Landscapearchitecture
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Landscapearchitectureisthe
designofoutdoorpublicareas,
landmarks,andstructuresto
achieveenvironmental,social
behavioral,oraesthetic
outcomes.[2]Itinvolvesthe
systematicinvestigationof
existingsocial,ecological,and
soilconditionsandprocesses
inthelandscape,andthe
designofinterventionsthat
willproducethedesired
[Link]
StourheadinWiltshire,England,designedbyHenryHoare(17051785),
professionincludeslandscape
"thefirstlandscapegardener,whoshowedinasinglework,geniusofthe
designsiteplanning
highestorder"[1]
stormwatermanagement
environmentalrestoration
parksandrecreationplanningvisualresourcemanagementgreeninfrastructureplanningandprovision
andprivateestateandresidencelandscapemasterplanninganddesignallatvaryingscalesofdesign,
[Link]
landscapearchitect.
Contents
1Definition
2Fieldsofactivity
3Historyoflandscapearchitecture
4RelationtoUrbanplanning
5Profession
5.1Australia
5.2Canada
5.3Italy
5.4NewZealand
5.5RepublicofIreland
5.6UnitedKingdom
5.7UnitedStates
6Examplesoflandscapearchitecture
7Seealso
8Externallinks
9References
Definition
Landscapearchitectureisamultidisciplinaryfield,incorporatingaspectsofbotany,horticulture,the
finearts,architecture,industrialdesign,soilsciences,environmentalpsychology,geography,and
[Link]
tositeplanningforcampusesandcorporateofficeparks,fromthedesignofresidentialestatestothe
designofcivilinfrastructureandthemanagementoflargewildernessareasorreclamationofdegraded
[Link]
limitationstowardthelandscapeorparkaspectofthedesignlargeorsmall,urban,suburbanandrural,
andwith"hard"(built)and"soft"(planted)materials,[Link]
mostvaluablecontributioncanbemadeatthefirststageofaprojecttogenerateideaswithtechnical
understandingandcreativeflairforthedesign,organization,[Link]
canconceivetheoverallconceptandpreparethemasterplan,fromwhichdetaileddesigndrawingsand
[Link]
[Link],
conductingenvironmentalassessmentsandaudits,andservingasanexpertwitnessatinquiriesonland
useissues.
Fieldsofactivity
Thevarietyoftheprofessionaltasksthatlandscape
architectscollaborateonisverybroad,butsome
examplesofprojecttypesinclude:[3]
Theplanning,form,scaleandsitingofnew
developments
ParksofGeneraldesignandpublic
infrastructure
Sustainabledevelopment
Stormwatermanagementincludingrain
gardens,greenroofs,groundwaterrecharge,
Greeninfrastructure,andtreatmentwetlands
Landscapedesignforeducationalfunctionand
sitedesignforpublicinstitutionsand
governmentfacilities
Parks,botanicalgardens,arboretums,
greenways,andnaturepreserves
Recreationfacilitiesi.e.:playgrounds,golf
courses,themeparksandsportsfacilities
Housingareas,industrialparksand
commercialdevelopments
Estateandresidencelandscapemaster
planninganddesign
Highways,transportationstructures,bridges,
andtransitcorridors
Urbandesign,townandcitysquares,
waterfronts,pedestrianschemes,andparking
lots
Naturalpark,touristdestination,and
recreatinghistoricallandscapes,andhistoric
gardenappraisalandconservationstudies
Reservoirs,dams,powerstations,reclamation
ofextractiveindustryapplicationsormajor
industrialprojectsandmitigation
RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,London,established
1759
ThePalmHousebuilt18441848byRichard
TurnertoDecimusBurton'sdesigns
[Link]
London,byTadaoAndowhoalsoworkswith
landscapesandgardens
Environmentalassessmentandlandscapeassessment,planningadviceandlandmanagement
proposals.
