non-time-delay fuses 300% 400%

and all Class CC fuses

Inverse-time circuit 250% 400% for motors

breaker 100 amperes
or less.

300% for motors

more than

100 amperes.

Instantaneous only trip** 800% 1300%

circuit breakers

(sometimes referred to as MCPs.

These are motor circuit protectors,

not motor protectors.)

See NEC 430.52 for specifics and exceptions.

1100% for design E motors

1700% for design E motors & energy efficient design B motors

Note:Whensizedaccordingtotable430.52,noneoftheseovercurrent
devicescanprovidesinglephasingprotection.
SinglePhasing

The term singlephasing, means one of the phases is open. A

secondary single-phasing condition subjects an electric motor to

the worstpossiblecaseof voltage unbalance.

If a three-phase motor is running when the single-phase

condition occurs, it will attempt to deliver its full horsepower

enough to drive the load. The motor will continue to try to drive
the loaduntil the motor burns outor until the properly sized

overload elements and/or properly sized dual-element, time-delay

fuses take the motor off the line.

*When sizing to the actual running current of the motor is not practical, an
economic analysis can determine if the addition of one of the electronic
black boxes is financially justified. These electronic black boxes can
sense voltage and current unbalance, phase reversal, single-phasing, etc.
**Instantaneous only trip breakers are permitted to have time-delay. This could
result in more damaging let-through current during short-circuits.

For lightly loaded three-phase motors, say 70% of normal fullload

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amperes, the phase current will increase by the square root of

three (3) under secondary single-phase conditions. This will result

in a current draw of approximately 20% more than the nameplate
full load current. If the overloads are sized at 125% of the motor

nameplate, circulating currents can still damage the motor. That is

why it is recommended that motor overload protection be based

upon the actual running current of the motor under its given loading,
rather than the nameplate current rating.
SinglePhasing Causes Are Numerous

One fact is sure: Nothing can prevent or eliminate all types of singlephasing.

There are numerous causes of both primary and secondary

single-phasing. A device must sense and respond to the resulting

increase in current when the single-phasing condition

occursand do this in the proper length of time to save the motor

from damage.

The term single-phasing is the term used when one phase

of a three-phase system opens. This can occur on either the primary

side or secondary side of a distribution transformer. Threephase
motors, when not individually protected by three time-delay,

dual-element fuses, or three overload devices, are subject to damaging

overcurrents caused by primarysingle-phasing or secondary
single-phasing.

SinglePhasing on Transformer Secondary Typical Causes

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motor starter contactone pole open. The number of

contact kits sold each year confirms the fact that worn motor

starter contacts are the most common cause of single-phasing.

Wear and tear of the starter contacts can cause contacts

to burn open, or develop very high contact resistance, resulting

in single-phasing. This is most likely to occur on automatically
started equipment such as air conditioners, compressors,
fans, etc.
[Link]

open overload relay (heater) from a line-to-ground fault

on a 3 or 4 wire grounded system. This is more likely to occur

on smaller size motor starters that are protected by noncurrentlimiting overcurrent protective devices.
[Link]

switch or circuit breaker on the main, feeder, or

motor branch circuit.

[Link]

fuse or open pole in circuit breaker on main, feeder, or

motor branch circuit.

[Link] cable or bus on secondary of transformer terminals.

[Link] cable caused by overheated lug on secondary side connection

to service.

[Link] connection in wiring such as in motor junction box

(caused by vibration) or any pull box. Poor connections, particularly

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when aluminum conductors are not properly spliced to

copper conductors, or when aluminum conductors are inserted

into terminals and lugs suitable for use with copper conductors
or copper-clad conductors only.
[Link] winding in motor.

[Link] winding in one phase of transformer.

[Link] circuit in ANYphase ANYWHEREbetween the

secondary of the transformer and the motor.

Hazards of Secondary SinglePhasing for a ThreePhase Motor

When one phase of a secondary opens, the current to a motor in
the two remaining phases theoretically increases to 1.73 (173%)

times the normal current draw of the motor. The increase can be
as much as 2 times (200%) because of power factor changes.

