TITLE: PLASTIC ANALYSIS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Beam is one of the important elements in building to support the load from the roof to
the super structure. Hence, ability of the beam to support the load plays the main role in the
process of design. This is important to ensure the safety of the building user. Usually beam is
assumed that no part of the beam should experience a stress greater than allowable for the
working material, but it can be found that a beam will withstand much larger forces before
collapse than simple elastic theory predict.
The plasticity spread inwards until an entire cross section of structure has yield point
as the stress increased further during the analysis. At this point, the steel attain its maximum
possible moment capacity which is called plastic moment, Mp. With the development of
hinge, the structure is able to carry more loads after first hinge has formed due to
redistribution.
In beam, the second plastic hinge will forms at the next most critical stage. The
bending moments at the section of two plastic hinges remain constant at their plastic
moments with further increase in stress and it keep increasing until the third plastic hinge
forms. The process of the formation of successive plastic hinges continues until collapse of
structure.
The result of plastic analysis is aimed to use to determine the collapse load or ultimate
load of a structure. This analysis is considered the behavior of structure in plastic limit before
the structure collapse.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the form factor
To determine the relationship of load deflection between a beam and the point of
plastic collapse
3.0 THEORY
The stress through a beam section varies with the distance from the neutral
axis when the beam is bent around the neutral axis and form the greatest at the
extreme fibers (y = maximum) to zero at the neutral axis (y = 0).
The stress will build up through the section to a maximum at the extreme
fibers if the beam is subjected to an increasing bending moment. It means that the
inner parts may still be behaving elastically and resisting load although the outer parts
of the beam may well have yielded and are behaving plastically.
The plastic portion will move further into the beam leaving a smaller elastic
core if the bending moment continues to increase. This condition is known as partially
plastic condition. As the plastic portion moves further toward the neutral axis, the
beam will continue to resist the bending moment although with an increasing rate of
deflection as shown in diagram below.
The
elastic
portion will eventually far enough into the beam and the beam will become fully plastic. A
plastic hinge will be form and any further bending moment is unable to be resisting as shown
below.
Form Factor is the ratio of the fully plastic bending to the just plastic moment.
The shape of the beam is the main factor that affects the form factor while size, material or
fixing condition is not effect on it.
For a cantilever beam
Yield stress , y =
4W L
equation 1
bd
For simply supported beam
Maximumbending moment , M p=
WL
equation2
4
Bending moment at yield of the extreme fibre , M y =
Experiment form factor=
Mp
My
y I
y
where the text book value is 1.5
4.0 APPARATUS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Digital Vernier calipers
Plastic analysis testing frame
Digital force display
Specimen beam
Digital reading display
5.0 PROCEDURE
1. The cross section of the specimen beam is taken and the second moment of area
for the specimen is calculated.
2. The clamp plates are removed are removed and the specimen beam is placed
across the chucks of the unit.
3. The roller mechanism is pushed outwards to its stop.
4. The pin is put through the load cell fork and the load cell is winded down until the
pin just touch the specimen beam, both the load cell and the indicator is zeroed.
5. The load cell is winded down to cause a measured deflection of 3mm and the
reading of the forced required is taken.
6. The load cell is winded down continuous in 3mm step until there is no or very
little increase in load for each increment of deflection.
7. The result is recorded in table.
6.0 RESULT
Deflection (mm)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
Table 1 : Result for experiment (Simply Supported Beam)
Given :
Dimension of specimen beam: 80mm 80mm 860mm ( b d l )
Length ( L ) : 750mm
8.0 CONCLUSION
Force (N
0
12
26
44
56
67
79
91
96
100
102
102
102
After doing this experiment, the relationship of load deflection to the plastic to the
plastic collect is able to be determine and the point of the beam of the beam may collapse can
be investigated. In a plastic analysis the assumption that can be made is the resulting of the
strain distribution is linear about the neutral axis and the resulting of stress distribution is
nonlinear and is dependent on the beams material.
The deflections is necessary to develop the stresses indicated in a plastic analysis are
generally excessive, frequently to the point of incompatibility with the function of the
structure. Large deflections and stiffness changes usually related with the plastic analysis,
particularly in statically indeterminate beams it can significantly change the internal load
distribution.
Through the experiment, the advantages of considering the extra strength when
designing the structures which are to determine the ultimate load or the collapse load can be
known. In additional, it can be provide additional safety for the structure at the same times
reduces the risk of failure due to the calculation error or additional load. It also increases the
stability of the structure and prevents the structure from being collapse.
From the result obtained, the conclusion that can be made is the experimental value is
quite different compare to theoretical value. This may be caused by the error during the
experiment is carried out.