Coastalandoffshoredevelopmentsandmitigation
EcologicalDesignanyaspectofdesignthatminimizesenvironmentallydestructiveimpactsby
integratingitselfwithnaturalprocessesandsustainability
Landscapemanagersusetheirknowledgeoflandscapeprocessestoadviseonthelongtermcareand
[Link],natureconservationandagriculture.
Landscapescientistshavespecialistskillssuchassoilscience,hydrology,geomorphologyorbotanythat
[Link]
[Link]
impactofdevelopmentortheimportanceofparticularspeciesinagivenarea.
Landscapeplannersareconcernedwithlandscapeplanningforthelocation,scenic,ecologicaland
recreationalaspectsofurban,[Link]
policyandstrategy,andtheirremitincludesmasterplanningfornewdevelopments,landscape
evaluationsandassessments,[Link]
applyanadditionalspecialismsuchaslandscapearchaeologyorlawtotheprocessoflandscape
planning.
Greenroofdesignersdesignextensiveandintensiveroofgardensforstormwatermanagement,evapo
transpirativecooling,sustainablearchitecture,aesthetics,andhabitatcreation.
Historyoflandscapearchitecture
Mainarticle:Historyoflandscapearchitecture
Fortheperiodbefore1800,thehistoryoflandscape
gardening(latercalledlandscapearchitecture)is
largelythatofmasterplanningandgardendesignfor
manorhouses,palacesandroyalproperties,religious
complexes,[Link]
istheextensiveworkbyAndrLeNtreatVauxle
VicomteandforKingLouisXIVofFranceatthe
[Link]
makingalandscapewasJosephAddisonin1712.
Thetermlandscapearchitecturewasinventedby
GilbertLaingMeasonin1828,andJohnClaudius
OrangeryatthePalaceofVersailles,outsideParis
Loudon(17831843)wasinstrumentalinthe
adoptionofthetermlandscapearchitecturebythe
[Link]
his1840bookontheLandscapeGardeningandLandscapeArchitectureoftheLateHumphryRepton.[4]
[Link]
(18151852)[5]wasanotherearlyAmericanlandscapedesigner,andeditorofTheHorticulturist
magazine(184652).SomescholarsconsiderDowningtobeTheFatherofAmericanLandscape
Architecture,althoughotherschooseFrederickLawOlmsted.In1841hisfirstbook,ATreatiseonthe
TheoryandPracticeofLandscapeGardening,AdaptedtoNorthAmerica,waspublishedtoagreat
successitwasthefirstbookofitskindpublishedintheUnitedStates.[6]Duringthelatter19thcentury,
thetermlandscapearchitectbeguntobeusedbyprofessionallandscapesdesigners,andwasfirmly
establishedafterFrederickLawOlmsted,[Link](laterFarrand)withothersfoundedthe
AmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitects(ASLA)[Link],England,
in1948withSirGeoffreyJellicoeasitsfirstpresident,representing15countriesfromEuropeandNorth
[Link],in1978,IFLA'sHeadquarterswereestablishedinVersailles.[7][8][9]
RelationtoUrbanplanning
Throughthe19thcentury,urbanplanning
[Link]
combinationofthetraditionoflandscape
gardeningandemergingcityplanningthatgave
LandscapeArchitectureitsuniquefocusto
[Link]
century,FrederickLawOlmstedcompleteda
seriesofparkswhichcontinuetohaveahuge
influenceonthepracticesofLandscape
[Link]
ParkinNewYorkCity,ProspectParkin
Thecombinationofthetraditionallandscapegardening
Brooklyn,NewYorkandBoston'sEmerald
andtheemergingcityplanningcombinedtogethergave
[Link]
[Link]
sophisticatedandnaturalisticurbanand
Olmstedusedtheterm'landscapearchitecture'usingthe
regionalparksforChicago,Illinois,andprivate
wordasaprofessionforthefirsttimewhendesigningthe
estatesfortheFordfamilyincludingFairLane
CentralPark.
