B. A.

(Programme)

Ist year

TAMIL - A

HISTORY OF TAMIL CULTURE

TAMIZHUM PIRA PANPAADUM

jkpOk; gpw gz;ghLk;

T. P. MEENAKSHI SUNDARANAR

STUDY MATERIAL - 2

nghUslf; f k;
ghlk;: 1. jkpoh; gz;ghL
ghlk; 2. ,e;jpahtpy; jkpo;r; nry;thf;F
ghlk; 3. ,e;jpahtpw;F ntspNa jkpo;r; nry;thf;F

Editor

Dr. S. Manickavasagam
SCHOOL OF OPEN LEARNING
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
5, CAVALRY LINE
DELHI-110 007.
All rights reserved

ghlk; - 1

jkpoh; gz;ghL
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Kidth; nj. ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; mth;fs; 8.1.1901 - ,y; gpwe;jth;. nrd;id
njd;gl;bdk; vd;w gFjp mtuJ nrhe;j Ch; MFk;. nghd;Dr;rhkp fpuhkzpahh; mtuJ
je;ijahh; Mthh;.

mtuJ fy;tpAk; gl;lKk;:

Gfo; tha;e;j tbNtYr; nrl;bahh;> jpUkzk; nry;tf; Nfrtuha Kjypahh; Mfpa
NguwpQhplk;; [Link] fy;tp gapd;wth;. tpj;Jthd;> vk;.V.> [Link];.> vk;.[Link];. Mfpa gl;lq;fisg;
ngw;wth;. \gy;fiyr; nry;th;|;> \gd;nkhopg; Gyth;|; Mfpa rpwg;Gg; gl;lq;fs; mtuJ jFjpapd;
mbg;gilapy; mspf;fg;gl;lit MFk;.
mth; xU tof;fwpQh;. Mdhy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jjpw;Fk; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpah; gzpf;Fk;
jd; tho;ehs; KOtijAk; mh;g;gzpj;jth;.

Mw; w pa gzpfs; :
nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}hpapy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhf tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpath;.
gpd;du; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzp Ghpe;jth;. mnkhpf;fhtpy;
cs;s rpfhNfh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; tpUe;jpay; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzp GhpAk; ngUik
ngw;wth;. ,Wjpahf> kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; Jiz Nte;juhfg; gzp epiwT
nra;jth;.

,aw; w pa Ehy; f s; :
\md;GKb|> \ePq;fSk; RitAq;fs;|> \FyNrfuh;|> \ts;StUk; kfspUk;|> \fhdy;thp|>
\jkpOk; gpw gz;ghLk;|> \jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fpa tuyhW|> \rq;f ,yf;fpa xg;gPL|> \rahkpy;
jpUg;ghit> jpUntk;ghit|> \gpwe;jJ vg;gbNah|> \jkpoh epidj;Jg; ghh;|> \rkzj; jkpo;|>
\,yf;fpa tuyhW|> \ftp ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h;|> \Nrf;fpohUk; jpUf;fz;zg;gUk;|> \#shkzp
trdk;|> \jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;| Philosophy of Thiruvalluvar Kjypait mth;
vOjpa E}y;fs; MFk;.

jdpr; rpwg;Gfs; - Gyik ngw;w nkhopfs;:

tlnkhop> jkpo;> kiyahsk;> ,e;jp> njYq;F> Mq;fpyk;> fd;dlk;> gpuQ;R> n[h;nkdp
Mfpa nkhopfspy; Mokhd Gyik ngw;wth;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;Lr;
rpiw nrd;wth;.

mtuJ Gfo; tha;e;j khzth;fs;:

jkpo; ,yf;fpa Ma;tpy; jiyrpwe;J tpsq;fpa lhf;lh; Jiuauq;fdhh;> m.r.
2

Qhdrk;ge;jdhh;> f. MWKfdhh;> K. rz;Kfk; gps;is> KUfuj;jpdk; MfpNahh; mtuJ

khzth;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; Mth;.

kiwT:
27.8.1980 ,y;> jkJ vz;gjhtJ tajpy; [Link]. mth;fs; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;fs;.

jkpOk; gpw gz;ghLk; - Ehy;gw;wpa Fwpg;G:

\jkpOk; gpw gz;ghLk;| vd;Dk; ,e;j Ehy;> jkpo; nkhopapYk; Vida ghuj ehl;L
nkhopfspYk; CLUtpf; fhzg;gLfpw flTs; topghl;bd; - gf;jpg; gz;;ghl;bd;- xw;Wikia
tpsf;FfpwJ. jkpopYk; Vida ghuj ehl;L nkhopfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;w gf;jpg; gz;ghl;Lj;
njhlh;ig ,e;E}y; RUf;fkhf tpsf;FfpwJ.
ghuj Njrj;J kf;fspilNa xNu gz;ghl;L cwT njhd;Wnjhl;L ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjw;Fg; gpwF ,e;jg; gz;ghL NkYk; xd;wp ,ize;J neUq;fpf;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ghuj ehl;by; thOk; vy;yh nkhopahUk; jk;ikr; #o;e;Js;s rNfhju nkhopahNuhL
el;GwT nfhz;L xd;Wgl;L ,ize;J tho Kidfpd;wdh;. Xt;nthU nkhopahUk; jq;fSf;F
mUfpy; tho;fpw kw;w nkhopahshpd; gz;ghLfis mwpe;J xd;Wgl;L tho Kay;fpwhh;fs;.
xUtiunahUth; Ghpe;Jnfhz;L neUq;fpg; gofp el;NghL tho tpiofpwhh;fs;. ,tw;iw
kdk; nfhz;L> \jkpOk; gpw gz;ghLk;| vd;Dk; ,e;Ehy; vspa nkhop eilAld; eilNghLfpwJ.
,e;E}ypy; gy;NtW
jiyg;Gfspy; nj. ngh. kP. mtu;fs; vOjpAs;s fl;Liufis
tpupthff; fhz;Nghk;.
.

1. jkpoh; gz;ghL
gz;ghL vd;gjd; nghUs; tpsf;fk;:
\\gz;gLj;jpa epyk;||> \\gz;gl;l kdk;||> \\gz;gl;l kdpjg; ghq;F|| Mfpa njhlh;fs;
gz;gLjy; vd;w %yj;jpy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jit MFk;. jdp kdpjdpd; rpwg;Gfs; gz;ghL vd
tpje;J $wg;gLtjpy;iy. Xh; ,dj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs; my;yJ xU ehl;bd; rpwg;Gfs; gz;ghL
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
\ngaf;fz;Lk; eQ;Rz;L mikth; eaj;jf;f
ehfhpfk; Ntz;L gth;|
- jpUf;Fws; - fz;Nzhl;lk; - Fws; vz; - 580.
vd ts;Sth; ehfhpfk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
ts;Sthpd; fUj;Jg;gb> \\gifth; kdKk; Gz;glhjgb thOk; fz;Nzhl;lk; gz;ghL||
vdg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;.
mjhtJ rpwe;j tho;f;iff;F mbg;gilahf mikfpd;w cs;sg; ghq;fpd; ntspg;ghNl
gz;ghL vd;gJ ts;Sth; gz;ghl;bw;Fj; jUk; tpsf;fk; MFk;.

jphpfuzq; f s; :
kdk;> nkhop> nka; Mfpatw;iwr; rkar; rhj;jpuq;fs; \jphp fuzq;fs;| vd miof;Fk;.
kdijg;gw;wpa J}a;ik epiy> Ngr;rpy; mike;j ,dpik epiy> cliyg;gw;wpa MNuhf;fpa
epiy Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;. mikjp> \\gz;ghl;bd; caph;epiy|| MFk;.
,tw;iwj; jkpoh;fs; kdq;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; nrhw;fshy; moFglr; nrhy;yhky;
nrhy;yp epw;gh;.
cs; + ik = cz;ik - kdjpd; mikjp epiy
tha; + ik = tha;ik - Ngr;rpd; mikjp epiy
nka; + ik = nka;ik - clypd; mikjp epiy
,it %d;Wk; gz;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Ngrg;gLjy; fhz;fpNwhk;. gpwiuj; Jd;GWj;jp
tUj;jhj kdepiy> gpwiuf; fhag;gLj;jhj Ngr;rpd; mikjp> gpwUf;F clyhy; cjTk;
gf;Ftk; Mfpait gz;ghl;bd; Mzp Nth;fshFk;. ,it jdp kdpjdplk; kl;Lk; fhzg;glhky;
Xh; ,dj;jpd; kf;fs; $l;lj;jpDila rpwg;gpay;ghf mikAkhdhy; mij Xh; ,dj;jpd;
gz;ghL vdf; fUJfpNwhk;. rhjp> Fyk;> ,dk;> nkhop> jl;gntg;g epiy Mfpatw;iwf;
fle;J xU ehl;bd; kf;fs; $l;lj;jpDila rpwg;gpay;ghf ,it mikAkhdhy; mij xU
ehl;bd; gz;ghL vdf; fUJfpNwhk;.

mfj;jpd; mfk; Md;kPfk;:kd czh;Tfs; ,Utifg;gLk;. mit>

1. mfk;
2. Gwk;
4

vdg;gLk;.
cs;sk; kl;Lk; mDgtpj;J czUk; czh;Tfs; mfk; vdg;gLk;> czh;gth; kl;Lkpd;wpg;
gpwiuAk; czu itf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit Gwk; vdg;gLk;.
fiyfs; xU fiyQdpd; kdjpy; Njhd;Wk;NghJ m/J mfk; vdg;gLfpwJ. mJNt
rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> ,ir> eldk;> ,yf;fpak;> vdg; gpwUk; mwpAkhW ghpzkpf;Fk;NghJ Gwk;
vdg;gLk;.
mjhtJ fiyQdpd; mfj;Nj Njhd;WtJ mfepiy; tbtk; nfhz;L Gwj;Nj
ntspg;gLtJ Gwepiy. fiyfs; Njhd;wp ntspg;gLk; epiyia \mfg;Gwepiy| vd miog;gh;
Kidth; [Link]. kPdhl;rp Re;judh; mth;fs;.
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL Mfpad \GU~hh;j;jq;fs;|; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mfg;Gw epiyapy; mikAk; fiyfisg; Nghd;Nw mwk; Kjypa GU~hh;j;jq;fs; gz;ghl;il
tbtikg;gjpy; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd.
vy;NyhUila mfKk; - kdKk; - Kw;wpYk; czuNth> Ghpe;J nfhs;sNth> rhd;W
nfhz;L epWtNth Kbahj nghUs; xd;W cz;L. m/J Md;kPfk; vdg;gLk;.
vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; mbg;gilahd mfj;Jf;Fk; mfkhdJ Md;kPfk; MFk;. ,jid
mfj;jpd; mfk; vd;gh; [Link]. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; mth;fs;.

gz;ghl;bd; ,U epiyfs;:
xU gz;ghl;bd; nghJthd ,ay;Gfs; / gz;Gfs; gz;ghl;bd; nghJ epiy vdg;gLk;.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,dj;jpw;Nfh> kf;fs; $l;lj;jpw;Nfh> ehl;bw;Nfh vdr; rpwg;ghf mike;j
gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;G epiy vdg;gLk;. ,iwtid vz;zp thOk; Md;kPf
tho;T ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;G epiy MFk;.

