Production drawing

Format of drawing sheet

Production drawings[1][2][3] (sometimes called working drawings) are complete sets of drawings that detail the manufacturing and assembly of products. They
are widely used as orthographic views of machine parts
and their assembly. Production drawings are 'drawn
(graphic) information prepared by the design team for
use by the construction or production team, the main
purpose of which is to dene the size, shape, location
and production of the building or component'. For instance, if the engineering drawings call for a screw to
be fastened to a specic torque, the production drawings
would typically describe the tool used to fasten the screw
and how it should be calibrated. The drawings may also
outline the most convenient order in which to assemble
components.[4]

Process sheet
Projection method
Limits, ts, and tolerances of size, form, and position
Production method
Indication of surface roughness and other heat treatments
Material specication and Shape such as Castings,
Forgings, Plates, Rounds, etc.

Material and component specics are commonly provided in the title block of a production drawing. The subassembly (or main assembly of a component) and where
the component will be assembled are usually shown. Production drawings mention the number of parts that are
required for making the assembled unit.

Conventions used to represent certain machine components

Inspection and Testing Methods

Specication of Standard Components

Engineering drawings are taken by production engineers
who decide how best to manufacture the products. Machine operators, production line workers and supervisors 3 Basic principles of dimensioning
all use production drawings. Design engineers also use
in production drawings
orthographic or pictorial views called working cases to
record their ideas. These sketches are used for both the
component and assembly drawings.
The basic principles of dimensioning in production drawings include the following:

Drawing set

The drawing module should dimension each feature

only once.

The three main sets of production drawings include the

following:

The drawing should show no more dimensions than

necessary.

Detail of each non-standard part on a drawing sheet,

usually one part per sheet

Place dimensions outside the drawing view as far as

possible.

Assembly drawing showing all parts on one sheet

Represent dimensions by visible outlines rather than

by hidden lines.

A Bill of materials (BOM), essentially of each part

Avoid dimensioning the center line, except when it

passes through the center hole.

Elements of production drawings

Avoid intersecting projection or dimension lines.

The basic elements of production drawings include:[5]

If the space for dimensioning is insucient, you

may reverse arrow heads and replace adjacent arrow
heads with dots.

Size and shape of component

1

4 DIMENSIONING TECHNIQUE

4.2 Limit system

There are three terms used in the limit system:
1. Tolerance: Deviation from a basic value is dened
as Tolerance. It can be obtained by taking the difference between the maximum and minimum permissible limits.
2. Limits: Two extreme permissible sizes between
which the actual size is contained are dened as limits.
Dimensioning technique

Dimensioning technique

3. Deviation: The algebraic dierence between a size

and its corresponding basic size. There are two types
of deviations: 1) Upper deviation 2) Lower deviation

The fundamental deviation is either the upper or lower

Any engineering drawing requires specications in terms deviation, depending on which is closer to the basic size.
of dimensions.[6] Dimensions are classied as the following:
4.2.1 Tolerances
Functional dimensions
Non-functional dimensions
Auxiliary dimensions

Upper Deviation

Max. Size

Lower Deviation

Min. Size

Fundamental Deviation
International
Tolerance Grade

Non-functional dimensions are required for manufacturing.

Auxiliary dimensions do not govern manufacturing or inspection of parts. They are arranged in the following
ways:
Chain dimensioning: This method can be used only
where the accumulation of tolerances does not aect
the functional requirements.
Parallel dimensioning: In this type of dimensioning,
a number of single dimension lines are drawn parallel to one another, spaced so as to accommodate the
dimensional values.

Basic Size
Lower Deviation
Upper Deviation

International
Tolerance Grade

Fundamental Deviation

Min. Size
Max. Size

Mechanical Tolerance Denitions

Running dimensioning: This type of dimensioning

is similar to parallel dimensioning; the only dier- Due to human errors, machine settings, etc., it is nearly
ence is that the dimensions are superimposed in one impossible to manufacture an absolute dimension as
line. In this case, the origin point should be marked. specied by the designer. Deviation in dimensions from
the basic value always arises. This deviation of dimen Coordinate dimensioning: The location of each hole sions from the basic value is known as Tolerance.[6]
and its size is given by specifying X and Y coordiThe gure shows mechanical tolerances which occur durnates from the dened origin and tabulating them.
ing operations.

4.1
[7]

Production drawing in limits, ts and 4.2.2 Fits

tolerance
The relation between two mating parts is called t. Depending upon the actual limits of the hole or shaft sizes,

4.4

Production drawing and process sheets

ts may be classied as clearance t, transition t and interference t.[8]

3
Surface waviness
Micro irregularities

Clearance t Clearance t is dened as a clearance be- Surface roughness can be evaluated with the height and
tween mating parts. In clearance t, there is always a pos- mean roughness index of micro-irregularities. Surface
roughness is dened by the following terms:
itive clearance between the hole and shaft.
Transition t Transition t may result in either an interference or clearance, depending upon the actual values
of the tolerance of individual parts.
Interference t Interference t is obtained if the difference between the hole and shaft sizes is negative before assembly. Interference t generally ranges from minimum to maximum interference. The two extreme cases
of interference are as follows:

Actual prole
Reference prole
Datum prole
Main prole
Mean roughness index
Surface roughness number, etc.