[Link]
foundingmembersoftheAmericanSocietyof
LandscapeArchitects(ASLA),andtheonlywoman,[Link]
overadozenuniversitiesincluding:PrincetoninPrinceton,NewJerseyYaleinNewHaven,
ConnecticutandtheArnoldArboretumforHarvardinBoston,[Link]
estateprojectsincludethelandmarkDumbartonOaksintheGeorgetownneighborhoodofWashington,
D.C..[10]Sincethattime,otherarchitectsmostnotablyRuthHaveyandAldenHopkinschanged
certainelementsoftheFarranddesign.
Landscapearchitecturecontinuestodevelopasadesigndiscipline,andtorespondtothevarious
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
todaysolvingchallengingproblemswithcontemporarydesignsolutionsformasterplanning,landscapes,
andgardens.
IanMcHargwasknownforintroducingenvironmentalconcernsinlandscapearchitecture.[11][12]He
popularizedasystemofanalyzingthelayersofasiteinordertocompileacompleteunderstandingof
[Link]'sGeographic
InformationSystems(GIS).McHargwouldgiveeveryqualitativeaspectofthesitealayer,suchasthe
history,hydrology,topography,vegetation,[Link]
architectureprofessiontodaytoanalyzematerialsinandontheEarth'ssurfaceandissimilarlyusedby
UrbanPlanners,Geographers,ForestryandNaturalResourcesprofessionals,etc.
Profession
Inmanycountries,aprofessionalinstitute,comprisingmembersoftheprofessionalcommunity,existsin
ordertoprotectthestandingoftheprofessionandpromoteitsinterests,andsometimesalsoregulatethe
[Link]
architecturepracticevariesfromnationtonation,withsomerequiringlicensureinordertopracticeand
[Link],Europe,AustraliaandNewZealand,landscape
architectureisaregulatedprofession.[13]
Australia
TheAustralianInstituteofLandscapeArchitects(AILA)providesnonstatutoryprofessionalrecognition
[Link](AILA),landscapearchitectsusethetitle'Registered
LandscapeArchitect'.AcrosstheeightstatesandterritorieswithinAustralia,thereisamixof
requirementsforlandscapearchitectstobe'Registered',howeveritisnotalwaysastatutoryrequirement
toberegisteredwithAILAtopracticeusetheterm"LandscapeArchitect".
Anyregulationsorrequirementsarestatebased,[Link]'ssystemofprofessional
recognitionisanationalsystemoverseenbyAILA'[Link](AILA)
LandscapeArchitectsareprofessionalswhoarealsopaidtoundertakeaspecialisedsetoftasksandto
completethemforafee.
SomeagenciesrequireAILAprofessionalrecognitionorregistrationaspartoftheprerequisitefor
[Link]
AILArecognitionor'registration'[Link]
Registration,anapplicantusuallyneedstosatisfyanumberofprerequisites,includinguniversity
qualification,[Link]
twostages:(1)Aminimum12monthsofmentoringandassessmentand(2)oralassessment/interview.
[Link]
LandscapeArchitectsarerequiredtoreportannuallyontheircontinuingprofessionaldevelopment.[14]
Canada
InCanada,landscapearchitecture,likelawandmedicine,isaselfregulatingprofessionpursuantto
[Link],Ontario'sprofessionisgovernedbytheOntarioAssociationof
[Link]
architectsinOntario,BritishColumbia,andAlbertamustcompletethespecifiedcomponentsofL.A.R.E
(LandscapeArchitectureRegistrationExamination)asaprerequisitetofullprofessionalstanding.
Provincialregulatorybodiesaremembersofanationalorganization,theCanadianSocietyofLandscape
Architects/L'AssociationdesArchitectesPaysagistesduCanada(CSLAAAPC),andindividual
membershipintheCSLAAAPCisobtainedthroughjoiningoneoftheprovincialorterritorial
components.[15]
Italy
AIAPP(ItalianAssociationofLandscapeArchitecture)istheItalianassociationofprofessional
landscapearchitectsformedin1950andisamemberofIFLAandIFLAEurope(formerlyknownas
EFLA).AIAPPisintheprocessofcontestingthisnewlawwhichhasgiventheArchitects'Association
thenewtitleofArchitects,LandscapeArchitects,PlannersandConservationistswhetherornotthey
[Link],thereare
severaldifferentprofessionsinvolvedinlandscapearchitecture:
Architects
Landscapedesigners
DoctorlandscapeagronomistsandDoctorlandscapeforesters,oftencalledLandscape
agronomists.
AgrarianExpertsandGraduatedAgrarianexperts.
NewZealand
TheNewZealandInstituteofLandscapeArchitects(NZILA)istheprofessionalbodyforLandscape
[Link]([Link]
InApril2013,ILAjointlywithAILA,hostedthe50thInternationalFederationofLandscapeArchitects
(IFLA)WorldCongressinAuckland,[Link]
whereLandscapeArchitectsfromallaroundtheglobeattend.
WithinNZ,MembersofNZILAwhentheyachievetheirprofessionalstanding,canusethetitle
RegisteredLandscapeArchitectNZILA.
NZILAprovidesaccreditationreviewofeducationcourseprovidersandcurrentlytherearethree
accreditedLandscapeArchitecturecourseprovidersinNewZealand.
RepublicofIreland
TheprofessionalbodyinIrelandforlandscapearchitectsistheIrishLandscapeInstitute(ILI)
[Link]([Link]
totheEuropeanFederationforLandscapeArchitecture(EFLA)andIFLA.TheILIwasformedin1993
[Link]
professionbyitsaccreditationofthedegreeprogrammeinDublin,certificationofContinuing
ProfessionalDevelopment(CPD)forlandscapearchitects,administrationofprofessionalpractice
examinations,adviceondevelopmentofpolicyatnationallevelandorganisationofconferences,
[Link],representingprofessional
bodiesinvolvedinurbanspatialdisciplinesofengineering,architecture,planning,quantitysurveying
andlandscapearchitecture.
Theprofessionhasgainedinstatusandnumbersduetotheconstructionboomofthepastdecadeand
[Link]
unregulated,[Link]
architectsinIrelandworkinprivatepractice,publicsectorbodiesatlocalgovernmentlevelandinsome
[Link]
architectsisoftenassociatedwithstrategicinfrastructureprojectsduetoIreland'srecentmajor
[Link]:greeninfrastructure,public
realm,institutional/medical/industrialcampusesandsettings,parks,playfacilities,transport
(road/rail/cycle/port)corridors,retailcomplexes,residentialestates(includingplansforremediationof
nowabandonedhousing'ghost'estates),villageimprovements,accessibilityaudits,graveyard
restorationschemes,windfarms,[Link]
significantlyemployedinpreparation/reviewofstatutoryimpactassessmentreportsonlandscape,visual
andecologicalimpactsofdesignproposals.
UnitedKingdom
TheUK'sprofessionalbodyistheLandscapeInstitute(LI).Itisacharteredbodywhichaccredits
[Link]
[Link],academicsandprofessionals,andthereareover
3,000professionallyqualifiedmembers.
TheInstituteprovidesservicestoassistmembersincludingsupportandpromotionoftheworkof
landscapearchitectsinformationandguidancetothepublicandindustryaboutthespecificexpertise
offeredbythoseintheprofessionandtrainingandeducationaladvicetostudentsandprofessionals
lookingtobuildupontheirexperience.
In2008,theLIlaunchedamajorrecruitmentdriveentitled"IwanttobeaLandscapeArchitect"to
[Link]
architectureandhighlightitsvaluableroleinbuildingsustainablecommunitiesandfightingclimate
change.[16]
UnitedStates
InmostUSjurisdictionssuchasstatesandmunicipalities,alldesignsforpublicspacemustbereviewed
[Link],LandscapeArchitectureisregulated
[Link],obtaininglicensurerequiresadvanced
educationandworkexperience,[Link]
[Link],andnationallybythe
CouncilofLandscapeArchitecturalRegistrationBoards(CLARB).Landscapearchitecturehasbeen
identifiedasanaboveaveragegrowthprofessionbytheUSBureauofLaborStatisticsandwaslistedin
[Link]&WorldReport'slistofBestJobstoHavein2006,2007,2008,2009and2010.[17]The
[Link].
[Link]$71,000.[18]
Examplesoflandscapearchitecture
Potager(Dordogne,France)
BebenhausenAbbeymonastery
garden(BadenWrttemberg,
Germany)
Entrancetowalledkitchengarden
(Norfolk,England)
Medievalgarden(reconstruction)
(ledeFrance,France)
Woodland(Saihji,Japan)
Japanesegarden(tsu,Japan)
Chinesegarden
Gardenlighting(Pinjore,India)
Topiary(Helsingborg,Sweden)
AsiansculpturegardenTexas,USA.
Vigelandsculpturegarden(Frogner
Park,Oslo,Norway)
Roofterracegarden(Ventimiglia,
Italy)
FormalpalacegardenEscorial
(Madrid,Spain)
Mediterraneangarden(Alpes
Maritimes,France)
Herbgarden(Warwickshire,
England)
UseofstepsatVillalaMagia,in
Quarrata,Italy.
Seealso
JohnClaudiusLoudon(17831843)
Energyefficientlandscapedesign
Environmentalgraphicdesign
Gardendesign
Greenroof
Hardlandscapematerials
Landscapeassessment
Landscapedetailing
Landscapeengineering
LandscapeInstitute
Landscapeplanning
Landscapeproducts
Landscapeurbanism
Listoflandscapearchitects
Listofschoolsoflandscapearchitecture
Plantingdesign
PrinciplesofIntelligentUrbanism
Softlandscapematerials
Sustainablelandscapearchitecture
Urbanforestry
Urbanreforestation
WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoLandscape
architecture.
Externallinks
FrederickLawOlmsted([Link]
References
1. Hyams,Edward(1971).[Link],Washington:PraegerPublishers.
p.239.
2. SirGeoffreyJellicoe,SusanJellicoe,TheLandscapeofMan:ShapingtheEnvironmentfromPrehistorytothe
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
PresentDayISBN9780500274316
"[Link]"([Link]
20130406.
London:Longman.
FindaGrave([Link]
"HistoryofHorticulture"([Link]
RetrievedJuly24,2012.
IFLAPast,Present,FutureApublicationaboutthehistoryofIFLA.ISBN3952208000
UNCESCODocumentsandPublications([Link]
catno=123501&set=48C9DF56_2_0&gp=0&lin=1)
TheInternationalFederationofLandscapeArchitects(IFLA)([Link]
NationalParkService(2000).CulturalLandscapeReport:DumbartonOaksPark,RockCreekPark.
Washington,D.C.:[Link].
Corbett,John."IanMcHarg:OverlayMapsandtheEvaluationofSocialandEnvironmentalCostsofLand
UseChange"([Link]
Retrieved4June2014.
Ozio,Ron(6March2001)."Obituary:IanMcHargDies"([Link]
pennsylvaniaprofianmchargdies).[Link].Retrieved4June2014.
"TheOntarioAssociationofLandscapeArchitects"([Link]
20130406.
AustralianInstituteofLandscapeArchitects(AILA)([Link]
CanadianSocietyofLandscapeArchitectsOfficialSiteEnglish([Link]
"CCPositionStatement"([Link]
[Link].2011.Retrieved30May2011.
"CareerAdviceandGuideforJobSearchesUSNewsBusiness"
([Link]
[Link].Retrieved20130406.
"AverageSalaryforLandscapeArchitectureProfessionalsis$71,100,SurveySays"
([Link]
Retrievedfrom"[Link]
Categories: Architecture Landscapearchitecture Environmentalsocialscience
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon3August2015,at18:20.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionalterms
[Link],[Link]
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.