,e;jpag; gz;ghL - Md;kPfg; gz;ghl;bd; mbj;jsk;:

,iw czh;T mfj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; ,dk;Ghpahj Xh; mf czh;T MFk;. ,e;j mf
czh;tpy; Njhd;Wk; vz;zq;fs; ,iwtidg; gy tbtq;fspy; fz;L kfpo;e;jd.
$j;jg; ngUkhdpd; Gwf; Nfhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Gd;KWty;> moF> kpLf;F Mfpad
kdk; fth;e;J epw;git. Mdhy; ,e;j moiff; fz;L urpg;gjpy; kl;Lk; Md;kh mikjp
nfhs;tjpy;iy. me;j mofpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l flTs; epiy xd;W cs;sJ. \\mtd; Ml
vy;yhk; MLk;||;> vd;w cz;ikapd; tpsf;fj;ij kdk; czh;fpwJ.
,iw tbtj;jpd; xt;nthU $Wk; xt;Nthh; Mo;ej
; fUj;jpd; milahskhf tpsq;FjiyAk;
kdk; czh;e;J ,d;GWfpwJ.
cLf;if - gilg;gpd; milahsk;.
vhpaoy; - moptpd; vr;rhpf;if.
rpw;gq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs; vd mikAk; gbepiyfs; gbg;gbahf cah;e;J nrd;W
flTs; epiyapy; xd;Wgl;L Kbfpd;w mz;lj;jpd; El;gq;fs; 5

,it Md;kPf tsh;r;rpapy; kdk; czUk; mDgt epiyfs;.

Ntjk; czh;j;Jk; Md;kPf epiy:

Ntjg; ghlq;fspy; R+hpaidg; gw;wpa nra;jp ,lk; ngWfpwJ. mjDila moFk;>
Mw;wYk; mq;F tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. me;jg; Gwf; Nfhyj;jpd; moNfhL xd;wp tpsq;Fk;
flTs; epiyAk; mq;Nf ghtyh; fz;Zf;Fg;gLfpwJ. mjdhy; R+hpaidNa vy;yhkhfg;
ghLk; Nghf;F Ntjj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

md;G newpNa jkpoh; newp:

rq;f mfg; ghly;fs; midj;jpYk; caph; epiyahf tpsq;FtJ md;G newpahFk;.
ghly;fspy; tUgth;fs; Xh; MZk;> ngz;Zkha; ,Uf;fyhk;. mq;Nf mth;fspd; eiliag;
ghh;f;fyhk;> ciliag; ghh;;fyhk;. Mdhy; Gytd; ekf;F mq;Nf tpsf;f KidtJ kdpjg;
gz;gpw;Nf caph; epiyahf tpsq;Ffpd;w md;gpd; tpsf;fj;ijNa MFk.; me;j md;gpd;
tpsf;fj;ijg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspypUe;J fhl;Lfpd;w fhl;rpNa mtw;wpy; rpwg;ghff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

mbahh;fs; Rl;Lk; ehafd; ehafp ghtk;:

ehad;khh;fSk; Mo;thh;fSk; jhk; mDgtpj;j ,iw ,d;gj;ij ekf;F tpsf;f tUk;NghJ>
mfg; ghly;fshf mtw;iwg; ghbf; fhl;Lfpwhh;fs;. mtu;fs; Mz;ltidf; fhjydhfTk;>
jk;ikf; fhjypauhfTk;> mikj;Jg; ghba ghl;ilnay;yhk; ntWq; fhjw; fijfs; vd;W
nfhs;tjw;fpy;iy. fhjw; fijiaAk; jhz;b tpsq;Fk; ,iwad;gpd; fhl;rpia mq;nfy;yhk;
fhz;fpNwhk;.

,e;jpa Md;kPfj;jpd; jdpg; gz;Gfs;:

Md;kPfj;jpy;> kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; czh;Tfs; vy;yhk; flTspd; tpsf;fkhf Kbfpd;wd.
mg;NghJ ek; caph; kl;Lkpd;wp ek; cs;sKk; clYk; Mz;ltdpd; Nfhapy;fshfr; rpwe;J
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,e;jpa Md;kf
P j;jpy; cliy ntWf;fpd;w Ngr;Rk; ,y;iy> ,of;fpd;w Ngr;Rk;
,y;iy.

vz;Zk; vOj;Jk; fz;nzdj; jFk;:

vz;nzd;g Vid vOj;njd;g ,t;tpuz;Lk;
fz;nzd;g thOk; caph;f;F
- jpUf;Fws; - fy;tp - Fws; vz; - 392.
vz; vd;gJ mwptpd; tpsf;fk;; vOj;J vd;gJ Md;kPfj;jpd; tpsf;fk;. vz; ehfhpfj;jpd;
%yk;; vOj;J gz;ghl;bd; %yk;.
vz;zhy; caph; ngWk; fy;tp> cs;spUf;Fk; rpy Mw;wy;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifahf
mikfpwJ. vO gpwtpapYk; njhlh;eJ
; tsh;eJ
; tUk; Mw;wy;fs; xt;nthUthpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfshf
ntspahfp;d;wd. ek;Kila tpQ;Qhdg; Nghf;Fs;s mwpT ,t;thW fy;tpahy; tsh;fpwJ.
,e;j msitfSf;F ( logic) mbg;gilahf miktJ vz;. mjhtJ ,e;j msitfis>
mse;J mwpa KaYk; Kaw;rpNa vz; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa mwptpd; ngUf;fj;ijj;jhd;
vz; vd ts;Sth; Fwpg;gpl;L ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6

fl;Gydhfhf; flTisf; fhl;Lk; rl;lk; Nghd;wJ vOj;J. vz;zhy; fhz Kbahj

flTisf; fhl;Lk; milahskhf tpf;fpufq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mJNghyf; fz;zhNy ghh;f;f
Kbahj xypapd; milahskhff; fz;zhy; ghh;f;Fk; thpnaOj;Jfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,g;gb
milahskhf Ntnwhd;iwf; Fwpj;J epw;gij vOj;J vd toq;FtJ kuG. \vOj;J| vd;gjw;F
\Xtpak;| vd;w nghUSk; mike;jikf;F ,e;j cl;nghUNs fhuzkhfyhk;.
fy;tpahy; ehfhpfk; cah;fpwJ; ehfhpfj;jhy; cs;sk; gz;gLfpwJ. fy;tp> R+o;epiy
Kjypatw;wpd; gadhf kf;fs; $l;lk; tho;f;ifapy; tsh;r;rp fhz;fpwJ. ,jdhy; cs;sk;
gf;Ftg;gLfpwJ. \\cs;sk; czUk; cs;Szh;T epiyAk; mjd; tpsf;fKNk gz;ghL||
vdg;gLfpwJ. RUq;ff; $wpd; vz; ehfhpfj;jpy; [Link];J gz;ghl;by; KbfpwJ.

fiyAk; > gz; g hLk; :

mwpT> Md;kPfk; Mfpatw;wpd; gz;gl;l epiyNa fiyapd; caph;epiy. fiyf;F
,uz;L epiyfs; cs;sd. fiyiaf; fiyQd; Kjypy; jd; cs;sf; fhl;rpahff; fhz;fpwhd;.
fiyQd; czUk; czh;T Xtpakhf> rpw;gkhf> ,irahf> ghlyhfg; gpwh; vy;NyhUk;
mDgtpf;ff;$ba epiyia milfpwJ. fiyQDila \jdpTilik| vd;w epiyapypUe;J
tpyfp> mf; fiy \nghJTilik| MfpwJ. mjhtJ fiyQdpd; jdpg;gl;l> gz;gl;l
czh;T midtUf;Fk; gad;gLk; nghJg; gz;ghlhf kyh;fpwJ.

mw E}y;fs; - gz;ghl;bd; Mzp Nth;fs;:

r%fk; vd;gJ xU epWtdk; ( Institution). xOf;f newpAk; gz;ghLk; mjd; ,U
fz;fs;. jkpopy; xOf;fj;ij tw;;GWj;Jk; E}y;fs; ,yf;fpakhfTk; rpwe;J tpsq;Fjy;
fhz;fpNwhk;. ts;Sth; fhyj;jpypUe;J> Gjpa Mj;jpr;R+b ghba ghujp - ghujpjhrd; fhyk;
tiuapYk; ePjp E}y;fs; Xh; Vw;wk; ngw;W epd;wikf;F mit gz;ghl;bd; Mzp Nth;fshfj;
jpfo;e;jikNa fhuzk; vdyhk;.
Foe;ijfs; Kjypy; gbf;Fk; nra;As; E}y;fshd Mj;jpr;R+b> nfhd;iw Nte;jd;>
ntw;wp Ntw;if> ey; top> ePjp ntz;gh> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; Mfpad gRkuj;J MzpNghy
gr;rpsk; Foe;ijfspd; kdjpy; gz;ghl;il Mokhfg; gjpf;Fk; vdf; fUjpg; ghl E}y;fshf
itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

jpUf;FwSk; ehybahUk; - jkpo;g; gz;ghl;bd; fUt+yq;fs;:

jpUf;Fws; jkpouJ Ntjkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,/J xU jiy rpwe;j mwEhy;. \\ehYk;
,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp|| vd;w gonkhop ehybahiuAk; jpUf;FwisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ.
fhg;gpak; vOj tUfpd;wth;fs; vy;yhk; jpUf;Fwis ,yf;fzkhf itj;Jf;nfhz;L ,yf;fpak;
vOJfpwhh;fs; vdyhk;.

mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL - gz;ghl;bd; %yjdq;fs;:mw E}y;fis vKjpa jkpo;g; Gyth;fs; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; Mfpatw;iwg;
nghpJk; typAWj;jp epw;fpd;wdh;.
\,d;gKk; nghUSk; mwDk; vd;whq;F|
vdj; njhy;fhg;gpah; %d;iw kl;LNk Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ts;Sth; jk; jpUf;Fwis mwj;Jg;ghy;>
7

nghUl;ghy;> ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; vd %d;whfg; gFj;J epw;wy; fhz;fpNwhk;.

