University of South Asia, Lahore
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
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History of C++.
Writing C++ Program.
Structure of C++ Program.
C++ Statements.
Keywords.
Tokens.
Variables and rules for writing variables names.
Data Types in C++.
Declaration of variables.
Initialization of variables.
Constants.
Arithmetic Operates.
Arithmetic Expressions.
Order of Precedence of Operators.
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
Introduction
C plus plus is a powerful computer language.
Advance version of C language.
C is a procedural language (e.g. get some input, add these numbers,
divide by 6, display the output)
C++ is a object-oriented programming.
Brief History
In 1967 BCPL was developed by Martin Richards.
In 1969 B language was developed by Ken Thomson.
Both B and BCPL were type-less languages.
In 1972 C language was developed by Dennis Ritche. (data type)
In early 1980s C++ language was developed by Bjarne(Unix systems)
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
Writing C++ Program
Different compliers (Turbo C++, Borland C++, Dev-C++)
[Link], [Link], [Link]
Structure of C++ Program
Preprocessor Directives (The instructions that are given to the complier
before the beginning of any program)
Header File (is a C++ source code that contains the definition of
functions/objects presents in library)
The main() Function (indicates the beginning of C++ program)
Example:
#include <iostream.h>
main()
{ cout<<This is my First Program;
}
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
C++ Statements
main()
{
program statements
}
Key Words
The words that are used by the language for special purposes are called
as keywords (i.e. reserved words)
These words cant be used as variable names in a program.
Example:
Include, main, int
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
Tokens
In C++ the elements of a statement are called tokens
Example:
#include <iostream.h>
main()
{ int a, b, c;
}
Variables
A quantity whose value may change during the execution of program is
called as variable.
Rules for writing variable
names
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
The first character of variable name must be alphabetic character.
Underscore can be used as first character of variable name.
Special characters, such as arithmetic operators, #,^, cant be used in
variable name.
Reserved words cant be used as variable names.
A variable name used for one data type cant be used for another data
type
C++ is case sensitive language so Pay and pay are two different
variables.
Some examples of the valid and invalid variable names are given as:
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
Variable Name
Valid/Invalid
Hassan
valid
perform
valid
double
invalid
foxpro
valid
switch
invalid
Tania
valid
int
invalid
C++ reserved word
3taq
invalid
Starts with numeric
unsigned
invalid
C++ reserved word
x-y
invalid
Special character not
allowed
Taq Ahd
invalid
Space is not allowed
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
Remarks
C++ reserved word
C++ reserved word
Data Types in C++
int
(The int represents the integer data)
float
(The float represents the real or floating type data)
double
(The double represents the real or floating type data)
Char
(The char is used to declare character type variables)
Bool
(Boolean is used to represent true or false)
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
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Declaration of variables
Assigning the name and data type that a variable can hold is called
declaration of the variable.
type
list of variables;
Example:
int a, xy;
float b;
char nm [15];
double sum;
Initialization of Variables
Assigning a known value to a variable at the time of its declaration is
called as initialization of the variable. (int a=4, b=1997)
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Example:
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
main ()
{
int a=2,b=3;
float p=3.14;
char name[8]=tariq;
cout<<a<<endl;
cout<<b<<endl;
cout<<p<<endl;
cout<<name<<endl;
getch();
}
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
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Constants
A quantity that cant change its value during execution of program.
Integer constants
A numerical value without a decimal part is called integer constants.
Example:
cout<<1234;
cout<< 176;
Floating point constants
Numeric value that have an integer as well as a decimal part are called
floating-point values.
Example:
123.5E2
Character constants
A single character enclosed in single quotation marks is called
character constant.
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Example:
a , / , +
String constants
A sequence of characters consisting of alphabets, digits and/or special
characters enclosed in double quotation marks is called string constant
Example:
Pakistan , Lahore-54500
Const Qualifier
The data item that follows the keyword const cant change its valude
during execution of the program.
Example:
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#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
main ()
{
int r=2;
Const float p=3.14;
float peri;
peri=2*p*r;
cout<<Result is=<<peri;
getch();
}
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
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The define Directive
It is preprocessor directive. It is used to define a constant quantity. It is
used at the beginning of the program.
#define identifier constant
Example:
#include <iostream.h>
#define p 3.14
main ()
{
int r=2;
float peri;
peri=2*p*r;
cout<<Result is=<<peri;
getch();
}
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Arithmetic Operators
Operator
Meaning
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
For remaninder
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#include <iostream.h>
main ()
{
int sum,subtract,multiplication,division,remainder;
sum=5+2;
Subtract=5-2;
Multiplication=5*2;
Division=5/2;
Remainder=5%2;
Cout<<Addition of 5&2 is=<<sum<<endl;
Cout<<Subtraction of 5&2 is=<<subtraction<<endl;
Cout<<Multiplication of 5&2 is=<<multiplication<<endl;
Cout<<Divison of 5&2 is=<<divison<<endl;
Cout<<Remainder of 5/2 is=<<remainder<<endl;
getch();
}
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Arithmetic Expression
If m=10, x=5
res=m*x+100
Order of Precedence of Operation
All multiplications and divisions are performed first from left to right.
All additions and subtractions are then performed from left to right.
If parentheses are used in an expression, the expression within
parentheses are first computed from left to right.
When parentheses are used within parentheses, the expression within
innermost parentheses is evaluated first.
Example:
(4-(3*5))+2
Lecturer: Engr. Tariq Sadiq
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