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Bridge Abutment Design Example

This document provides an example of designing fixed and free end cantilever abutments for a 20m bridge span carrying various loads. It includes calculating reactions from the deck, selecting bearing options, and analyzing stability and loading combinations on the abutments.

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ChrisYap
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365 views33 pages

Bridge Abutment Design Example

This document provides an example of designing fixed and free end cantilever abutments for a 20m bridge span carrying various loads. It includes calculating reactions from the deck, selecting bearing options, and analyzing stability and loading combinations on the abutments.

Uploaded by

ChrisYap
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction to Abutment Design
  • Load Analysis and Reactions
  • Bearing and Stability
  • Load Combinations and Effects
  • Wall Design Considerations
  • Reinforcement and Shear Analysis
  • Additional Design Considerations
  • References and Links

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

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AbutmentDesignExampletoBD30

Designthefixedandfreeendcantileverabutmentstothe20mspandeckshowntocarryHAand45
[Link]
eastofOxford(toestablishtherangeofshadeairtemperatures).
Vehiclecollisionontheabutmentsneednotbeconsideredastheyareassumedtohavesufficientmass
towithstandthecollisionloadsforglobalpurposes(SeeBD60/04Clause2.2).

Thegroundinvestigationreportshowssuitablefoundingstrataabout9.5mbelowtheproposedroad
[Link]
resistance()=30oandasafebearingcapacityof400kN/m2.
BackfillmaterialwillbeClass6Nwithaneffectiveangleofinternalfriction(')=35oanddensity()
=19kN/m3.
[Link]

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BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Theproposeddeckconsistsof11No.Y4prestressedconcretebeamsandconcretedeckslabasshown.
LoadingFromtheDeck
Agrillageanalysisgavethefollowingreactionsforthevariousloadcases:
CriticalReactionUnderOneBeam

NominalReaction
(kN)
UltimateReaction
(kN)
ConcreteDeck
180
230
Surfacing
30
60
HAudl+kel
160
265
45unitsHB
350
500

TotalReactiononEachAbutment

NominalReaction
(kN)
[Link]

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BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

UltimateReaction
(kN)
ConcreteDeck
1900
2400
Surfacing
320
600
HAudl+kel
1140
1880
45unitsHB
1940
2770

Nominalloadingon1mlengthofabutment:
DeckDeadLoad=(1900+320)/11.6=191kN/m
HAliveLoadonDeck=1140/11.6=98kN/m
HBliveLoadonDeck=1940/11.6=167kN/m

FromBS5400Part2Figures7and8theminimumandmaximumshadeairtemperaturesare19and
+37oCrespectively.
ForaGroup4typestrucutre(seefig.9)thecorrespondingminimumandmaximumeffectivebridge
temperaturesare11and+36oCfromtables10and11.
Hencethetemperaturerange=11+36=47oC.
FromClause5.4.6therangeofmovementatthefreeendofthe20mspandeck=471210620
103=11.3mm.
Theultimatethermalmovementinthedeckwillbe[(11.3/2)f3fL]=[[Link]/2]=
8mm.
Option1ElastomericBearing:
Withamaximumultimatereaction=230+60+500=790kNthenasuitableelastomericbearing
wouldbeEkspan'sElastomericPad:BearingEKR35:
MaximumLoad=1053kN
ShearDeflection=13.3mm
ShearStiffness=12.14kN/mm
BearingThickness=19mm
Note:therequiredsheardeflection(8mm)shouldbelimitedtobetween30%to50%ofthethickness
[Link]

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ofthebearing.Thefigurequotedinthecatalogueforthemaximumsheardeflectionis70%ofthe
thickness.
Atoleranceisalsorequiredforsettingthebearingiftheambienttemperatureisnotatthemidrange
temperature.Thedesignshadeairtemperaturerangewillbe19to+37oCwhichwouldrequirethe
bearingstobeinstalledatashadeairtemperatureof[(37+19)/219]=9oCtoachievethe8mm
movement.
Ifthebearingsaresetatamaximumshadeairtemperatureof16oCthen,byproportionthedeckwill
expand8(3716)/[(37+19)/2]=6mmandcontract8(16+19)/[(37+19)/2]=10mm.
Letusassumethatthismaximumshadeairtemperatureof16oCforfixingthebearingsisspecifiedin
theContractanddesigntheabutmentsaccordingly.
Horizontalloadatbearingfor10mmcontraction=12.1410=121kN.
Thisisanultimateloadhencethenominalhorizontalload=121/1.1/1.3=85kNateachbearing.
Totalhorizontalloadoneachabutment=1185=935kN935/11.6=81kN/m.
AlternativelyusingBS5400Part9.1Clause5.14.2.6:
H=AGr/tq
UsingtheEkspanbearingEKR35
MaximumLoad=1053kN
Area=610420=256200mm2
Nominlhardness=60IRHD
BearingThickness=19mm
ShearmodulusGfromTable8=0.9N/mm2
H=2562000.910310/19=121kN
Thiscorrellateswiththevalueobtainedaboveusingtheshearstiffnessfromthemanufacturer'sdata
sheet.
Option2SlidingBearing:
Withamaximumultimatereactionof790kNandlongitudinalmovementof8mmthenasuitable
bearingfromtheEkspanEASerieswouldbe/80/210/25/25:
MaximumLoad=800kN
BasePlateAdimension=210mm
BasePlateBdimension=365mm
MovementX=12.5mm
BS5400Part2Clause5.4.7.3:
Averagenominaldeadloadreaction=(1900+320)/11=2220/11=200kN
Contactpressureunderbaseplate=200000/(210365)=3N/mm2
AsthematingsurfacebetweenthestainlesssteelandPTFEissmallerthanthebaseplatethenthe
pressurebetweentheslidingfaceswillbeintheorderof5N/mm2.
FromTable3ofBS5400Part9.1theCoefficientoffriction=0.08forabearingstressof5N/mm2
Hencetotalhorizontalloadoneachabutmentwhenthedeckexpandsorcontracts=22200.08=
180kN180/11.6=16kN/m.

TractionandBrakingLoadBS5400Part2Clause6.10:
NominalLoadforHA=8kN/m20m+250kN=410kN
NominalLoadforHB=25%of45units10kN4axles=450kN
450>410kNhenceHBbrakingiscritical.
[Link]

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Brakingloadon1mwidthofabutment=450/11.6=39kN/m.
Whenthisloadisappliedonthedeckitwillactonthefixedabutmentonly.

SkiddingLoadBS5400Part2Clause6.11:
NominalLoad=300kN
300<450kNhencebrakingloadiscriticalinthelongitudinaldirection.
Whenthisloadisappliedonthedeckitwillactatbearingshelflevel,andwillnotaffectthefree
abutmentifslidingbearingsareused.
LoadingatRearofAbutment

Backfill
ForStabilitycalculationsuseactiveearthpressures=Kah
KaforClass6Nmaterial=(1Sin35)/(1+Sin35)=0.27
DensityofClass6Nmaterial=19kN/m3
ActivePressureatdepthh=0.2719h=5.13hkN/m2
HenceFb=5.13h2/2=2.57h2kN/m

SurchargeBS5400Part2Clause5.8.2:
ForHAloadingsurcharge=10kN/m2
ForHBloadingsurcharge=20kN/m2
Assumeasurchageloadingforthecompactionplanttobeequivalentto30unitsofHB
HenceCompactionPlantsurcharge=12kN/m2.
ForsurchargeofwkN/m2:
Fs=Kawh=0.27whkN/m
1)StabilityCheck

InitialSizingforBaseDimensions
Thereareanumberofpublicationsthatwillgiveguidanceonbasesizesforfreestandingcantilever
walls,Reynolds'sReinforcedConcreteDesigner'sHandbookbeingonesuchbook.
Alternativelyasimplespreadsheetwillachievearesultbytrialanderror.

[Link]

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LoadCombinations

Backfill+Constructionsurcharge

Backfill+HAsurcharge+Deckdeadload+Deckcontraction

Backfill+HAsurcharge+Brakingbehindabutment+Deckdeadload

Backfill+HBsurcharge+Deckdeadload

[Link]

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Backfill+HAsurcharge+Deckdeadload+HBondeck

Backfill+HAsurcharge+Deckdeadload+HAondeck+Brakingondeck
(Notappliedtofreeabutmentifslidingbearingsareprovided)

CASE1FixedAbutment

Densityofreinforcedconcrete=25kN/m3.
Weightofwallstem=1.06.525=163kN/m
Weightofbase=6.41.025=160kN/m
Weightofbackfill=4.36.519=531kN/m
Weightofsurcharge=4.312=52kN/m
BackfillForceFb=0.27197.52/2=144kN/m
SurchargeForceFs=0.27127.5=24kN/m

RestoringEffects:

Weight
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Stem
163
1.6
261
[Link]

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Base
160
3.2
512
Backfill
531
4.25
2257
Surcharge
52
4.25
221
=
906
=
3251

OverturningEffects:

F
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Backfill
144
2.5
361
Surcharge
24
3.75
[Link]

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91
=
168
=
452

FactorofSafetyAgainstOverturning=3251/452=7.2>2.0OK.
Forslidingeffects:
ActiveForce=Fb+Fs=168kN/m
Frictionalforceonundersideofbaseresistingmovement=Wtan()=906tan(30o)=523kN/m
FactorofSafetyAgainstSliding=523/168=3.1>2.0OK.

BearingPressure:
Checkbearingpressureattoeandheelofbaseslab=(P/A)(Pe/Z)wherePeisthemoment
aboutthecentreofthebase.
P=906kN/m
A=6.4m2/m
Z=6.42/6=6.827m3/m
Nettmoment=3251452=2799kNm/m
Eccentricity(e)ofPaboutcentrelineofbase=3.2(2799/906)=0.111m
Pressureunderbase=(906/6.4)(9060.111/6.827)
Pressureundertoe=142+15=157kN/m2<400kN/m2OK.
Pressureunderheel=14215=127kN/m2

HencetheabutmentwillbestableforCase1.

AnalysingthefixedabutmentwithLoadCases1to6andthefreeabutmentwithLoadCases1to5
usingasimplespreadsheetthefollowingresultswereobtained:
FixedAbutment:

FofS
Overturning
FofS
Sliding
Bearing
PressureatToe
Bearing
PressureatHeel
Case1
[Link]

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7.16
3.09
156
127
Case2
2.87
2.13
386
5
Case2a
4.31
2.64
315
76
Case3
3.43
2.43
351
39
Case4
4.48
2.63
322
83
Case5
5.22
3.17
362
81
[Link]

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Case6
3.80
2.62
378
43

FofS
Overturning
FofS
Sliding
Case1
7.16
3.09
Case2
2.87
2.13
Case2a
4.31
2.64
Case3
3.43
2.43
Case4
4.48
2.63
Case5
5.22
3.17
Case6
3.80
[Link]

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2.62

Bearing
PressureatToe
Bearing
PressureatHeel
Case1
156
127
Case2
386
5
Case2a
315
76
Case3
351
39
Case4
322
83
Case5
362
81
Case6
378
43

FreeAbutment:

[Link]

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FofS
Overturning
FofS
Sliding
Bearing
PressureatToe
Bearing
PressureatHeel
Case1
7.15
3.09
168
120
Case2
2.91
2.14
388
7
Case2a
4.33
2.64
318
78
Case3
3.46
2.44
354
42
Case4
4.50
2.64
[Link]

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325
84
Case5
5.22
3.16
365
82

FofS
Overturning
FofS
Sliding
Case1
7.15
3.09
Case2
2.91
2.14
Case2a
4.33
2.64
Case3
3.46
2.44
Case4
4.50
2.64
Case5
5.22
3.16
[Link]

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Bearing
PressureatToe
Bearing
PressureatHeel
Case1
168
120
Case2
388
7
Case2a
318
78
Case3
354
42
Case4
325
84
Case5
365
82
Itcanbeseenthattheuseofelastomericbearings(Case2)willgovernthecriticaldesignloadcases
[Link]
bearingsanddesigntheabutmentsforthelesserloadeffectsbyusingslidingbearings.
2)WallandBaseDesign

Loadsonthebackofthewallarecalculatedusing'atrest'[Link]
[Link],thesearebestcarried
outusingasimplespreadsheet.
UsingtheFixedAbutmentLoadCase1againasanexampleofthecalculations:
WallDesign
Ko=1Sin(')=1Sin(35o)=0.426
[Link]

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fLforhorizontalloadsduetosurchargeandbackfillfromBS5400Part2Clause5.8.1.2:
Serviceability=1.0
Ultimate=1.5
f3=1.0forserviceabilityand1.1forultimate(fromBS5400Part4Clauses4.2.2and4.2.3)
BackfillForceFbontherearofthewall=0.426196.52/2=171kN/m
SurchargeForceFsontherearofthewall=0.426126.5=33kN/m
AtthebaseoftheWall:
Serviceabilitymoment=(1716.5/3)+(336.5/2)=371+107=478kNm/m
Ultimatemoment=1.11.5478=789kNm/m
Ultimateshear=1.11.5(171+33)=337kN/m

AnalysingthefixedabutmentwithLoadCases1to6andthefreeabutmentwithLoadCases1to5
usingasimplespreadsheetthefollowingresultswereobtainedforthedesignmomentsandshearat
thebaseofthewall:
FixedAbutment:

Moment
SLSDead
Moment
SLSLive
Moment
ULS
Shear
ULS
Case1
371
108
790
337
Case2a
829
258
1771
566
Case3
829
[Link]

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486
2097
596
Case4
829
308
1877
602
Case5
829
154
1622
543
Case6
829
408
1985
599
FreeAbutment:

Moment
SLSDead
Moment
SLSLive
Moment
ULS
Shear
ULS
Case1
394
[Link]

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112
835
350
Case2a
868
265
1846
581
Case3
868
495
2175
612
Case4
868
318
1956
619
Case5
868
159
1694
559

ConcretetoBS8500:2006
UsestrengthclassC32/40withwatercementratio0.5andminimumcementcontentof340kg/m3for
exposureconditionXD2.
Nominalcovertoreinforcement=60mm(45mmminimumcoverplusatolerancecof15mm).
ReinforcementtoBS4449:2005GradeB500B:fy=500N/mm2

[Link]

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DesignforcriticalmomentsandshearinFreeAbutment:

ReinforcedconcretewallsaredesignedtoBS5400Part4Clause5.6.
Checkclassificationtoclause5.6.1.1:
Ultimateaxialloadinwallfromdeckreactions=2400+600+2770=5770kN
0.1fcuAc=0.14010311.61=46400kN>5770designasaslabinaccordancewithclause
5.4

Bending
BS5400Part4Clause5.4.2forreisitancemomentsinslabsdesigntoclause5.3.2.3:
z={1[1.1fyAs)/(fcubd)]}d
UseB40@150c/c:
As=8378mm2/m,d=10006020=920mm
z={1[1.15008378)/(401000920)]}d=0.875d<0.95dOK
Mu=(0.87fy)Asz=0.8750083780.875920106=2934kNm/m>2175kNn/mOK

CarryingoutthecrackcontrolcalculationtoClause5.8.8.2givesacrackwidthof0.2mm<0.25mm.
Alsothesteelreinforcementandconcretestressesmeetthelimitationsrequiredinclause4.1.1.3
serviceabilityrequirementsaresatisfied.

Shear

ShearrequirementsaredesignedtoBS5400clause5.4.4:
v=V/(bd)=619103/(1000920)=0.673N/mm2
Noshearreinforcementisrequiredwhenv<svc
s=(500/d)1/4=(500/920)1/4=0.86
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1008378}/{1000920})1/3(40)1/3=
0.72
svc=0.860.72=0.62N/mm2<0.673henceshearreinforcementshouldbeprovided,however
checkshearatdistanceH/8(8.63/8=1.079m)upthewall.
ULSshearatSection7H/8forloadcase4=487kN
v=V/(bd)=487103/(1000920)=0.53N/mm2<0.62
Henceheightrequiringstrengthening=1.073(0.6730.62)/(0.6730.53)=0.4m<d.
Providea500500splayatthebaseofthewallwithB32@150c/cbarsinslopingface.

[Link]

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EarlyThermalCracking

Consideringtheeffectsofcastingthewallstemontothebaseslabbycomplyingwiththeearly
thermalcrackingofconcretetoBD28thenB16horizontallacerbars@150c/cwillberequiredin
bothfacesinthebottomhalfofthewall.
MinimumareaofsecondaryreinforcementtoClause5.8.4.2=0.12%ofbad=0.00121000920=
1104mm2/m(useB16@150c/cAs=1340mm2/m)

BaseDesign

Maximumbendingandsheareffectsinthebaseslabwilloccuratsectionsnearthefrontandbackof
[Link]
needtobecarriedoutforeachlimitstateusing'atrestpressures'
UsingtheFixedAbutmentLoadCase1againasanexampleofthecalculations:

CASE1FixedAbutmentServiceabilityLimitState

fL=1.0f3=1.0
Weightofwallstem=1.06.5251.0=163kN/m
Weightofbase=6.41.0251.0=160kN/m
Weightofbackfill=4.36.5191.0=531kN/m
Weightofsurcharge=4.3121.0=52kN/m
B/fillForceFb=0.426197.521.0/2=228kN/m
SurchargeForceFs=0.426127.51.0=38kN/m

RestoringEffects:

Weight
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Stem
163
1.6
261
Base
160
[Link]

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3.2
512
Backfill
531
4.25
2257
Surcharge
52
4.25
221
=
906
=
3251

OverturningEffects:

F
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Backfill
288
2.5
570
Surcharge
38
3.75
143
=
[Link]

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266
=
713

BearingPressureattoeandheelofbaseslab=(P/A)(Pe/Z)
P=906kN/m
A=6.4m2/m
Z=6.42/6=6.827m3/m
Nettmoment=3251713=2538kNm/m
Eccentricity(e)ofPaboutcentrelineofbase=3.2(2538/906)=0.399m
Pressureunderbase=(906/6.4)(9060.399/6.827)
Pressureundertoe=142+53=195kN/m2
Pressureunderheel=14253=89kN/m2
Pressureatfrontfaceofwall=89+{(19589)5.3/6.4}=177kN/m2
Pressureatrearfaceofwall=89+{(19589)4.3/6.4}=160kN/m2

SLSMomentataa=(1771.12/2)+([195177]1.12/3)(251.01.12/2)=99kNm/m
(tensioninbottomface).

SLSMomentatbb=(894.32/2)+([16089]4.32/6)(251.04.32/2)(5314.3/2)
(524.3/2)=443kNm/m(tensionintopface).

CASE1FixedAbutmentUltimateLimitState

fLforconcrete=1.15
fLforfillandsurcharge(vetical)=1.2
fLforfillandsurcharge(horizontal)=1.5
Weightofwallstem=1.06.5251.15=187kN/m
Weightofbase=6.41.0251.15=184kN/m
Weightofbackfill=4.36.5191.2=637kN/m
Weightofsurcharge=4.3121.2=62kN/m
[Link]

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BackfillForceFb=0.426197.521.5/2=341kN/m
SurchargeForceFs=0.426127.51.5=58kN/m

RestoringEffects:

Weight
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Stem
187
1.6
299
Base
184
3.2
589
Backfill
637
4.25
2707
Surcharge
62
4.25
264
=
1070
=
3859

OverturningEffects:

[Link]

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F
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Backfill
341
2.5
853
Surcharge
58
3.75
218
=
399
=
1071

BearingPressureattoeandheelofbaseslab=(P/A)(Pxe/Z)
P=1070kN/m
A=6.4m2/m
Z=6.42/6=6.827m3/m
Nettmoment=38591071=2788kNm/m
Eccentricity(e)ofPaboutcentrelineofbase=3.2(2788/1070)=0.594m
Pressureunderbase=(1070/6.4)(10700.594/6.827)
Pressureundertoe=167+93=260kN/m2
Pressureunderheel=16793=74kN/m2
Pressureatfrontfaceofwall=74+{(26074)5.3/6.4}=228kN/m2
Pressureatrearfaceofwall=74+{(26074)4.3/6.4}=199kN/m2

[Link]

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f3=1.1
ULSShearataa=1.1{[(260+228)1.1/2](1.151.125)}=260kN/m
ULSShearatbb=1.1{[(199+74)4.3/2](1.154.325)63762}=259kN/m

ULSMomentataa=1.1{(2281.12/2)+([260228]1.12/3)(1.15251.01.12/2)}
=148kNm/m(tensioninbottomface).

ULSMomentatbb=1.1{(744.32/2)+([19974]4.32/6)(1.15251.04.32/2)
(6374.3/2)(624.3/2)}=769kNm/m(tensionintopface).

AnalysingthefixedabutmentwithLoadCases1to6andthefreeabutmentwithLoadCases1to5
usingasimplespreadsheetthefollowingresultswereobtained:
FixedAbutmentBase:
Sectionaa

ULSShear
SLSMoment
ULSMoment
Case1
261
99
147
Case2a
528
205
302
Case3
593
235
340
Case4
550
208
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314
Case5
610
241
348
Case6
637
255
365

Sectionbb

ULS
Shear
SLS
Moment
ULS
Moment
Case1
259
447
768
Case2a
458
980
1596
Case3
553
1178
1834
Case4
[Link]

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495
1003
1700
Case5
327
853
1402
Case6
470
1098
1717

FreeAbutmentBase:
Sectionaa

ULS
Shear
SLS
Moment
ULS
Moment
Case1
267
101
151
Case2a
534
207
305
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Case3
598
236
342
Case4
557
211
317
Case5
616
243
351

Sectionbb

ULS
Shear
SLS
Moment
ULS
Moment
Case1
266
475
816
Case2a
466
1029
1678
Case3
559
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1233
1922
Case4
504
1055
1786
Case5
335
901
1480

DesignforshearandbendingeffectsatsectionsaaandbbfortheFreeAbutment:

Bending

BS5400Part4Clause5.7.3designasaslabforreisitancemomentstoclause5.3.2.3:
z={1[1.1fyAs)/(fcubd)]}d
UseB32@150c/c:
As=5362mm2/m,d=10006016=924mm
z={1[1.15005362)/(401000924)]}d=0.92d<0.95dOK
Mu=(0.87fy)Asz=0.8750053620.92924106=1983kNm/m>1922kNm/mOK
(1983kNm/malso>1834kNm/mB32@150c/csuitableforfixedabutment.

FortheServiceabilitycheckforCase3anapproximationofthedeadloadmomentcanbeobtainedby
[Link]
forCase3as723kNm,thustheliveloadmoment=1233723=510kNm.
CarryingoutthecrackcontrolcalculationtoClause5.8.8.2givesacrackwidthof0.27mm>0.25mm
Fail.
Thiscouldbecorrectedbyreducingthebarspacing,butincreasethebarsizetoB40@150c/casthis
isrequiredtoavoidtheuseoflinks(seebelow).
UsingB40@150c/cthecrackcontrolcalculationgivesacrackwidthof0.17mm<0.25mmOK.
Alsothesteelreinforcementandconcretestressesmeetthelimitationsrequiredinclause4.1.1.3
serviceabilityrequirementsaresatisfied.

Shear
ShearonToeUseFixedAbutmentLoadCase6:
ByinspectionB32@150c/cwillbeadequateforthebendingeffectsinthetoe(Muls=365kNm<
1983kNm)
ShearrequirementsaredesignedtoBS5400clause5.7.3.2(a)checkingshearatdawayfromthefront
faceofthewalltoclause5.4.4.1:
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ULSShearontoe=1.1{(620+599)0.50.1761.1510.17625}=112kN
v=V/(bd)=112103/(1000924)=0.121N/mm2
Noshearreinforcementisrequiredwhenv<svc
Reinforcementintension=B32@150c/c
s=(500/d)1/4=(500/924)1/4=0.86
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1005362}/{1000924})1/3(40)1/3=
0.62
svc=0.860.62=0.53N/mm2>0.121N/mm2OK

ShearonHeelUseFreeAbutmentLoadCase3:
Shearrequirementsaredesignedatthebackfaceofthewalltoclause5.4.4.1:

Lengthofheel=([Link])=4.4m
ULSShearonheel=1.1{3480.5(5.1852.1)1.1514.4251.24.4(8.6319+
10)}=559kN
UsingB32@150c/cthen:
v=V/(bd)=559103/(1000924)=0.605N/mm2
Noshearreinforcementisrequiredwhenv<svc
s=(500/d)1/4=(500/924)1/4=0.86
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1005362}/{1000924})1/3(40)1/3=
0.62
svc=0.860.62=0.53N/mm2<0.605N/mm2Fail
RatherthanprovideshearreinforcementtryincreasingbarstoB40@150c/c(alsorequiredforcrack
controlasshownabove).
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1008378}/{1000920})1/3(40)1/3=
0.716
svc=0.860.716=0.616N/mm2>0.605N/mm2OK

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EarlyThermalCracking

Consideringtheeffectsofcastingthebaseslabontotheblindingconcretebycomplyingwiththeearly
thermalcrackingofconcretetoBD28thenB16distributionbars@250c/cwillberequired.
MinimumareaofmainreinforcementtoClause5.8.4.1=0.15%ofbad=0.00151000924=1386
mm2/m(useB20@200c/cAs=1570mm2/m).

LocalEffects

CurtainWall
[Link]
willbeappliedfromthebackfill,surchargeandbrakingloadsontopofthewall.
HBbrakingloadtoBS5400clause6.10=25%45units410kNon2axles=225kNperaxle.
Toallowforloaddistributioneffectsassumea45odispersaltothecurtainwallanda45odispersal
downthewall,withmaximumdispersalofthewidthoftheabutment(11.6m).

Thiscrudeanalysiswillslightlyunderestimatethepeakvaluesinthewallbelowtheload,but
[Link]:
1staxleloadonbackofabutment=225/3.0=75kN/m
Dispersedtothebaseofthecurtainwall=225/9.0=25kN/m
2ndaxleloadonbackofabutment=225/6.6=34.1kN/m
Dispersedtothebaseofthecurtainwall=225/11.6=19.4kN/m
Forloadeffectsatthetopofthecurtainwall:
Maximumloadonbackofabutment=75+34.1=109.1kN/m
Forloadeffectsatthebaseofthecurtainwall:
Maximumloadonbackofabutment=25+19.4=44.4kN/m

BendingandShearatBaseof3mHighCurtainWall

HorizontalloadduetoHBsurcharge=0.426203.0=25.6kN/m
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Horizontalloadduetobackfill=0.426193.02/2=36.4kN/m
SLSMoment=(44.43.0)+(25.61.5)+(36.41.0)=208kNm/m(36dead+172live)
ULSMoment=1.1{([Link])+([Link])+([Link])}=285kNm/m
ULSShear=1.1{(1.144.4)+(1.525.6)+(1.536.4)}=156kN/m
400thickcurtainwallwithB32@150c/c:
Mult=584kNm/m>285kNm/mOK
SLSMomentproducescrackwidthof0.14mm<0.25OK
svc=0.97N/mm2>v=0.48N/mm2ShearOK

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LastUpdated:01/05/15
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