Mdhy; jkpo;g; Gyth;fs; tPlb
; d;gj;ij Gwf;fzpg;gth;fs; my;yh;. Nkhl;r jh;kj;ijAk;
mwj;jpNyNa mlf;fpf; $Wgth;fs; mth;fs;.
\ahd;|> \vdJ| vd;fpd;w jd;dyj;ijj; Jwe;J epd;W FLk;gj;NjhLk; rKjhaj;NjhLk;
gpd;dh; cyNfhLk; Kbthf> vy;yhk; Mfpa flTNshLk; xd;wp epw;fpd;w ngUtho;it
mth;fs; tw;GWj;jp epd;wdh;.
RUq;ff; $wpd; jkpouJ ,d;g tho;Nt Nghpd;g tho;thf kyh;eJ
; epd;wJ. cyfj;jpypUe;J
jk;ik NtWgLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fk; jkpohpilNa fhzg;gltpy;iy. mjw;F khwhf>
\\ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;||;
- GwehDhW> fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhh;.
\\ahjhDk; ehlhkhy; Cuhkhy; | |
- jpUf;Fws; - fy;tp - Fws; vz; - 397.
\\cynfy; y hk; | |
- nghpaGuhzk; - Nrf;fpohh;.
\\Qhyk; epd; GfNo kpf Ntz;Lk;||
Njthuk; - Qhdrk;ge;jh;.
\\mg;ghYk; mbrhh;e;jhh; mbahh;f;Fk; mbNad;||;
- jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif - Re;juh;.
\\cynfq;Fk; Nktpa Njthyae; njhWk;|;|
- jpUg;Gfo; - mUzfphpehjh;.
vd cyf xUikg;ghl;bw;F top tFj;jdh;.
jpiu fly; Xbj; jkJ gz;ghl;il cyfg; gz;ghlhf tsh;j;J te;jhh;fs;. ,k;
Nkw;Nfhs;fs; ,e; E}ypy; Ie;J ,lq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; El;gKk; Nehf;fKk; vz;zp
,d;Gwj;jf;fit.

2. vq;Fk; jkpoh;
fly; fle;j jkpoh; ehfhpfk;
\\jpiu fly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL|| vd;gJ jkpoh; ghl;bd; fl;lis. jk;Kila
gz;ghl;ilAk; gpw ehl;Lr; nry;tj;ijAk; tsh;j;J tUtNj mjd; Nehf;fk;.

,yq; i fAld; nfhz; l njhlh; G :

jkpoh;fs; fPioj; jPTfspy; gy muir epiyehl;bAs;shh;fs;; thzpfk; nra;Js;shh;fs;.
mth;fs; ntl;ba Fsk; Kjypa mw epiyaq;fs; ,d;Wk; mq;F tpsq;Ffpd;wd. mth;fs;
kpf tpUk;gpg; ghbte;j jpUg;ghitAk; jpUntk;ghitAk; ,yq;ifapy; ke;jpuq;fshf khwptpl;ld.

NuhkhGhpAld; nfhz; l njhlh; G :

ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J fUk;G> thy; kpsF Kjypatw;iwf; nfhz;L te;J jkpo;
ehl;by; nry;tk; nfhopf;fr; nra;jhh;fs;. NuhkhGhpf;Fj; jkpo; ehl;L Kj;ijAk; gpw
nry;tq;fisAk; nfhz;L nrd;W NuhkhGhp kq;ifaiug; gl;bYk; Kj;jpYk; kpDf;fr; nra;jhh;fs;.
mq;fpUe;J nghd;Dk; fiyg; nghUs;fSk; me;ehl;Lf; fs;NshL ,q;F te;jd.

mNugpaUld; nfhz; l njhlh; G :

Nkiyf; flypYk; fg;gNyhl;ba jkpoh;fs; mNugpaNuhL NjhNshL Njhs; Nrh;e;J
fg;gy; njhopypy; gy Mz;Lfs; <Lgl;Lte;jhh;fs;.

rPdUld; nfhz;l njhlh;G:

rPdUld; jkpoh; njhlh;G nfhz;L epd;wjhy; fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;ngOe;j rPdE}ypy;;
fhQ;rpGuj;ijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;G cs;sJ.

tlnkhopAld; nfhz; l njhlh; G :

jkpofk; kl;Lkpd;wp ,e;jpahtpd; gpw gFjpfspYk; jkpoh; nry;thf;F gutp epd;wJ.
re;jpuFg;jid epiyehl;ba rhzf;fpad; njd;dhl;Lr; Nrhopad; Mthh;. njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J
gl;L Kjypa nghUs;fs; tlehl;Lf;Fr; nrd;wd. re;jpuFg;jd; muz;kidapypUe;j nkf];jdP];
vd;w fpNuf;fh; jkJ Fwpg;gpy; ghz;baiug; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

tlnkhop ,yf; f zj; J ld; nfhz; l njhlh; G :

ghzpdpf;Fg; gpd;te;j tuUrp vd;w ,yf;fzg; Gyth;> ghz;bah;> Nrhoh; vd;w jkpo;r;
nrhw;fSf;nfy;yhk; tlnrhy; Nghy ,yf;fzk; $Wfpwhh;. tlnkhopr; nrhy;Ny vd;W
epidj;Jtplf; $ba mstpw;F mit mq;Nf gioa nrhw;fs; Mfptpl;ld. ,yf;fzg;
Nguhrphpauhd gjQ;rypahh; fhQ;rp khefuj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

tlGy Ml; r pahsh; f Sld; nfhz; l njhlh; G :

mNrhfd; jd;Dila fy;ntl;by; Nru> Nrho> ghz;baiuAk; rj;jpa Gj;jpuh; vd;w
mjpakhd;fisAk; jd;Dila ez;gh;fshff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhd;.

tlnkhop ,jpfhrq; f Sld; nfhz; l njhlh; G :

ghujj;jpy; tUk; er;Rg; ngha;iff; fijapy;> \\efuq;fSs; rpwe;jJ fhQ;rp|| vd;W fhQ;rp
khefuk; ghuhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

tlnkhopg; gy;fiyf; fofj;Jld; nfhz;l njhlh;G:

fhQ;rp khefuj;jpy;> me;jf; fhyj;jpy; xU nghpa gy;fiyf; fofk; ,Ue;jJ.
,q;fpUe;Jjhd; jpf;ehfUk; jh;kghyUk; ehse;jhg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; jiytuhfr; nrd;whh;fs;.

Md;kPf xUikg;ghl;by; jkpo; ehfhpfj;jpd; gq;F:

rq;f fhy kf;fs; thuzhrp vd;w fhrpia ed;F mwpe;J ,Ue;jhh;fs;. ghlypGj;jpuk;
mth;fSf;F ed;whfj; njhpAk;.
Njthuk; ghba %th;> ehyhapu jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk; ghba Mo;thh;fs; MfpNahuJ
gilg;Gfspy; tl,e;jpahitg;gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. mth;fs; tlehl;Lf; Nfhapy;fisg;
gw;wpAk; ghbAs;sdh;.
mg;gh; vdg;gLk; jpUehTf;furh; tlehl;by; cs;s fapiyiaf; fhzr;nrd;w tuyhW
nghpa Guhzj;jpy; cs;sJ. jpUkq;ifaho;thh; iekprhuz;aj;ijAk;> gj;hpehj;ijAk; fz;L
te;J ghbAs;shh;. ,d;Wk; mq;Nf jkpo;g; ghly;fs; ghlg;ngWfpd;wd. Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhh;
jpUf;Nfjhuj;ijg; ghbAs;shh;. ,ilf;fhyj;jpnyy;yhk; fhrpAk; ,uhNkRtuKk; ,e;jpa ehl;il
xd;WgLj;jp epd;wd. jkpoh;fs; \\ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;|| vd;w jkpo; kugpw;F Vw;g
xd;W$b cwthb> cyfk; cau> cioj;J tho;e;jdh; vd;w cz;ik ,jdhy; GydhfpwJ.

10

3. jkpOk; gpw gz;ghLk;

gz; g hl; L tuyhWk; mjd; ,d; w paikahikAk; :
tuyhW vd;gJ ntWk; Nghh;fisg; gw;wpAk; ntw;wpfisg;gw;wpAk; tpsf;Fk; njhFg;G
md;W. mJ rKjhak;> gz;ghL Mfpatw;wpd; tsh;r;rpapd; tpsf;fk;. ngUkio nga;fpd;w
Nghnjy;yhk; nts;sk; ngUfp midj;ijAk; $lNt thhpr; RUl;br; nry;tJ Nghd;W
nry;thf;F kpf;f xU gz;ghL> gpd;dile;J epw;fpd;w xU gz;ghl;bid mlf;fp ntw;wp
nfhs;Sjy; kuG

nkhopf; fyg;G gz;ghl;Lf; fyg;gpd; ntspg;ghNl:

gd;ndLq; fhykhfg; gpwnkhop NgRk; kf;fNshL Vw;gl;l njhlh;gpdhNy mk; nkhopr;
nrhw;fs; jkpopNy GFe;J ,d;iwa tof;fpYk; epiyngw;W tpl;ld. ,JNghyNt jkpo;r;
nrhw;fSk; gpw nkhopfspy; GFe;jd.
cRkhdpahg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa b.v];. khzpf;fk; mth;fs;> jkpopy;
fhzg;ngWk; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; gw;wp Muha;e;J tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
Me;jpug; gy;fiyf; fofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j lhf;lh; Rg;ghuht; mth;fs;> \\Mq;fpyj;jpy;
fhzg;ngWk; ,e;jpa nkhopr; nrhw;fs;|| gw;wp Muha;e;jpUf;fpwhh;.

11

4. jkpOk; jpuhtplKk;
jkpo; Xh; cyf nkhop:
cyfpy; jdpAhpik ngw;Wj; jpfOk; ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;g+h;>
/gp[p> njd;dhg;gphpf;fh> fpof;F Mg;gphpf;fh Kjypa gy ehLfspy; tho;fpd;w gy;yhapuf;
fzf;fhd kf;fspd; jha;nkhop jkpo; vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Nthkhdhy;> mjid Xh;
cyf nkhop vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. ,J jtpu Nkw;gbg;Gf;fhf INuhg;gh> M];jpNuypah>
mnkhpf;fh Kjypa ehLfspy; nrd;Ws;s jkpoh;fSk; cs;sdh;.

jkpopy; ,e;jpag; gz;ghLfspd; gq;F:

jkpo; nkhop jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpidr; Nrh;e;jJ. nkhfQ;NrhjhNuh> `hug;gh
fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;ngWk; nkhop %yj; jpuhtpl nkhopNa vd;gJ nkhop Ma;tpy; fz;l
KbthFk;.
jpuhtplh;fs; jdp ,dj;jhh;. jpuhtpl nkhopfisg; NgRNthh; ,e;jpag; ngUehl;bd;
Vida kf;fspilNaAk; gpw gz;ghLfspilNaAk; jkJ gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfis ,e;j
mbg;gilapy; mth;fs; gug;gpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghd;W ,th;fs; gz;ghl;bYk; gpw
gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; gutpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jpa nkhopfspy; jpuhtpl ,yf;fzf; $Wfs;:

1. vOj; j pay; :
jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; nry;thf;fpdhy;> ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; xypapay; Xhpayhfg;
gutpAs;sJ.