Where the motor has a high inertia load, the current can approach

locked rotor values under single-phased conditions. Three properly

sized time-delay, dual-element fuses, and/or three properly

sized overload devices will sense and respond to this overcurrent.

SINGLEPHASING ON SECONDARY
NORMAL CONDITION SINGLEPHASING CONDITION
DeltaConnectedMotor
FLA=10Amperes

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(DeltaConnected Motor) Diagram showing the increase in current in the

two remaining phases after a singlephasing occurs on the secondary of
a transformer.
NORMAL CONDITION SINGLEPHASING CONDITION
WYEConnectedMotor
FLA=10Amperes

(WYEConnected Motor) Diagram showing the increase in current in the

two remaining phases after a singlephasing occurs on the secondary of
a transformer.

SINGLEPHASING ON SECONDARY
NORMAL CONDITION SINGLEPHASING CONDITION

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Deltaconnected threephase motor loaded to only 65% of its rated

horsepower. Normal FLA = 10 amperes. Overload (overcurrent) protection
should be based upon the motors actual current draw for the under loaded
situation for optimum protection. If load varies, overload protection is
difficult to achieve. Temperature sensors, phase failure relays and current
differential relays should be installed.
When a motor is single-phased, the current in the remaining

two phases increases to 173% of normal current. Normally the

overload relays will safely clear the motor from the power supply.
However, should the overload relays or controller fail to do so,

LOW-PEAK or FUSETRON time-delay, dual-element fuses, properly

sized to provide back-up overload protection, will clear the
motor from its power supply.

If the overload relays were sized at 12 amperes, based upon

the motor nameplate F.L.A. of 10 amperes, they would not see

the single-phasing. However, if they were sized at 8 amperes (6.5A

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x 1.25 = 8.13 amperes), they would see the single-phasing condition.

SinglePhasing on Transformer Primary Typical Causes

[Link] wire broken by:

a. Storm wind

b. Ice sleet hail

c. Lightning

d. Vehicle or airplane striking pole or high-line

e. Falling trees or tree limbs
f. Construction mishaps

[Link] wire burned off from short-circuit created by birds or

animals.

[Link] contacts on primary breaker or switch failure to

make up on all poles.

[Link] of 3-shot automatic re-closer to make up on all 3 poles.

[Link] pole on 3-phase automatic voltage tap changer.
[Link] winding in one phase of transformer.
[Link] fuse open.

Hazards of Primary SinglePhasing for a ThreePhase Motor

Probably the most damaging single-phase condition is when one

phase of the primary side of WYE/DELTA or DELTA/WYE transformer

is open. Usually these causes are not within the control of

the user who purchases electrical power. When primary single phasing
occurs, unbalanced voltages appear on the motor circuit,

causing excessive unbalanced currents. This was covered earlier

in this bulletin.

When primary single-phasing occurs, the motor current in one

secondary phase increases to 230% of normal current. Normally,

the overload relays will protect the motor. However, if for some reason
the overload relays or controller fail to function, the LOWPEAK
or FUSETRON dual-element fuses properly sized to

provide backup overload protection will clear the motor from the
power supply.

Effect of SinglePhasing on ThreePhase Motors

The effects of single-phasing on three-phase motors varies with

service conditions and motor thermal capacities. When single phased,

the motor temperature rise may not vary directly with the

motor current. When single-phased, the motor temperature rise

may increase at a rate greater than the increase in current. In

some cases, protective devices which sense only current may not

provide complete single-phasing protection. However, PRACTICAL

experience has demonstrated that motor running overload

devices properly sized and maintained can greatly reduce the

problems of single-phasing for the majority of motor installations. In

some instances, additional protective means may be necessary
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when a higher degree of single-phasing protection is required.

Generally, smaller horsepower rated motors have more thermal

capacity than larger horsepower rated motors and are more likely
to be protected by conventional motor running overload devices.

Click here to continue

Ted Smitty Smith 2001

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