Chapter 34
Geometric Optics
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
Chapter 34
Geometric Optics
34-1 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
34-2 Reflection at a Spherical Surface
34-3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface
34-4 Thin Lens
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
OBJECTIVES
Given an object in front of a plane mirror:
Calculate the location of the image
Calculate the lateral magnification of the image
Determine whether the image will be real or virtual, and upright
or inverted
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
What is an object?
anything from which light rays radiate
light could be emitted by the
object itself
light could be emitted by another
source and then reflected from the
object
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
1. Point Object
no physical extent
2. Extended Object
real object with length, width and height
made up of a very large
number of point objects
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
Point object P
5
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
What is an image?
from which outgoing rays diverge
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
An image can be:
1. Real image
outgoing rays really do pass through an image point
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
An image can be:
2. Virtual image
outgoing rays don't actually pass through the image point
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
Sign Rules
1. Sign rule for the
object distance s
When the object is on the
same side of the reflecting or
refracting surface as the
incoming light, the object
distance s is positive;
otherwise, it is negative.
s is positive.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
Sign Rules
2. Sign rule for the
image distance s
When the image is on the
same side of the reflecting or
refracting surface as the
outgoing light, the image
distance s' is positive;
otherwise, it is negative.
s is negative.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
10
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
Sign Rules
3. Sign rule for the
radius of curvature R
of a spherical surface:
When the center of curvature C is
on the same side as the
outgoing light, the radius of
curvature is positive; otherwise,
it is negative.
For a plane reflecting or refracting
surface, R is infinite.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
11
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
Plane Mirror: Image of a Point Object
Reflection
Note:
s is negative
image is virtual
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
12
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
Plane Mirror: Image of an Extended Object
Reflection
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
The image formed by a plane mirror is always erect (y > 0).
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
13
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
Lateral Magnification
Sign Conventions:
If m > 0: image orientation same with that of object
If m < 0: image orientation different from that of object
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
If |m| > 1: magnified
If |m| < 1: reduced
If |m| = 1: same size
If y > 0: image upright
If y < 0: image inverted
If s > 0: image real
If s < 0: image virtual
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
14
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
Plane Mirror
Reflection
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
Lateral Magnification
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
15
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
16
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
17
34-1
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
Seatwork:
A bug at about eye level is 5 cm in front of a plane mirror. You
are behind the bug, 20 cm from the mirror. What is the
distance between your eyes and the apparent position of
the bugs image in the mirror?
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
18
Chapter 34
Geometric Optics
34-1 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
34-2 Reflection at a Spherical Surface
34-3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface
34-4 Thin Lens
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
19
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
OBJECTIVES
Given an object in front of a spherical mirror:
Calculate the location of the image
Calculate the lateral magnification of the image
Determine whether the image will be real or virtual, and upright
or inverted
Given an object placed in front of a spherical mirror, draw
the principal rays and locate the image
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
20
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Concave Mirror
Convex Mirror
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
21
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Concave Mirror:
Point object
optic axis
Object P
V
C
R>0
Image P
s>0
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
s> 0
22
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Concave Mirror:
Extended object
Image
Object
y>0
y < 0
R>0
s>0
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
s> 0
23
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Concave Mirror:
Focal Point and Focal Length
where:
f > 0: focal length
R > 0: radius of curvature
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
24
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Concave Mirror:
Focal Point and Focal Length
where:
f > 0: focal length
R > 0: radius of curvature
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
25
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Concave Mirror:
Graphical Method
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
26
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
27
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Seatwork:
A mosquito landed 20 cm in front of a concave mirror with
20 cm radius of curvature. How far from the mirror will the
mosquitos image be formed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
40 cm behind the mirror
10 cm behind the mirror
10 cm in front of the mirror
20 cm in front of the mirror
At infinity
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
28
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Concave Mirror
Convex Mirror
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
29
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Convex Mirror:
Point object
Image P
optic axis
V
Object P
R<0
s>0
s< 0
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
30
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Convex Mirror:
Extended object
Image
Object
y>0
y > 0
V
C
R<0
s>0
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
s< 0
31
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Convex Mirror:
Focal Point and Focal Length
where:
f < 0: focal length
R < 0: radius of curvature
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
32
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Convex Mirror:
Focal Point and Focal Length
where:
f < 0: focal length
R < 0: radius of curvature
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
33
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Convex Mirror:
Graphical Method
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
34
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
35
34-2
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
Seatwork:
You hold a large silver spoon a distance of 5.0 cm in front of
your face. The radius of curvature of the spoon is -20.0 cm.