2. nrhy;ypay;:
,e;jpa nkhopfspd; njhlhpay; mikg;gpy; Vwj;jho Xh; xUKfkhd Nghf;F
tsh;eJ
; s;sJ. thf;fpaj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; gadpiyfs; mike;J tpsq;FtNj ,t; nthUKfkhd
Nghf;fhFk;. ,J jpuhtpl nkhop ,yf;fzf; $Wfspd; ed;nfhilahFk;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; %yf; $Wfs; nfhz;l jkpo; nkhop:

jpuhtpl nkhopfl;Fs;Ns fpwpj;Jt rfhg;jj;jpd; Jtf;fj;jpypUe;Nj rpwg;G kpf;f
,yf;fpaq;fisf; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk; rpwe;j nkhop jkpo; MFk;. ,jDila neLq;fzf;F
vOj;J Kiw Vida jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; vOj;JKiw Nghy KOtJk; tlnkhopiag;
gpd;gw;wp mikatpy;iy. NkYk;> jkpo; kl;Lk; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;l jpuhtplf; $Wfis
,d;Dk; cs;slf;fp tpsq;ff; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,jd; tpisthfj; jkpo; jtph;j;j gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfs; gpuhfpUjNknad;Wk; ,e;Njh
- Mhpa tlnkhopapd; rpije;j tbtq;fNs vdTk; tlnkhop kw;Wk; Nkiy ehl;L nkhopapay;
Ma;thsh;fs; jtwhd Kbit Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

12

gue;J tpsq;Fk; njd;dpe;jpag; gz;ghl;Lwtpidf; fz;lwpa Kjypy; jkpioNa Ma;Tf;F

vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ vspjhdJ. mjpYk; jpuhtplf; $Wfisf; fz;lwpe;J nfhs;sj; jkpopypUe;J
Ma;itj; njhlq;FtJ vspjhfpwJ.

tlnkhop ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopr; nry;thf;F:

tlnkhopia ehl;bd; vy;yhg; gFjpiar; Nrh;ej
; kf;fSk; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;w nkhopahfg;
gad;gLj;jpdh;;. ,jdhy; xU E}y; tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gjhNyNa mJ
KOtJk; Mhpag; gz;ghl;bidNa tpsf;fp epw;fpd;wJ vd;W nfhs;s Ntz;bajpy;iy.
xU jkpowpQuhy; vOjg;gLk; Xh; Mq;fpy E}y;> jkpo; ehl;bd; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfis
XusTf;fhtJ ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,ijg;Nghd;W jkpoh;fs; vOjpa gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fSk;>
,yf;fzq;fSk; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfis ngw;wpUj;jy; fhz;fpNwhk;.
rq;fuh;> jhk; vOjpa \\nrse;jhpa yfhp|| vd;w E}ypy; Njthuk; mUspatUs; xUtuhd
jpUQhd rk;ge;jhpd; jt;a gz;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mth; xU fhyj;jpy; jkpo;
kz;lyj;Jld; ,ize;jpUe;j Nfusg; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;jth;.
nrd;idf;F mUfpYs;s jpUg;ngUk;GJ}hpy; gpwe;j ,uhkhD[h; jhk; mUspa tlnkhop
Ey;fSs; jkpog; ngUk; Gyth;fSk;> itzt mUshsh;fSk; fz;l NgUz;ikfis
tpsf;fp cs;shh;.
kzths khKdpfSk; gpwUk; fz;l \\=itztk;|| njd;fiyahk; jkpo;j; jd;ikia
tw;GWj;jpg; Nghuhlf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
nka;fz;l Njt ehadhuhYk;> mth;jk; re;jhdf; FutuhYk; irt rpe;jhe;jf;
Nfhl;ghLfs; rpwg;ghfTk;> njspthfTk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ld. tlGyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j irt
rpe;jhe;j Mrphpah;fspd; fUj;Jfs; ,f; Nfhl;ghLfspy; Clhb epw;fpd;wd vd;gJ cz;ik.
vdpDk; ,e;E}y; jkpo;r; rkaf; Futh;fspd; gz;ghl;bidAk; mth;fs; fz;l NgUz;ikfisAk;
ngw;wpyq;FfpwJ vd;gJk; kWf;f Kbahj cz;ik.
NguwpQh;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb ghftj Guhzk; njd;dpe;jpahitr; Nrh;ej
; J vd;gJ mwpe;J
nfhs;sj;jf;f Ritahd nra;jp.
,t;thNw kfhghujj;jpy; ngUk; gFjpahd ghly; kuGfs; njd;dhl;ilr; rhh;e;jit;
njd;dfg; gz;ghl;bd; njhlh;gpdhy; Mf;fg; ngw;wit.

KbTiu:
,tw;why; mw;ayhFk; cz;ikfs;

tUkhW:

jkpoh; gz; g hL:

1. jdpkdpjdpd; rpwg;Gfisr; Rl;lg; gz;ghL vd;w njhlh; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
Xhpdk; my;yJ xU ehl;bd; rpwg;Gfis my;yJ jdpj;jd;ikfisg; gz;ghL
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLjy; fhz;fpNwhk;.
13

2. gifth; kdKk; Jd;Gwhjgb goFk; gz;G gz;ghL vdg;gLk;. rpwe;j tho;f;iff;F

mbg;gilahf mikfpd;w cs;sg;ghq;fpd; ntspg;ghNl gz;ghL> rpe;jid>
nrhy;> nray; Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; mikjp epiyNa gz;ghL.
3. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL Mfpad gz;ghl;il mikg;gjpy; rpwg;gplk;
ngWgit.
4. Md;kPfk; Xh; ,dj;jpDila gz;ghl;bd; fUt+yk;. m/J \\mfj;jpd; mfk;|| MFk;.
jkpo;g; gz;ghL kl;Lkpd;wp ,e;jpag; gz;ghLk; Md;kPfg; gz;ghl;il mbj;jskhff;
nfhz;lNj MFk;.
5. jkpoh; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; Md;kf
P j;jpw;Fk; mbg;gilahf miktJ
newpahFk;.

md;G

6. jkpo;g; gz;ghl;bd; Mzp Ntuhfj; jpfo;git mwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; MFk;. jkpo;g;

gz;ghl;bd; Kjph;r;rp epiyapy; Njhd;wpa kdg; gf;Ftk; \\ahJk; CNu> ahtUk;
NfsPh;||; vdg;gLk;> gue;Jgl;l ngUe;jd;ikahFk;. fly; fle;J cyfk; KOtJk;
jkpoh; ehfhpfk; gutp epd;wikf;F ,g; ngUe;jd;ikNa fhuzk;.
7. jkpoh; gz;ghL mil kioapy; ngUf;nfLj;J XLk; fhl;lhw;W nts;sk; Nghd;wJ.
gpw gz;ghl;bd; ey;y gz;Gfis jkpo;g; gz;ghL thhpr; RUl;bj; jk;Kld; ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;ljw;Fj; jko;g; gz;ghl;bd; tsKk;> NtfKk;> ngUe; jd;ikAk;> gpwiu
mutizj;Jr; nry;Yk; kdpj NeaKk; fhuzq;fs; MFk;.
8. jkpo; nkhopapy; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fye;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nkhopf; fyg;G
vd;gJ gz;ghl;Lf; fyg;gpd; ntspg;ghNl MFk;.
9. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; %yf; $Wfs; midj;ijAk; nfhz;l nkhop jkpo; nkhop.
njd;dpe;jpag; gz;ghl;bid Muha tpUk;Gk; nkhopapay; mwpQh;fs; jkpo; nkhopapypUe;J
jkJ Muha;r;rpiaj; njhlq;Ftjw;F ,k; %yf;$WfNs fhuzk;.
10. jkpoh; gz;ghL ,e;jpa nkhopfs; midj;jpYk; Fwpg;ghf tlnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;
gue;Jgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo; mwpQh;fs; gyh; tlnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilj;jikf;F
,JNt fhuzk;.

-----------000-----------

14

ghlk; - 2

4. ,e;jpahtpy; jkpo;r; nry;thf;F

,e;jpa gf;jp newpf;Fj; jkpoupd; gf;jp newp mspj;j Mf;fk;
Kd; D iu:
gf;jp newpapd; nghJg; gz;Gfs;:
gf;jpia xU ngz; Foe;ijahf cUtfpf;Fk; kuG ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gpuk;khz;lk;> gtp~;aj; Mfpa tlnkhopg; Guhz E}y;fs; ,e;jpa gf;jp newp vd;Dk;
Foe;ij jkpo; ehl;bd; fhtphpapYk;> jhkpuguzpapYk; gpwe;J tsh;e;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
njd;dfk; vq;Fk; nrd;W tsh;e;J F[uhj;jpid milAk;NghJ Kjpatshf khWfpwhs; vd
mg;Guhz E}y;fs; tpthpf;fpd;wd. jkpo;ehl;L Mo;thh;fshYk;> ehad;khh;fshYk; cyFf;fspf;fg;
ngw;w gf;jp newpapidNa ,t;TUtfk; Rl;b epw;fpwJ vd;gJ ntspg;gil.

njhz;L newpia ikakpl;l jkpo; gf;jp newp:

njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; gf;jp newp ntWk; czh;rr
; p ntspaPlhf mikatpy;iy.
\\kdpjdpy; flTisf; fhzy;|| vd;w fUj;Nj typAWj;jg; ngw;wJ. \\kf;fspd; NritNa>
,iwtdpd; Nrit|| vd;gJ mbahh;fspd; Nfhl;ghlhf ,Ue;jJ. ,j;njhz;L nja;tPfkhfNt
fUjg;ngw;wJ.

jkpo; gf;jp newpapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghL - cyf kWg;gpd;ik:

jkpo;g; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy;> \\cyfpd;kPJ gw;W ,y;yhkypUj;jy;||; vd;w nfhs;if
typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; cyf tho;it ntWj;J mijg; Gwf;fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mf;nfhs;if $wtpy;iy.
jkpo; mbahh;fSs; gyh; jpUkzk; Mdth;fs;. mt;tbahh;fisg; NghyNt mth;fsJ
kidtpaUk; gf;jp newpapy; jq;fis <LgLj;jp epd;wdh;.
irt rkaj;jpy;> ngz; mbahh;fshff; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahUk;> itztj;jpy;
Mz;lhSk; tpsq;Ffpwhh;fs;. ,th;fs; vy;NyhUk; gOj;j mbahh;fs;; Qhdpfs;; rkatop
epd;W ,iwtidf; fhzj; Jbj;j rpj;jh;fs;.
,iwabahh;fspd; ghly;fs;> mth;fs; fz;l ,iwaDgtq;fis ekf;Ff; fhl;b
epd;wd. ,iwtdJ jpUtpsahly;fshfTk;> mtdJ mUspd; tbtq;fshfTk; mit kf;fs;
Kd; itf;fg;gl;ld. kdpj tho;f;if ca;jp ngWtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; mwpTiufisAk;>
Md;kPfj;ijAk; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; gs;spfshf mit tpsq;fpd. \\kz;zpy; ey;y tz;zk;
thoyhk;|| vd;gJ kdpj caph;fSf;F Qhdrk;ke;jh; jUk; ek;gpf;if. ,iwtdpd; Nfhapy;fisr;
Rw;wpAs;s ,aw;ifaofpd; rpwg;ignay;yhk; czh;e;J> eae;J Nghw;wp mth; ghLfpd;wikf;F
\\,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j tho;f;if||ia thOkhW kiwKfkhf Ntz;b epw;gJ fhuzk;
MFk;.
15

,ir jOtpa gf;jpg; ghly;fs;:

jkpopy; mike;j gf;jpg; ghly;fs; ,irg; ghly;fshf mike;jd. ,ir> kf;fspd;
kd khRfis ePf;fpaJ; ,jak; J}a;ikapy; kyh;e;jJ; ,iwtdpd; J}a xspapid mJ
ntspf;fhl;b epd;wJ; jkpo; ,irg; ghly;fspd; nry;thf;F ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; gf;jpg;
ghly;fs; KOtijAk; Ml;nfhz;lJ.

