MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Dr. S. CHELLAIAH
INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
1. Definition of Systems
2. Elements of Systems Processing a
System
3. Components and Concepts
4. Types of Systems
5. Performance of Systems
6. Variables and Parametres
7. System Models
8. Working with Systems
System
System; component, interaction, goal input,
process, output
A set of elements or components that work
together and interact to accomplish goals
A Windows system is a personal computer
running the Windows operating system. A
desktop publishing system is a computer
running desktop publishing software.
System
A combination of components working
together
a computer system includes both
hardware and software.
An organization or methodology
The binary numbering system, for
instance, is a way to count using only
two digits.
System Example
Elements
Syste
m
Inputs
Actors,
director,
Movie staff, sets,
equipment
Processing
elements
Goal
Outputs
Filming,
Finished Entertainin
editing,
film
g movie,
special
delivered
film
effects,
to movie
awards,
distribution
studio
profits
System Components and Concepts
System boundary
Defines the system and distinguishes it
from everything else
Systems are not independent. They are a
part of their environments.
Information systems:generally integrated
and interact with other systems.
But they are not open ended
System Types
Simple vs. complex
Simple systems
possible to define system outputs from
known inputs
Does not require high level system
analysis and review
Chair, with not moving parts
System Types
A Complex System
Multitude of parts and relationships
involves a number of elements, arranged in
structure(s) which can exist on many scales.
go through processes of change that are not
describable by a single rule nor are reducible to
only one level of explanation, these levels often
include features whose emergence cannot be
predicted from their current specifications. Ex:
Genetic Algorithms, Neural Networks-learn by
example.
Requires high system analysis and review
System Types
Open vs. closed :
Open system
regularly exchanges feedback with its external
environment
porous boundaries through which useful
feedback can readily be exchanged and
understood.
continuously exchange feedback with their
environments, analyze that feedback, adjust
internal systems as needed to achieve the
systems goals, and then transmit necessary
information back out to the environment.
System Types
Closed system:
have hard boundaries through which no
information is exchanged. (no interaction
with environment)
Organizations that have closed boundaries
often are unhealthy. Examples include
bureaucracies, monopolies and stagnating
systems.
System Types
Stable vs. dynamic
Dynamic systems :
Fluctuate rapidly
Such systems have the capacity of remembering
what it had been subjected to previously, or has
some memory built into it.
Described by dynamic equations or differential
equations of appropriate type.
Boundaries can be difficult to identify when
systems can be very dynamic.
System Types
Stable vs. Dynamic
Stable/ Static Systems:
In equilibrium (steady state) with no significant
changes taking place.
Described in simple mathematical terms by a set
of algebric equations.
System Types
Deterministic vs. Stochastic
Deterministic: predictable in every detail
Stochastic: Behaviour is affected by random
inputs
System Performance and Standards
Efficiency
A measure of what is produced divided by what is
consumed
Effectiveness
A measure of the extent to which a system
achieves its goals
System performance standard
A specific objective of the system
Modeling a System
Model
An abstraction or an approximation that is used to
represent reality
Types of models
Narrative (descriptive)
Physical
Schematic
Mathematical