What is the distance between the object and the image and
the nature (real or virtual) of the image?
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
36
Chapter 34
Geometric Optics
34-1 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
34-2 Reflection at a Spherical Surface
34-3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface
34-4 Thin Lens
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
37
34-3
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
OBJECTIVES
Given an object in front of a spherical surface or interface
separating two media:
Calculate the location of the image
Calculate the lateral magnification of the image
Determine whether the image will be real or virtual, and upright
or inverted
Calculate the apparent depth of an object when observed
across a boundary changing indices of refraction
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
38
34-3
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
Image of a Point Object
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
39
34-3
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
Image of an Extended Object
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
40
34-3
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
Refracting surface:
Object-Image Relationship and Magnification
Note:
na : index of refraction of material 1
nb : index of refraction of material 2
valid for both concave and
convex refracting surface
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
41
34-3
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
42
34-3
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
Seatwork:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
43
34-3
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
A special case:
Plane refracting surface
Radius of Curvature
Material 1 Material 2
Object-Image Relationship
na
nb
Magnification
Plane refracting surface
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
44
34-3
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
45
34-3
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
Seatwork:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
46
Chapter 34
Geometric Optics
34-1 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
34-2 Reflection at a Spherical Surface
34-3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface
34-4 Thin Lens
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
47
34-4
Thin Lens
OBJECTIVES
Differentiate a converging lens from a diverging lens
Given an object in front of a lens or series of lenses:
Calculate the location of the image
Calculate the lateral magnification of the image
Determine whether the image will be real or virtual, and upright
or inverted
Relate the radii of curvature of the lens in air and its index
of refraction of the focal length of the lens
Given an object placed in front of a lens or series of lenses,
draw the principal rays and locate the image
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
48
34-4
Thin Lens
What is a lens?
an optical system with two refracting surfaces
Thin lens
two spherical surfaces close enough together
negligible thickness
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
49
34-4
Thin Lens
Converging Lens thicker at its center than at its edges
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
50
34-4
Thin Lens
Properties of a Converging Lens
f: focal length (f > 0)
F1 :1st focal point
F2 : 2nd focal point
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
51
34-4
Thin Lens
Converging Lens:
Graphical Method and Principal Rays
s>0
f>0
s> 0
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
52
34-4
Thin Lens
Converging Lenses:
Object-image relationship and Magnification
If s > 0: image real
If s < 0: image virtual
where:
f : focal length
s : object distance
s : image distance
f > 0 : converging lens
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
53
34-4
Thin Lens
Diverging Lens thicker at its edges than at its center
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
54
34-4
Thin Lens
Properties of a Diverging Lens
f: focal length (f < 0)
F1 :1st focal point
F2 : 2nd focal point
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
55
34-4
Thin Lens
Diverging Lens:
Graphical Method and Principal Rays
f<0
s< 0
s>0
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
56
34-4
Thin Lens
Diverging Lenses:
Object-image relationship and Magnification
If s > 0: image real
If s < 0: image virtual
where:
f : focal length
s : object distance
s : image distance
f < 0 : diverging lens
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
57
34-4
Thin Lens
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
58
34-4
Thin Lens
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
59
34-4
Thin Lens
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
60
34-4
Thin Lens
Diverging lens: f < 0
y'
s = 16 cm
s = -12 cm
|f | = 48 cm |f | = 48 cm
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
61
34-4
Thin Lens
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
62
34-4
Thin Lens
Example:
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
63
34-4
Thin Lens
Lensmakers equation
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
64
34-4
Thin Lens
Lensmakers equation
where:
f : focal length
n : index of refraction of thin lens
R1 : radius of curvature of 1st surface
R2 : radius of curvature of 2nd surface
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
65
34-4
Thin Lens
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
66
End of Chapter 34
Geometric Optics
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
67