Xhpdk; :
flTs; njhz;lh;fs; md;Gk; njhz;Lk; epiwe;j Xhpdk;. mth;fs; rhjpg; gphptpidfisAk;
mtw;wpd; cah;T jho;TfisAk; ek;gtpy;iy.
ee;jdhh; Nghd;w jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; ,iwtdhy; tpUk;gg;gl;ldh;. jpUg;ghzho;thiuf;
Nfhtpy; fUtiw tiu nfhz;L nrd;wJNghyj; jpUePyfz;l aho;g;ghzh; Nghd;Nwhiur;
rk;ge;jh; Nghd;w Qhdpfs; J}a Nts;tpaiwf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whh;fs;.
\\xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;|| vdj; jpU%yh; miw$ty; tpLj;jhh;. itzth;fs; Mz;ltdpd;
mbahh;fisj; \\njhz;lh; Fyk;|| vd mioj;jdh;. Nfhapy; fjTfisj; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs;
cs;gl vy;NyhUf;Fk; jpwe;Jtpl;lhh; ,uhkhD[h;.

md; G k; mDg+jpAk; :
jkpohpd; gf;jpnewp md;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpaJ. mth;fsJ Md;kPf
mDgtq;fs; mUis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpd.
\\ehafd; ehafp ght||j;jpy; ,iwabahh;fs; ,iwtdpd; jiytdhfTk; jq;fisj;
jiytpahfTk; nfhz;L mf czh;NthL Md;kPfg; ghliyg; ghbdh;.
;
fhjy; tho;tpy; kf;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhop mq;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
rpw;wpd;gk; vd;fpw msTf;F mth;fs; ,wq;fp tpltpy;iy. cs;epd;W xspUk; cz;ik mfg;
ghly;fshf ntspte;jd.
gf;jpg; ghly;fis ,ir tbtpy; Kd;itj;jik> rhjpapy; fhzg;gLk; Vw;wj; jho;TfSf;F
kjpg;gspf;fhik> kdpj Fyk; KOtijAk; Xhpdkhf kjpj;jik> md;G newpNa gf;jp newp
vdf; nfhz;lik> ,iw czh;Tfis> \\ehafd; ehafp ght||j;jpy; kf;fspd; Kd; itj;jik>
nghUsw;w rkar; rlq;Ffisg; Gwf;fzpj;jik> ,iwtid cUtkhfTk;> mUtkhfTk;
th;zpj;J epd;wik vdj; jkpo; gf;jpnewpapd; mbahh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l Nkw;Fwpj;j vy;yh
mZFKiwfSk; ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J nkhopfspd; gf;jpg; ghly;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,it ,e;jpa gf;jp newpf;Fj; jkpo; gf;jp newp mspj;j nfhil vd;gjpy; vt;tpj IaKk;
,y;iy.
jkpo;r; rpj;jh;fs; - Fwpg;ghf rptthf;fpahh; KjyhNdhh; nghUs; Ghpahky; fz;%bj;
jdkhfg; gpd;gw;w;ggLk; rlq;Ffisf; fz;bj;J epd;whh;. flTs; gf;jpf;Fr; rpiy
xU
FwpaPLjhd;; rpiyiaNa cz;ikahd flTs; vd kaq;ff; $lhJ. m/J mwpT Muha;rr
; pf;F
xt;thj %lgf;jp vd vLj;Jiuj;jhh;fs;.

16

\\el; l fy; Yk; NgRNkh

ehjd; cs; ,Uf;ifapy;||
vdr; rpj;jh;fs; giwrhw;wp epd;wdh;.
cs;epiwe;J ,aq;Fk; ,iwtid czuhJ ntWk; rpiyia tzq;Fjy; gadw;wJ
vd;gJ rpj;jh;fspd; ,iw cUtf; Nfhl;ghlhf ,Ue;jJ. vq;Fk; epiwe;J ,yq;Fk; ,iwtid
czuhjth;fSf;Fg; Gz;zpa MWfspy; ePuhLjy; gad; juhJ vd mth;fs; giw rhw;wpdh;.
Njthuk; ghba %th;fs;> Fwpg;ghfj; jpUehTf;furh; mUt
Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; ,uz;lwf; fye;J Kd; itf;fpwhh;fs;. jkpo;r;
Futh;fSk; Kd; itj;j Nkw;$wpa rka kWkyh;r;rpf; fUj;Jfs;
,e;jpa nkhopfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ,e;jpa nkhopfspy;
,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;if tpsf;fp epw;fpd;wd vdyhk;.

topghL> cUt topghL

rpj;jh;fSk;> gpw rkaf;
,e;jp cs;spl;l vy;yh
fhzg;gLk; jkpo;g; gf;jp

murpaYk; kjKk; :
itzth;fs; murid ,iwtdpd; gpujpepjpahff; fz;ldh;. Xh; murd; ,we;JNghdhy;>
<kr; rlq;Ffs; Kbe;jTld; mtDf;Ff; Nfhapy; vOg;gg;gLk; tof;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,t;tiff; Nfhapy;fs; \\gs;spg;gilf; Nfhapy;||; vd miof;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thW Nfhapy;
vOg;gg;gLk; tof;fk; fPiof;fly; ehLfspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Gj;j kjj;jpdh;> rkz kjj;jpdh; MfpNahh; cyf tho;f;ifia ntWf;fpd;w cyf
kWg;Gf; nfhs;iffisg; gpd;gw;wp epd;wdh;.
\\kz;zpy; ey;y tz;zk; thoyhk;||; vd;w nfhs;ifAila irth;fSk;> itzth;fSk;
cyf kWg;Gf; nfhs;ifia vjph;j;jdh;. nfhs;if hPjpahf Kuz;gl;L epd;w Gj;j rkzj;
jiyth;fs; mg;NghJ Mz;Lnfhz;bUe;j muru;fsplk; jq;fSf;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;ifg;
gad;gLj;jp irt> itztr; rkar; nry;thf;fpid mopf;f Kad;wdh;.
gy;yt murd; kNfe;jputh;kd;> ghz;ba neLkhwd; MfpNahh; njhlf;fj;jpy; rkz
rkaj;ijj; jOtp epd;wikahy; rkzh;fspd; Kaw;rp ntw;wp ngw;Wr; nray; tbtk; nfhz;lJ.
Mdhy; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ,t;tpUtiuAk; rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy;
ntw;wp fz;lhh;. njhlf;fj;jpy; jpUehTf;furiug; ngUk; njhy;iyf;F
Mshf;fpdhd; kNfe;jputh;kd;. mth; ve;jj; JauKk; ,d;wp kPz;lJ fz;L kNfe;jputh;kd;
irtdhfp rkz rkaj;ij mopf;f Kw;gl;lhd;.
rhjp Kjyhd Ntw;Wikfis ntWj;jy;> mwd; typAWj;jy;> mwptpd; cjpahd
njspT> kf;fspd; njhz;Nl Mz;ltd; njhz;L vdf; fUJk; J}a Qhdj;jpd; ntspg;ghL
Mfpad gpwnkhopg; gf;jp newpapy; fhzg;gbDk;> mit jkpo;g; gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nfhilNa
vdj; Jzpayhk;.

cyfg; nghJ Nehf;F:

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cyfshtpa ghh;it kpFe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
17

\\ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;||;

- fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhh;
\\ahjhD ehlhkhy; Cuhkhy; | |;
- jpUts;Sth;
\\rhjpapuz; n lhopa Ntwpy; i y||
- xsitahh;
\\cynfy; y hk; | |
- Nrf;fpohh;
\\xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;||; - jpU%yh;
\\Md; k Nea xUikg; g hL||
- ts;syhh;
Mfpa Nkw;Fwpj;j cyfg; nghJ Nehf;F jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;W
tpsq;Fjiy ,e;E}ypd; Ie;J ,lq;fspy; Kidth; [Link]. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; Nkw;Nfhspl;Lf;
fhl;Ljiy mwpa KbfpwJ.

gf;jp newp gug;gpa Qhdpfs;:

jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;> Re;juh; MfpNahh; ,yq;iff;Fk;> ,kakiyapy; cs;s
Nfjhuj;jpw;Fk; nrd;W irt newpiag; gug;gpdh;.
jpUkq;ifaho;thh; tl,e;jpahtpy; cs;s iekprhuz;ak;> gj;hpehj; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fr;
nrd;W itzt newpiag; gug;gpdhh;.
,uhkD[h;> kzths khKdpfs; MfpNahh; Mo;thh;fspd; nfhs;iffis cyfk;
KOtJk; gug;Gtjpy; ngUk; ntw;wp fz;ldh;.
,uhkD[hpd; tprp~;lhj;itjk;> rq;fuupd; mj;itjk;> midj;jpe;jpahtpYk; gutp epw;wy;
fhz;fpNwhk;.
,iwtd; (gukhj;kh)> caph; ([Pthj;kh)> Mfpa ,uz;Lk; NtW NtW vd;gJ \\Jitjk;|;
MFk;.
,iwtDk; capUk; xd;W vd;gJ mj;itjk;. \\gukhj;kh kl;LNk cz;ik> ehk;
fhZk; cyFk;> mjpy; cs;s [Pthj;khf;fSk; cz;ikay;y; mit ahTk; gukhj;khtpd;
khaj; Njhw;wk;|| vd;gJ rq;fuhpd; mj;itjf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; rhuk; MFk;.
rq;fuhpd; nfhs;ifapd; rpy \\tpNr~khd|| nfhs;iffis ,uhkD[h; ,izj;J
mjw;F tprp~;lhj;Jitjk;| vdg; ngahpl;L mioj;jhh;.
18

