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Conventional Drying Mechanisms Explained

This document discusses various drying techniques and mechanisms. It begins by defining drying as the removal of liquid from materials through transport and evaporation. It then describes the basic drying mechanism, which involves the transport of energy and liquid through pores to the meniscus where evaporation occurs. Various drying processes are outlined involving evaporation from external or internal surfaces. Low-temperature drying and freeze drying techniques are also summarized, with freeze drying explained as freezing the material and reducing pressure to allow water to sublime from the solid to gas phase below the triple point.

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Satriya Baskara Putra
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16 views17 pages

Conventional Drying Mechanisms Explained

This document discusses various drying techniques and mechanisms. It begins by defining drying as the removal of liquid from materials through transport and evaporation. It then describes the basic drying mechanism, which involves the transport of energy and liquid through pores to the meniscus where evaporation occurs. Various drying processes are outlined involving evaporation from external or internal surfaces. Low-temperature drying and freeze drying techniques are also summarized, with freeze drying explained as freezing the material and reducing pressure to allow water to sublime from the solid to gas phase below the triple point.

Uploaded by

Satriya Baskara Putra
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DRYING

D
RYING
(conventionalvs enhanced)

Solid LiquidSeparation
Solid
Liquid Separation

Drying
Drying
Dryingisremovalofliquidfrommaterialsbymeansofitsits
transportandevaporation.
Dryingisahighlyenergyintensiveprocess
Aneffectiveandefficientdryingprocesscansignificantly
p
decreasetotalproductioncosts

Drying Mechanism
DryingMechanism
Mechanism of drying:
Mechanismofdrying:
Transportofenergyintothewettedmaterial
Transportofliquidthroughporestothe
Transport of liquid through pores to the
meniscus
Evaporationatthemeniscus
Evaporation at the meniscus
Transportofvaporthroughpores
Transportofvaportosurroundings
Transport of vapor to surroundings

Drying Mechanism (2)


DryingMechanism(2)
TP
T,P
Po

Po :saturatedvaporpressure
T : absolute temperature
T:absolutetemperature
Vmol:molarvolume
r:meniscusradius

Rate of Evaporation
RateofEvaporation
Mass transport from wetted surface
Masstransportfromwettedsurface

kg :masstransportcoefficient
Po :saturatedvaporpressureattemperatureT
Pi:vaporpressureinbulk
p p

Heattransport
h:heattransportcoefficient
p
T:bulktemperature
Ts:temperatureatwettedsurface
:heatofevaporationattemperatureT

Dry and Wet Bulb Temperature


DryandWetBulbTemperature
Incaseofwaterevaporationandtheprocessis
In
case of water evaporation and the process is
adiabatic
flowingair

wet

dry
H:absolutehumidity
H
b l
h idi
Hs:absolutehumidityatsaturation

RelativeHumidityand
Ab l
AbsoluteHumidity
H idi
Absolute humidity H
Absolutehumidity,H
massofwater/massofdryair

Relativehumidity,RH

p:partialwaterpressure
ps :saturateswaterpressure=Po
P:totalpressure
p
Mw:molecularweightofwater
Ma:molecularweightofair

Psychrometric Chart
PsychrometricChart

Drying Process
DryingProcess

Drying Process (2)


DryingProcess(2)
A:evaporationfromwetexternalsurface,heatingrate>
p
,
g
evaporationrate
B:similartoA,butheatingrate=evaporationrate,liquidatthe
externalsurfacemaybereplenishedbyinterparticleliquid
t
l f
b
l i h db i t
ti l li id
tocauseshringkage
C:[Link]
p
q
p
g
oftransport<evaporationrate
D:evaporationfromsmallerporesandinterparticledistances.
Th
Theremainingliquidcanberemovedaboveboilingpointof
i i li id
b
d b
b ili
i
f
theliquidorlongexposureofheating

Drying Process (3)


DryingProcess(3)

Drying Process (4)


DryingProcess(4)

Moistureco
ontent

Low Temperature Drying


LowTemperatureDrying
wettedair

compressor

dryingchamber

valve

warmdryair
condensate

Freeze Drying
FreezeDrying
Also
Alsocalledlyophilization
called lyophilization orcryodesiccation
or cryodesiccation
Freezedryingworksbyfreezing thematerial
and then reducing the surrounding pressure
andthenreducingthesurroundingpressure
andaddingenoughheattoallowthefrozen
water in the material to sublime directlyfrom
waterinthematerialtosublime
directly from
thesolidphasetothegasphase.
Operatingconditionisbelowthetriplepoint
O
i
di i i b l
h i l
i

Freeze Drying (2)


FreezeDrying(2)
Waterphasediagram

1atm =760torr

Freeze Drying (3)


FreezeDrying(3)

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