Surface roughness number: The surface roughness

number [R(a)] represents the average departure of the
Minimum interference The magnitude of the dier- surface from the projections over the sampling length,
ence (negative) between the maximum size of the hole which is expressed in micrometers. It is given by
and the minimum size of the shaft in an interference t R(a)={h1+h2+h3+.....+hn}/n. Surface roughness can be
measured using some of the following terms:
before assembly.
Maximum interference The magnitude of the dierence between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum size of the shaft in an interference or a transition
t before assembly.
Hole Basis and shaft basis system: In identifying limit
dimensions for the three classes of t, two systems are in
use:
1. Hole basis system: The size of the shaft is obtained
by subtracting the allowance from the basic size of
the hole. Tolerances are then applied to each part
separately. In this system, the lower deviation of the
hole is zero. The letter symbol indication for this is
'H'.
2. Shaft basis system: The upper deviation of the shaft
is zero, and the size of the hole is obtained by adding
the allowance to the basic size of the shaft. The letter
symbol indication is 'h'.

Surface gauge
Straight edge
Prolograph
Prolometer
Optical at, etc.

4.4 Production drawing and process sheets

y

negative Rsk

probability
density

bearing
area

positive Rsk

probability
density

bearing
area

roughness trace

amplitude
distribution

percentage
material
ratio

Surface roughness skew2

4.3

Production drawing in surface roughProduction drawing roughness skew is shown in the acness
companying gure.

The properties and performance of machine components

are aected by the degree of roughness of various surfaces; the higher the smoothness of the surface, the
greater the fatigue strength and corrosion resistance will
be.[9] Friction between mating parts is also reduced by a
smoother surface nish. The geometrical characteristics
of the surface, in relation to roughness, are as follows:
Macro-deviations

4.4.1 Process sheets

The production drawing of a component is usually accompanied by a sheet known as a process sheet, which
indicates the sequence of operations recommended for
manufacturing. It should list the machinery, tooling and
skills for each act or event. The process sheet should consist of the following:

8
Description of the job
Component number
Size and weight
Cycle time
Drawing number
Sequence number, etc.

4.4.2

An overall view of the various operations that are to

be performed for a job.
Assistance with layout of the plant during the product design.
Assistance in cost estimation, standard costs, production control and evaluation for productivity.
Information for methods study personnel, to optimize the production process.

Principles of production drawings

Production drawings are to be prepared on standard size

drawing sheets. The correct size of sheet and size of
object can be visualized from the understanding of not
the views of it but also from the various types of lines
used, dimensions, notes, scales, etc. These drawings must
be prepared to provide the correct information about the
drawings to all the people concerned. In India standards
are set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).

5.1

Drawing sheets

In production drawing standard size sheets are generally

used to save paper and facilitate convenient storage of
drawings. In specications of sheets their size, the size
of the title block and its position, the thickness of borders and frames etc., must be considered.
5.1.1

For the reference size (A4), with a surface area of 1 sq

meter, X=210mm and Y=297mm.
5.1.2 Title block
The title block, containing the identication of the drawing, should lie within the drawing space at the bottom
right hand corner. The direction of viewing of the title
block should correspond in general with that of the drawing. The block can have a maximum length of 170 mm.

Uses of process sheets

Process sheets provide:

EXTERNAL LINKS

Sheet size

The basic principles to be followed in the sizes of drawing

sheets are:
X:Y=1:1.414
X:Y=1, where X and Y are the sheet width and
length.

6 See also
Technical drawing
Engineering drawing

7 References
[1] K.L. Narayana. Production Drawing. New Age International. ISBN 81-224-0953-9.
[2] Bhatt, N.D. Machine Drawing. Charotar Publishing
House. ISBN 978-81-85594-95-8.
[3] Reddy, Venkata (2009). Production Drawing. New Age
International. ISBN 978-81-224-2288-7.
[4] Miller, John (1932). Production Drawings. Rice Institute.
[5] Narayana, K. Machine Drawing. ISBN 81-224-0953-9.
[6] Machine Drawing & Computer Graphics, Farazdak
Haideri, Nirali Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-8072-527-7
[7] Production Drawing, K.L. Narayana, New Age International Publishers. ISBN 81-224-0953-9
[8] Machine Drawing, P. Kannaiah, New Age International
Publishers. ISBN 978-81-224-1917-7
[9] Pohit, Goutam (2002). Machine Drawing with AutoCAD.
Pearson Education. ISBN 81-317-0677-X.

8 External links
Design Handbook: Engineering Drawing and
Sketching, by MIT OpenCourseWare
Manufacturing and Mechanical Drawing

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Production drawing Source: [Link] Contributors: Bearcat, Icairns, Rich

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9.2

Images

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