\\,uhkhDrhpd; nfhs;ifg;gb> cyfk;> caph;> ,iwtd; Mfpa %d;Wk; cz;ikg;

nghUs;fs;. fhuzd; Mfpa gpuk;kk; vg;gb cz;ikNah> mJNghd;Nw mjd; fhhpakhfpa
cyfKk;> Md;khTk; cz;ik||.
\\cyfpd; cs;epd;W midj;ijAk; ,iwtd; ,af;Ffpwhd;. midj;ijAk; jdf;F
clyhff; nfhz;L> vy;yh Md;khf;fSf;Fk; Md;khthf epw;gtd; ,iwtd;.||
\\,iwtd; KO cyfpw;Fk; epkpj;j fhuzd;> cyfj;jpd; gilg;G ,iwtdpd; mUshy;
cUthdJ||.
\\Md;khTk; cyFk; epj;akhdit; jw;rhh;Gld; ,aq;Fgit. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,iwtd;
,t; tpuz;bYk; Clfg; nghUshf mike;jpUg;gjhy;> ,it ,uz;Lk; ,iwtdpd; cly;
my;yJ fUtiw vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wd|| vd;gJ tprp~;lhj;Jitj;jpd; rhuk; MFk;.
Mo;thh;fspd; ehyhapu jpt;tpag; gpuge;jg; ghly;fisj; njYq;F> fd;dlk;> ,e;jp>
F[uhj;jp> tq;fhsp Mfpa nkhopfisg; NgRk; kf;fs; khw;wp vOjp itj;Js;sdh; vd;gJ
tpag;Gf;Fhpa nra;jp MFk;.
cUt topghl;ilj; jkpo; ehl;Lr; rpj;jh;fs; vjph;j;jdh;. mth;fspd; ,f;nfhs;if
fd;dlk;> njYq;F Mfpa nkhopfspy; gutp epw;wiyf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
\trdfS| vdg;gLk; tPu irth;fspd; ghly;fs;> \gj;aq;fs;| vdg;gLk; Ntkdhtpd;
ghly;fs; Mfpad KiwNa fd;dlk;> njYq;F Mfpa nkhopfspy; rpj;jh;fspd; nfhs;iffs;
Nt&d;wp epw;wiy cWjpgLj;Jfpd;wd.

gpw nkhopfspy; fk;g ,uhkhazr; nry;thf;F:

fk;g ,uhkhazr; nry;thf;F fd;dl ehl;bYk; Nfusj;jpYk; Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;Fjy;
fhz;fpNwhk;. fk;gidf; flTs; epiyf;F cah;j;jpf; Nfusj;jhh; Nghw;wp epw;wiy mwpa
KbfpwJ.
gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j fd;dlf; fy;ntl;L xd;W fk;g ,uhkhazj;ij
tpsf;fp epw;wy; fhz;fpNwhk;.
rptngUkhd; fk;gdhfg; gpwe;J ,uhkhazj;ij vOjpdhh; vdf; $Wk; kuG ,yq;ifapy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; fk;g uhkhazf; fijf; $Wfs; Njhy;ghitf; $j;jhf ebj;Jf;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; tof;fhW tl Nfusj;jpy; cs;sJ. fk;g uhkhazk; Kg;gj;jpuz;L Njhw;ghit
my;yJ epow; $j;Jfshf Mf;fp mq;F ebf;fg; ngWfpwJ.
fk;g uhkhazj;ijg; gbf;fTk; tphpTiu nra;aTk; epte;jq;fs; mspf;fg; ngw;wik
gw;wpj; njd;Nfusf; fy;ntl;Lfs; gytw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
19

Jsrpjhrhpd; ,uhkhazj;jpy; fk;ghpd; nry;thf;F:

FkuFUgu mbfs; tl ,e;jpah KOtJk; Rw;wpf; fk;guhkhazj;ij ,e;jp nkhopapy;
tpsf;fp epd;whh;. fq;iff; fiuapy; xU klj;ijAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
fk;g uhkhazj;jpy;> ,uhkd; tpy;iy xbj;Jr; Rak;tuk; epfo;tjw;F Kd;Ng rPijiaf;
fz;L fhjy; nfhz;ljhff; fk;gh; Rl;Lth;. ,J rq;f ,yf;fpak; Rl;Lk; fsnthOf;fk; vd;w
rq;f ,yf;fpa mfkuigg; gpd;gw;wpajhFk;.
JsrpjhrUk; rPij g+irf;Fr; nry;YKd; ,uhkidg; ghh;j;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
,f;fhl;rp tl nkhopapy; thy;kPfp vOjpa ,uhkhazj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ
,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Kidth; rq;fuuh[; mth;fs; Jsrpjhrhplj;Nj fhzg;ngWk; fk;gdpd; nry;thf;if
kpf tphpthf Muha;e;Js;sik ,q;F epidT $uj;jf;fJ.

Nfusj;jpy; jkpo;r; nry;thf;F:

jkpo; nkhop Rl;Lk; Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba ehLfSs; xd;whd md;iwa Nru ehL
vd;gJ ,d;iwa Nfush MFk;. jkpo; nkhopapd; Kjy; fhg;gpa ,yf;fpakhd rpyg;gjpfhuk;
Nru ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,sq;Nfhtbfshy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ Nfusj;jpy; gpwe;jJ
vdyhk;.
irt ehad;khh;fSs; xUtuhd Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; xU Nfus kd;dh;.
,tiug; Nghd;Nw itzt Mo;thh;fSs; xUtUk; jkpog; ngUk; GytUkhd FyNrfug;
ngUkhSk; Ntzhl;lbfs; vd;w irtg; ngUk; GytUk; Nfusj;jth; Mth;.
kiyahsj;jpy; Njhd;wpa \yPyh jpyfk;| vd;Dk; Kjy; ,yf;fz E}ypy; nre;jkpo;
gw;wpa Mo;e;j mwpitAk; njhlh;igAk; fhz KbfpwJ.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Ltiu$lj; jpUtpjhq;$h; murpidr; Nrh;e;j gjpTf; Fwpg;Gfs;
vy;yhk; jkpopNy nra;ag; ngw;wd. Nfus re;epahrpfs; njd;dhl;Lf; \ifty;a etePjk;|
vd;Dk; Gfo;ngw;w Ntjhe;j E}iyj; jkpopNy ghb Xjp te;jhh;fs;.

fd;dlj;jpy; jkpo;r; nry;thf;F:

\\kdpjDf;Fr; nra;Ak; vr; NritAk; ,iwtid topgLfpd;w xU KiwNa|| vd;w
nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wp mWgj;J %d;W irt ehad;khh;fSk; tho;e;J top fhl;bdh;. Re;juh;
jkJ Gfo;ngw;w jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifAs; ehad;khh;fspd; ngah;fisnay;yhk; jUfpd;whh;.
jkpo; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,t;tbahh;fisg; gw;wp> fd;dlg; ngUk; ftpQh;fspy; gyUk;
jq;fsJ fd;dl nkhopapy; vOjpAs;sik gpd;tUk; rhd;Wfshy; mwpaKbfpwJ.

20

fd;dlg; Nguhrphpah; jpU. `pNukl; vd;gtu; fd;dlf; ftpQh; \Ruq;fkh;| vOjpa

\jphpr~;b Guhjd GU~ rhpj;jpuk;|; vd;Dk; E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;Js;shh;.
jpU. `pNukl; vOjpAs;s me; E}ypd; Kd;Diuapy; jkpo;g; nghpa Guhzj;jpy;
fhzg;ngWk; tuyhWfNshL fd;dlj;jpy; toq;Ffpd;w gy tuyhWfisAk; xg;gpl;L Muha;eJ
;
vOjpAs;shh;.

ehad;khh;fs; gw;wpa fd;dl ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;:

E}ypd; ngah;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Mrphpahpd; ngah;

Guhjd ufsfS
jphp~;b Guhjd rhpj;jpuk;
mWtj;J %tU Guhjd rhpj;jpu
mWtj;J %tU rhq;fj;a
Guhjd j;hptpjp
mWtj;J %tU Guhjd rhpj;u

`hp`uh;
Ruq;fkh;
tPugj;jpuh;
rptNahf NrhNk];tuh;
ep[FzNahfp
Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.

mWtj;J %d;W ehad;khh;fisg; gw;wpa tphpthd Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk; Ehy;fs;:

Mrphpah; ngah;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

nghk;ku]
mz;zh[p
ngah; njhpatpy;iy
ngah; njhpatpy;iy
Nrukhq;f

E}ypd; ngah;
nrse;ju Guhz (fp .gp. 1450)
nrse;ju tpyhr (1600)
nrse;jNurd; mWtj;J %tU yPyh
nrse;jNurd a~fhd
Nruk fht;a (1562)

Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhiu \Kk;ikahy; cyfhz;l %h;j;jp| vd;w njhluhy; Fwpg;gpLth;.

fd;dlj;jpy; %h;j;jp ehadhh; \xyfhz;l %h;j;jp| vd;Nw miof;fg;gLjy; fhz;fpNwhk;.
jkpopy; jpUehTf;furhpd; kWngah; \thfPrh.; fd;dlj;jpy; jpUehTf;furh; \thfPr| vd;w
ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; vd;w ngah; fd;dlg; Ngr;R tbtpy; \Nruk| vd
tof;fpy; cs;sJ.
,lq;fop ehadhh; fd;dlj;jpy; \vlnfot| vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhh;.
kq;ifah;f;furpahh; \kq;faf;furp| vdf; fd;dlj;jpy; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
\fhiuf;fhy;| \fhpfhy;\ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpwtpapy; FUlhf ,Ue;J> gpd;dh; ,iwaUshy; fz; ngw;wth; jz;b ehadhh;.
Re;juh; ,tiu \ehl;lkpF jz;b| vdg; ghLfpwhh;. jkpopy; ehl;lk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Ff; fz;

21

vd;gJ nghUs;. ,iwaUshy; fz; ngw;whh; vd;gijr; Rl;l> \ehl;l kpF| vd;Dk; milnkhop
Re;juuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;.
fd;dlj;jpYk; jz;b ehadhh; \ehl;a kpF jz;b| vd;Nw miof;fg;ngWjy; ,q;F
tpag;Gf;F chpaJ.
,isahd;Fb khwd; fd;dlj;jpy; \vsahz;l Fb khwd;| vd miof;fg;gLjy;
fhz;fpNwhk;. ,isahd;Fb ,uhkehjGu khtl;lj;jpYs;s xU rpw;Whh;. fd;dlj;jpYk; mNj
Ch;;g; ngauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLtij ,q;Ff; fhzKbfpwJ. ,aw;gif vd;w ngah; \,`g;gif|
vdf; fd;dlj;jpy; tUfpwJ.

fd;dlj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fijfspd; nry;thf;F:

jpUehTf;furUf;F tpUe;jspf;f> mg;g+jp mbfspd; kfd; thio ,iy ntl;lr;
nrd;wJk;> ntl;Lk;NghJ ghk;G fbj;J ,we;jJk; fd;dlj;jpYk; ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
gps;isf;fwp rikj;Jj; je;jth; rpWj; njhz;lh;. ,iwtd; fl;lisahy; rpWj; njhz;lhpd;
kidtp jd; kfidj; jpUk;g mioj;jhh;. nrj;j kfDk; caph; ngw;Wj; jpUk;gpdhd;. ,f;
fijAk; fd;dlj;jpy; cs;sJ.

jkpopy; fd;dlr; nry;thf;F:

nghpa Guhzj;jpy; tUk; jpUePyfz;lh; kdk;Nghd Nghf;fpy; nrd;wjhfTk; mjdhy;
mth; kidtpahh; mtiuj; jPz;l kWj;Jtpl;ljhfTk; nghpaGuhzj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
fd;dl tof;fpy; jpUePyfz;lh; mg;gOf;fw;wtuhff; fhl;lg;ngw;Ws;shh;. Mlw; fzpif
nahUj;jp> jw;nrayhff; fopePiuj; njUtpy; tPrpj; njspf;f mJ mt; topNa nrd;w mbahh;
kPJ tpOfpwJ. ,Jfz;l fzpif ,jw;Ff; fOthahf mt; tbahiuj; jd; ,y;yj;jpw;F
mioj;J te;J jpUkQ;rdk; nra;tpj;Jg; ghuhl;b cztspj;jhs;. khpahij njhptpj;jw;
nghUl;L ele;j ,t;tpUe;ij mth; kidtpahh; jtwhff; nfhz;L mtiuj; jPzl
; kWf;fpd;whh;.
,f; fij tof;F fle;j E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; vOjg;ngw;w \rpjk;gu rhkpehj Guhzk;| vd;w
jkpo; E}ypy; fhzg;ngWfpwJ. ,J fd;dlj;jpd; nry;thf;Nf MFk;.
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa gpuGypq;f yPiy> fd;dlj;jpy;> rhkurh; vd;ghh; ,aw;wpa \\gpuG ypq;f
yPiy|apd; nkhopngah;g;Ng MFk;.
ep[FzNahfp vd;w fd;dl vOj;jhsh; \jh;ff
; gh~h| vd;w Ehiyj; jkpopy; ciueilapy;
nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. mth; vOjpa \tpNtf rpe;jhkzp| vd;w E}iyj; jkpo;r; nra;Aspy;
nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;.

njYq;fpy; jkpo;r; nry;thf;F:

mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khh;fspd; fijfs;> fd;dl ehl;by; NghyNt Me;jpu ehl;L
tPuirth;fspilNaAk; GfNohL tpsq;fpd.
\Gy;yp| jpUg;gjpia Mz;lhd; vdr; rq;fg; ghly;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ed;dNrhl vd;w
Nrhod; \Fkhu rk;gt| vd;w njYq;Ff; fhtpaj;ij vOjpdhd;. Nrhog; Nguurh;fshd
22

,uh[uh[d; > ,uhN[e; j pud; MfpNahh; njYq; F ehl; b d; rhSf; f paNuhL kzTwT
nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;.
Nguurd; ,uh[uh[dpd; kfs; tapw;wpy; gpwe;j kfdhfpa
,uh[uh[ eNue;jpud;>
,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; kfis kze;jhd;. ,th;fl;Fg; gpwe;j kfNd FNyhj;Jq;fd;. ,td;
Nrho rpk;khrdk; Vwpdhd;. FNyhj;Jq;fDk; mtDila kfDk; fypq;fj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jdh;.
vdNtjhd; njYq;F ehl;by; ney;Y}hpYk; gpw gFjpfspYk; tlf;Nf tp[athlhtiu $lj;
jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jkpo;r; nra;AspaYk; njYq;Fk;:

,uh[uh[ eNue;jpud; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNy kfhghujj;ij vOjj; Jtq;fpa ed;da;ah
vd;ghNu njYq;fpd; Kjy; ,yf;fpa Mrphpah;. ,th; tlnkhopapy; fhzg;ngWk; tpUj;jq;fs;
vdg;ngWk; nra;As; tbtpidj; jOtpdhh;. jkpopy; fhzg;ngWk; NkhidiaAk;> vJifiaAk;
Gjpadthfj; njYq;fpy; Nrh;j;jhh; ,t;thrphpah;.
Kjyhk; vOj;J xd;wptUtJ - Nkhid.
,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptUtJ - vJif.
Nkhidia tlnkhopapy; \tjp| vd;gh;.
vJifia tlnkhopapy; \g;uhrh| vd;gh;.
jkpo; NkhidAk; vJifAk;> njYq;fpw;Fj; jkpo;r; nra;Aspaypy; ,Ue;J nrd;wit
MFk;.
jkpopy; NeuirAk; epiuairAk; gythwhf ,ize;J rPh;fshfpd;wd. njYq;fpy;
fhzg;ngWk; \rPrgj;ah|> \j;tpgj;ah|> \cj;rhfh| Mfpa ,yf;fpaq;fs;> \\Vyh|> \N[hyp>| \yhyp|>
\Nky;nfhJG kq;fyk;| Mfpa ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; Neuir> epiuair vdg;gLk;. jkpo;r;
nra;Aspay; ,yf;fzj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;lit MFk;. NkYk; Nkw;Fwpj;j E}y;fspd;
ghly;fs; \mfty;| vdg;gLk; jkpo;r; nra;As; tifiar; rhh;e;jit MFk;. lhf;lh; rh;kh
njYq;fpy;> \mf;fyg;ghl| vd $wg;ngWtJ jkpo; mftNy vdr; Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;shh;.

ehy;tiff; ftpfs; gw;wpa kuG:

ghl;bay;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ftpfs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit>
1.
2.
3.
4.

MRftp
kJuftp
tpj;jhuf;ftp
rpj;jpuf;ftp

vd;gdthFk;.
Nkw;Fwpj;j ehy;tifg; gFg;GfSk; jkpo; kugpidr; rhh;e;jit vd;ghh; lhf;lh;. rh;kh.
MRftp
- epidj;j khj;jpuj;jpy; tpjpf;fg;ngWk; tiuaiwfl;F
cl;gl;Lg; ghlg;gLgit.
kJuftp
- Xir eaKk; gz; mikg;Gk; gpw nra;As; moFk;
cilait.
23

tpj;jhuf;ftp
rpj;jpuf;ftp

- njhlh;epiyr; nra;As;shf mikgit.

- vOj;J> mir vdg; gy;NtW xypf; Nfhyq;fisf; nfhz;lit.

Nkw;Fwpj;j ftpij tiffs; NtW ve;j nkhopapYk; ,y;iy. Kjypy; jkpopYk; mij
mbnahw;wpj; njYq;fpYk; Njhd;wpd vdyhk;. ,tw;iwj; jkpo; nkhopapypUe;Nj njYq;Ff;
ftpQh;fs; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;ghh; lh;flh; rh;kh.

Me;jpuhtpy; jkpo; itztk;:

Me;jpu ehl;by; jpUg;gjpAk; gpw jyq;fSk; itzth;fspd; kj tsh;rr
; p ikaq;fshfj;
jpfo;e;jd. njYq;fpy; cs;s jpahfuh[hpd; fPh;j;jidfspy; Gue;jujhrh; Nghd;Nwhhpd;
nry;thf;fpidf; fhzyhk;.

njYq;fpy; jkpo; Mo;thh;fspd; nry;thf;F:

jkpo; Mo;thh;fspd; nry;thf;F njYq;F ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. tp[aefu murh;fSs;
ngUk;Gfo; tha;e;j fpU~;z Njtuhah; ,aw;wpa \MKf;j khy;ajh| vd;w E}y; Mz;lhspd;
tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}yhFk;. \MKf;j khy;ajh| vd;w njYq;Fr; nrhy;Yf;Fr; \#bf; nfhLj;j
ehr;rpahh;| vd;gJ nghUs;.
Me;jpu ehl;by; nghJkf;fSf;fhfj; njhz;lubg;nghb Mo;thhpd; fij ehlfkhf
Mf;fg; ngw;wJ. gukNahfp> tpyhr> tpg;uehuhaz> rhpjh> gf;jhq;fp NuZrhpj;uk;> njhz;lubg;nghb
vd Vwj;jhog; gd;dpnuz;L ehlfq;fs; mt;thW fpilf;fpd;wd.

njYq; f py; irtk; :

\ky;ypfhh;[{d gz;bj| vd;Dk; njYq;Ff; ftpQh; vOjpa \rptjj;t rhuK| vd;w
E}ypy; mWtj;J %d;W ehad;khh;fspy; jpUehisg; Nghthh;> rk;ge;jh;> Re;juh; MfpNahiug;
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,NjNghd;W njYq;F vOj;jhsh;fspilNa rpWj;njhz;lh; fijNa ngUQ; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wpUe;jJ. tdtpy;y fq;fhjuh;> tny Nfhl;lah Mfpa njYq;Ff; ftpQh;fs; \rpWj;njhz;l
gf;j fjh|it ehlfkhf vOjpdh;.
\MSila ek;gp| vdg;gLk; jkpo;r; Re;juh; njYq;fpy; \xla ek;gp| vd;w ngauhy;
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
ed; d a; a h Nrhlh vd; g hh; jk; K ila \Fkhu rk; g t| vd; w njYq; F E}ypy;
jpUePyfz;liug;gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
nghpaGuhzk; fz;zg;g ehadhhpd; Ciu cLg;g+h; vdf; Fwpg;gpLk;. njYq;fpy;
fz;zg;g ehadhh; \cLk;%U fz;zg;g| vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. fz;zg;g ehadhhpd; fij
\fz;zg;g rhpj;jpu| vd;Dk; E}ypd; fUthf mike;Js;sJ.

24

jkpopy; jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;f;Fg; gps;is ehadhh; vd;w ,d;ndhU ngah; cs;sJ.

\g]tGuhzk;| vd;w njYq;F E}y; jpUQhdrk;ge;jiug; gps;is ehadhh; vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
\jpUehisg; Nghthh;| vd;Dk; ee;jdhhpd; fij \ghz;ba uhj;a rhpjk;| vd;w njYq;F
E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. eurpk;`> Ntjk; Ntq;flhr;rhh;aY vd;w ,U njYq;Ff; ftpQh;fs;
ee;jdhh; fijiar; nra;As; ehlfkhf ,aw;wpAs;sdh;.
g]tGuhzj;jpy; khzpf;fthrfh; fij \nrhf;f ehadhh; fij| vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;yiz fl;ba fhpfhydpd; tuyhW Me;jpu ehl;by; fhtphp miz fl;lg;gl;l
nra;jpahf ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
,aw;if ehadhh; fijAk;> mth;> jkJ ,sk; kidtpiaj; jhdk; nfhLj;j epfo;rr
; pAk;
\ghz;bjuhj;a rhpj;uK| vd;w Ehypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
N[. x. tp. njhurhikah vd;ghh;> jkpo;g; nghpa Guhzj;ijg; \gf;j yPyhk;Ujk;| vd;w
ngahpy; njYq;fpy; ciueilahf (1900) nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.

jkpo;ehlby; njYq;F ,yf;fpar; nry;thf;F:

mwf; fUj;Jfisf; $Wk; jkpo;r; rjf E}y;fs;> njYq;Fr; rjf E}y;fspd;
nry;thf;fpdhy; Njhd;wpaitNa MFk;. \jz;liyahh; rjfk;>| \mUzhr rjfk;| jkpo;r;
rjfq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. \Rkjp rjfk;| vd;Dk; njYq;F Ehy;> jkpopy; nkhop
ngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rptngUkhd; kJiuapy; epfo;jj
; pa jpUtpsahly;fis tpsf;Fk; \`hyh];a kfhj;kpak;|
vd;Dk; E}y; njYq;fpy; vOjg;ngw;wJ.
ntq;flhry ftp vd;ghh; kJiu tprauq;f nrhf;fehj ehaf;fd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNy
fe;j Guhzj;ijj; jOtpf; \fhh;j;jpfh kfhj;kpak;| vd;w E}iy vKjpAs;shh;.
GJf;Nfhl;ilia Mz;l ,uFehj njhz;ilkhd; (1769 - 1789) \ghh;tjp ghpzaK|
vd;w njYq;F E}ypd; Mrphpah; Mthh;.
rptrKj;jpuj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; rj;Fhp jk;k g+gh (1513 - 1569) vd;ghh; njYq;fpy; \,uhN[e;jpu
Nrho rhpj;u| vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shh;.

