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Learning, Perception, and Attribution Insights

This document discusses concepts related to learning, perception, and attribution. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. There are three main theories of learning discussed: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Perception is defined as how people select, organize, interpret, and respond to information from their environment. Attribution refers to how people ascribe causes to the behaviors they observe in others. Common attribution errors include the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias. Shortcuts used to form impressions of others include selective perception, halo effect, contrast effect, and stereotyping.

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Arna Francis Amor Cosido
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20 views5 pages

Learning, Perception, and Attribution Insights

This document discusses concepts related to learning, perception, and attribution. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. There are three main theories of learning discussed: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Perception is defined as how people select, organize, interpret, and respond to information from their environment. Attribution refers to how people ascribe causes to the behaviors they observe in others. Common attribution errors include the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias. Shortcuts used to form impressions of others include selective perception, halo effect, contrast effect, and stereotyping.

Uploaded by

Arna Francis Amor Cosido
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 3: Learning, Perception and

Attribution
Learning
- May be defined as a relatively permanent change in
behavior or knowledge due to experience.
- with change there is learning.
As change in behavior happens due to any or
both of the following:
A. Learning

B. Other causes
a) Drugs
b) Injury
c) Disease
d) Maturation
Behavioral change starts with the mind when it accepts
new knowledge.
Sometimes, the mind order the body to show
some signs of behavior that is different from the

previous one.
Sometimes, the mind is just plain contented with
the new knowledge and do not make attempts to
order the body to show some outward
manifestations of behavior change.

Theories of Learning
A. Classical Conditioning
May be defined as a type of learning in which
stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a
response that was originally evoke by another

stimulus.
Stimulus - something that incites action
Involves adjustment to events (or stimulus,
wether conditioned or otherwise0 over which
the concerned person has no control.

B. Operant Conditioning
May be defined as a type of learning where
people learn to repeat behaviors that bring
them pleasurable outcomes and to avoid

behavior that lead to uncomfortable outcomes.


Involves adjustment to situations in which the
actions of the person determines what
happens.

C. Social Learning
May be defined as the process of observing the
behavior of others, recognizing its
consequences, and altering behavior as a
result.
How social learning is achieved:
By observing what happens to other
people
By being told about something
Through direct experience
Perception
- May be defined as the process by which people select,
organize, interpret, retrieve and respond to information
from their environment.
Factors influencing perception:
1. The perceiver
2. The target
3. The situation
The Perceiver
- The person who perceives the target.

Perception of he target is influenced by factors that are


unique to him.
1. His past experience
2. His needs or motives

3.
4.

His personality
His values

The Target
-- The person, object or event that is perceived by
another person.
Following factors which are typical characteristics of
target:
1. Contrast
2. Intensity
3. Figure-ground separation
4. Size
5. Motion
6. Repetition or Novelty

The Situation
- Perception is also affected by surrounding
environment.
Situational Factors that affect perception:
1. Time
2. Work
3. Setting
4. Social setting
Attribution
- Is the process by which people ascribe causes to the
behavior they perceive.
Common Attribution Errors
1. Fundamental Attribution Errors
- Refer to the tendency to underestimate the
influence of external factors and overestimate the
influence of internal or personal factors in the
behaviors of others.
2. Self-Serving Bias
- Is that type of attribution error whereby people
tend to attribute their achievements to their good
inner qualities, whereas they attribute their failures
to adverse factors within the environment.

Factors that influence attribution


Distinctiveness
- The consideration given to how consistent a
persons behavior is across different situations.
Consensus
- This refers to the likelihood that all those facing
the same situation will have similar responses.
Consistency
- This refers to the measure of wether an individual
responds the same way across time.
SHORTCUTS USED IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS OF
OTHERS
Impression
- We form impression of others
- Those impressions constitute a database in our minds
that we later use as aides in making decision
concerning others.
The shortcut refers to the following
Selective perception - Happens when when a
person selectively interprets what he sees on the
basis of his interest, background, experience, and
attitudes.
Halo effect - May be defined as evaluations of a

person's characteristics that are affected by


comparisons with other people recently
encountered who rank higher or lower on the same
characteristics.
Contrast effect - Is attributing one's own
thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. It is likely
to occur in the interpretation stage of perception.
Stereotyping - Refers to judging someone on the
basis of one's perception of the group to which that
person belongs.

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