Engineering Electromagnetics
LECTURE 4: Current Density, Conductors
and Capacitance
Instructor: Sir Tim
Summer Term
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance
CURRENT AND CURRENT DENSITY
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Current
The term current refers to the rate at which
positive charges flow.
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Current Density
However for field theory, the amount of
current per unit area, referred to as the
current density is much more useful.
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Drift Velocity
Refers to the flow velocity the charge
experience due to applied electric field.
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
J and E Relationship
Drift velocity is a quantity influenced by the
strength of the electric field intensity, i.e.
Hence, the current density can be obtained
by:
=
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Resistance
Consider a conductor with uniform surface,
the current is
=
And electric potential
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Resistance
Getting the ratio of these two quantities, we
have:
=
=
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 1
Given the vector current density
J = 102za - 4cos2a mA/m2
a) Find the current density at P(3, 30o, 2)
b) Determine the current flowing outward
through a circular band = 3, 0< < 2,
2< z < 2.8.
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 2
A wire of diameter 1 mm and conductivity 5
x 107 S/m has 1029 free electrons/m3 when
an electric field 10 mV/m is applied.
Determine:
a) The charge density of free electrons
b) The current density
c) The current in the wire
d) The drift velocity
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 3
An AWG #12 copper conductor has an 80.8
mil diameter. A 50-foot length carries a
current of 20 A. Find the electric field
intensity E, drift velocity U, the voltage
drop, and the resistance for the 50 foot
length. (Cu = 5.8 x 107 S/m, Cu = 0.0032
m2/V-s)
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance
CURRENT CONTINUITY EQUATION
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Current Continuity Equation
The time rate of decrease of charge within a
given volume must be equal to the net
outward current flow through a closed
surface of the volume
= =
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 1
Current density is given in cylindrical
coordinates as J = 106z1.5az A/m2 in the
region 0 20 m; for 20m, J = 0.
a) Find the total current crossing the
surface z = 0.1 m in the az direction.
b) If the charge velocity is 2 106 m/s at z
= 0.1 m, find v there.
c) If the volume charge density at z = 0.15
m is 2000 C/m3, find the charge
velocity there.
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance
CONDUCTORS
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Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Conductors
A conductor is a material that has an
abundance of charge carriers (free electrons)
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Conductor Boundary Conditions
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 1
Given the potential,
= 100(2 2)
and a point P(2,1, 3) that is stipulated to
lie on a conductor-to-free-space boundary,
find V, E, D, and S at P.
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Method of Images
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 2
Find the surface charge density at P(2, 5, 0)
on the conducting plane z = 0 if there is a
line charge of 30 nC/m located at x = 0, z =
3
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance
CAPACITANCE
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Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Capacitance
Capacitance measures
the capability of energy
storage in electrical
devices
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Parallel Plate Capacitor
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 1
Calculate the capacitance of a parallel-plate
capacitor having a mica dielectric, r = 6, a
plate area of 10 in.2, and a separation of 0.01
in.
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 2
Find the relative permittivity of the
dielectric material present in a parallel-plate
capacitor if:
a) S = 0.12 m2, d = 80 m, V0 = 12 V, and
the capacitor contains 1 J of energy
b) the stored energy density is 100 J/m3,
V0 = 200 V, and d = 45 m
c) E = 200 kV/m and S = 20 C/m2
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 3
Two concentric spherical conducting shells are
separated by vacuum. The inner shell has total
charge +Q and outer radius ra and the outer shell
has charge Q and inner radius rb. Find the
capacitance of this spherical capacitor.
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 4
Show that for a coaxial cable transmission line
with length L, the distributed capacitance
(capacitance per unit length) is given by:
2
/ =
ln
where : rb and ra are the outer and inner radius
of the coaxial cable respectively
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance
CAPACITORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Capacitors in Series
QT Q1 Q2 Q3 ...
VT V1 V2 V3 ...
CT C C C ...
1
1
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
1
2
1
3
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Capacitors in Parallel
VT V1 V2 V3 ...
QT Q1 Q2 Q3 ...
CT C1 C2 C3 ...
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 1
For the combination of capacitances shown,
assume C1 = 12.0 F, C2 = 5.30 F, and C3
= 4.50 F. If V = 12.5 V, What is the
charge on C1?
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Problem 2
Derive an expression for the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor containing two
dielectrics.
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance
SEATWORK
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Thank you.
Lecture 4: Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado
Faculty, Electronics Engineering Department
Technological University of the Philippines Manila
tim.amado08@[Link]
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Engineering Electromagnetics
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer