EE123
Digital Signal Processing
Miki Lustig
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, UC Berkeley, CA
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Information
Class webpage:
[Link]
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
My Research
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Me - Exposed
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Signal Processing in General
Convert one signal to another
(e.g. filter, generate control command, etc. )
Interpretation and information extraction
(e.g. speech recognition, machine learning)
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Digital Signal Processing
Discrete Samples
Discrete Representation (on a computer)
Can be samples of a Continuous-Time signal:
x[n] = X(nT)
Inherently discrete (example?)
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Why Learn DSP?
Swiss-Army-Knife of modern EE
Impacts all aspects of modern life
Communications (wireless, internet, GPS...)
Control and monitoring (cars, machines...)
Multimedia (mp3, cameras, videos,
restoration ...)
Health (medical devices, imaging....)
Economy (stock market, prediction)
More....
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Advantages of DSP
Flexibility
System/implementation does not age
Easy implementation
Reusable hardware
Sophisticated processing
Process on a computer
(Today) Computation is cheaper and better
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Example I: Audio Compression
Compress audio by 10x without perceptual
loss of quality.
Sophisticated processing based on models
of human perception
3MB files instead of 30MB Entire industry changed in less than 10
years!
CD
mp3
Error x10
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Historical Forms of Compression
Morse code: dots (1 unit) Dashes (3 units)
Code Length inversely proportional to frequency
E (12.7%) = . (1 unit) Q (0.1%) = --.- (10 units)
92 Code - Used by Western-Union in 1859 to
reduce BW on telegraph lines by numerical
codes for frequently used phrases
1 = wait a minute
73
--... ...-73 = Best Regards
19units
88 = Loves and Kisses
Best
Regards
-... . ... - / .-. . --. .- .-. -.. ...
59units
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Example II: Digital Imaging Camera
Focus/exposure
Control
preprocessing
white-balancing
Post-processing
Color transform
demosaic
Compression
[Link]
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Example II: Digital Camera
DSP
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Example II: Digital Camera
Compression of 40x
without perceptual loss of
quality.
Example of slight
overcompression:
difference enables x60
compression!
DSP
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Image processing saves children
Image Processing - Saves Children
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Computational Photography
DSP
Now implemented in smart phones (HDR)
*[Link]
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Computational Optics
The light field camera
Link
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Example III: Computed Tomography
Sinogram
cross-section
DSP
x-ray source
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Fourier
Example IV: MRI (again!)
k-space (Raw Data)
Image
Discrete Fourier transform
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Functional MRI Example
Sensitivity to blood oxygenation - response to brain activity
Convert from one signal to another
*Karla Miller, Oxford
*Brian Wandell, Stanford
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Taking fMRI further
fMRI decoding : Mind Reading
Gallant Lab, UC Berkeley
Interpretation of signals
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Compressive Sampling
Compression meets Sampling
Dont collect all
data to save time
prior information
DSP
computation
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Example V: Software Defined Radio
Traditional radio:
Hardware receiver/demodulators/filtering
Outputs analog signals or digital bits
Software Defined Radio:
Uses RF font end for baseband signal
High speed ADC digitizes samples
All processing chain done in software
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Software Defined Radio
Advantages:
Flexibility
Upgradable
Sophisticated processing
Ideal Processing chain - not approximate like
in analog hardware
Already used in consumer electronics
Cellphone baseband processors
Wifi, GPS, etc....
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
RTL-SDR
Inexpensive TV dongle based on
RTL2832U and E4000 /820T chipset can
be used as SDR
EE130/1 (devices)
EE117(E&M)
EE120/1/2/3/6 Sig/sys
EE140/1(anlg/digi)
EE140/2(analog)
CS61abc
CS149
CS150
CS168
CS169
CS170
EE147(MEMS)
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
SDR & You
Will provide easy interface to Python
Each student will be given a device
Homeworks/Labs based on the device
Final Project could use SDR
> sdr = RtlSdr()
> sdr.sample_rate = 240000
> sdr.center_freq = 94.1e6
> [Link] = 36
> samples = sdr.read_samples(480000)
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
SDR Demo
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Promotion
If you are interested in how Analog to
digital converters, amplifiers etc...work
and how to make them
Take EE140!
Good engineers know both sides of the
system
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley
Ham Radio
All students will get FCC license in class
Each student will get a Handheld radio
Radios will be used for Digital Signal Processing
and communication Labs and Project.
HAM is a wonderful way to learn about more
complex EE/CS topics -- play with hardware,
software, processing, E&M with a broad diverse
community
Mark your calendar March 12 ham licensing
exam
M. Lustig, EECS UC Berkeley