KbTiu:
,tw;why; mwpayhFk; cz;ikfs; tUkhW:
1. \kdpjdpy; flTisf; fhzy;| vd;w njhz;L newpia ikakpl;l jkpo;g; gf;jpnewp
,e;jpah KOtjpYk; ngUk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ.

25

2. rhjpapy; fhzg;gLk; Vw;wj; jho;Tf;F kjpg;gspf;fhik> \xd;Nw Fyk;| vd kdpj

Fyk; KOtijAk; Xhpdkhff; fUjpaik> md;G newpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;jik> ,irg;
ghly;fs; topahfg; nghJ kf;fspd; Kd; gf;jp newpia tsh;j;jik Mfpa jkpo; gf;jp
newpapd; vspa mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> ,e;jpa nkhopfs; midj;jpYk; gutp epd;wikf;F
%yfhuzk; MFk;.

-----------000-----------

26

ghlk; - 3;

5. ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa
jkpo;r; nry;thf;F
Kd; D iu:
jkpo;r; nry;thf;F ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lkpd;wp ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa ,yq;if> flhuk;>
njhiy fpof;F ehLfs;> jha;yhe;J> gh;kh vdg; gy ehLfspy; gutp epd;wik fhz;fpNwhk;.

,yq;ifapy; jkpo;r; nry;thf;F:

,yq;ifapy; rpWghd;ikahd> Mdhy; nry;thf;F kpFe;j $l;lj;jpdhpd; jha; nkhopahfj;
jkpo; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.

rq;f fhyj;jpy;:
njd;dpae;jpahtpy; tho;e;j ngsj;jh;fs; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j ngsj;jh;fNshL
vg;nghOJk; njhlh;G nfhz;L tho;e;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. <oj;Jg; G+jdhh; vd;Dk; ngah;nfhz;l
<oj;Jj; jkpo;g; Gyth; jkpo;r; rq;fj;Js; xUtuhf ,lk; ngw;Ws;shh;.

,ilf; fhyj; j py; :

,yq;ifj; jkpoh;fs; \,uFtk;rk;| \jl;rpz ifyhr Guhzk;| Kjypatw;iwg; gilj;jdh;.

jw; f hyj; j py; :

jkpo; ciueil> jkpo;f; fy;tp ,uz;bYk; MWKf ehtyh;> tpGyhee;jh; KjyhNdhh;
Mw;wpa jpwikkpf;f njhz;L ed;wpAld; Vw;Wg; Nghw;w Ntz;ba xd;W.

ehl; L g; G wg; ghly; f spy; :

fz;zfpapd; fij rpq;fsth;fspd; \gj;dp nja;Nah|tpd; fijahf khwpapUf;fpwJ.
\nja;Nah| vd;gJ jkpo; ehl;Lg;Gw tifiar; rhh;e;jJ MFk;.

njhiyfpof;F ehLfspy; jkpo;r; nry;thf;F:

njhiyfpof;Fj; jPTfspy; tho;e;j kf;fNshL jkpoh;fs; thzpfk; elj;jp te;jdh;.
rk;gh Kjypa ,lq;fSf;F Ml;rpia epiy epWj;Jtjw;fhf kf;fs; nrd;wpUf;fpwhh;fs;.

flhuk; :
,yq;ifapypUe;Jk; kNyrpahtpYs;s fhbfj;jpypUe;Jk; gy nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp
nra;j nra;jpiag; gw;wpr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; $WfpwJ. fhofk;> flhuk; vd;w ngaNuhL
fhzg;gLfpwJ. \flhuk; fz;lhd;| vd;gJ ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; rpwg;Gg; ngah; MFk;.

gh;khtpy; jkpo;r; nry;thf;F:

gh;khtpy; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. %d;whk; ee;jpth;kdpd; rpwg;Gg;
ngauhd \mtdp ehuhazd;| vd;w ngahpy; nfhilfs; gh;khtpy; toq;fg;gl;lik fhz;fpNwhk;.
27

jha;yhe;jpy; jkpo;r; nry;thf;F:

jpUg;ghit> jpUntk;ghit Mfpa jkpo; E}y;fs; jha;yhe;jpd; Nfhapy;fspy; Ntjk;
Nghy Xjg;gLfpd;wd. mq;Fs;s Xh; ,e;J rka ,af;fk; Mz;LNjhWk; jpUg;ghit>
jpUntk;ghit khehLfis elj;JfpwJ.
\jq;fl;F ey;y fzth; tha;f;f Ntz;Lk;| vd;W Nehw;Fk; Nehd;G ghit Nehd;G
vdg;gLfpwJ. jha;yhe;jpy; kio Fwpj;J vLf;fg;ngWk; jpUtpoh \kioj; jpUtpoh| vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k; kioj; jpUtpohtpy; ghit Nehd;gpd;NghJ jkpofj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;
rkar; rlq;Ffs; gpd;gw;wg;gLjiyf; fhzKbfpwJ.

ghq;fhf;fpy; ,e;J rkaf; Nfhtpy;fs;:

ghq;fhf;fpy; rptd;> fNzrd;> tp~;Z MfpNahUf;fhff; fl;lg;ngw;wpUf;Fk; %d;W
Nfhapy;fs; cs;sd. jpUntk;ghitapd; KjypU ghly;fSk; mq;F ke;jpuq;fshf Xjg;gLfpd;wd.
Njthuj;jpypUe;Jk; rpy Jjpg; ghly;fs; ke;jpuq;fshf Xjg;gLjy; fhz;fpNwhk;.

jha;yhe;J ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Njthuj;jpd; nry;thf;F:

jpUkiwf; fhl;by; milgl;l Nfhapiyj; jpwg;gjw;Fj; jpUehTf;furh; ghba ghly;fs;
\jpUf;filj; jpwg;G| vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mf; Nfhapy; fjTfis kPzL
; k; %lr;nra;tjw;F
rk;ke;jh; ghba ghly;fs; \jpUf;filf; fhg;G| vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. jha;yhe;jpy; mJ
\fapyhaf; fjTfspd; jpwg;G| vd;W nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l epiyapy; fhzg;ngWfpwJ.

-----------000-----------

28

6. jkpopy; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs;

cyfpd; ve;j ,U nkhopfSk; mz;il khepyq;fspy; Ngrg;gLkhdhy; me;j ,U
nkhopfspd; nrhw;fSk; xd;W kw;nwhd;wpy; fyg;gJ jtph;f;f KbahjjhfpwJ. ,q;qdk;
jkpopd; nrhw;fs; gpw nkhopfspYk;> gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpopYk; ,uz;lwf; fye;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

tlnkhopapy; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;:

kapy; vd;gJ jkpo;r; nrhy;. ,r; nrhy; tlnkhopapy; ka+uk; vdj; jphpe;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

jkpo; nkhopapy; tlnrhw;fs;:

,Nj Nghd;W Gj;jh;> mUfh;> rq;fk; Mfpa tlnrhw;fs; jkpopy; ,uz;lwf; fye;J
tpl;ld.

\Kz;lh| nkhopapy; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;:

jkpopy; ,sk; Njq;fhia \,sePh;| vd miof;fpNwhk;. ePh; vd;gJ ,q;Fj; Njq;fhiaf;
Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ. Kz;lh nkhopapy; Njq;fhiaf; Fwpf;f \ePh|; vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLjiyf;
fhz;fpNwhk;.

jkpopy; fpNuf;fr; nrhw;fs;:

jkpoh;fs; je;jk;> Kj;J Kjypa nghUs;fisf; fpNuf;fj;jpw;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jdh;.
fly; fle;J fpNuf;fk; nrd;w mth;fs;> fpNuf;fr; nrhw;fisj; jkpofj;jpw;F ,wf;Fkjp
nra;jdh;. rhl;iliaf; Fwpf;Fk; \kj;jpif>| jiuf;Fs;Ns nry;Yk; Ruq;f topiaf; Fwpf;Fk;
\RUq;if>| ,uz;liu ehopifiaf; Fwpf;Fk; \Xiu| Mfpad jkpo; nkhopapy; fye;Js;s
fpNuf;fr; nrhw;fshFk;.

jkpopy; `Pg;U> muG nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:

jkpopy; toq;Fk; \a+jh;| vd;w nrhy; `Pg;U nkhopr; nrhy;yhFk;. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;
fofj; jkpo; mfuhjpapy; 891 mugpr; nrhw;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;Ws; ,];yhk;
kjj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gy nrhw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
t#y;> jgh> u[h> ,khk;> ,yhfh> gp];kpy;yh> irj;jhd;> jfty;> jhf;fPJ> jthyp>
efuh> kf;fh;> khy; Kjypa gy muGr; nrhw;fs; md;whlg; Ngr;rpy; GFe;J jkpNohL jkpoha;
toq;Ffpd;wd.

jkpopy; ghurPfr; nrhw;fs;:

Kfkjpag; NguuR jkpo; ehl;by; gutpaNghJ Vwf;Fiwa 65 nrhw;fs; ghurPfj;jpypUe;J
jkpopy; GFe;Js;sd. Jg;ghf;fp vd;gJ JUf;fpa nkhopapypUe;J ghurpf nkhop topahfj;
jkpo; ehl;by; GFe;jJ. rpg;ge;jp> jk; gpbj;jy;> jh;fh> eh];jh> k[h> Yq;fp> [Kf;fhsk;>
rhy;(it)> rh;f;fhh; Kjypa ghurPfr; nrhw;fs; jkpohfNt Mfptpl;ld.

29

jkpopy; cUJr; nrhw;fs;:

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; K];yPk;fs; Mz;ljd; gadhf 961 cUJr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy;
te;Js;sd. mf;fg;Nghh;> mf;fufhuk;> mf;F> mry;> Mrhkp> Mrhu thry;> mzh> mgpdp>
mk;gh;> mk;ghuk;> mk;ghhp> mKy;> myhjp> mkPd;> uh[pdhkh> uhl;bdk;> yq;NfhL> ,dhk;>
CJtj;jp> fr;rh> fr;Nrhp> f[hdh> frfrh> frhg;G> nfLgpb> fk;kp> ifyp fpuhf;fp> fhyp>
Fj;jif> re;jh> ruhrhp> rhkhd;> Mfpait Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

jkpopy; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpar; nrhw;fs;:

Nkiy ehl;lhh; 15 - Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj jkpo; ehl;bw;F tuj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;.
mt;thW te;Njhupy; Kjypy; te;jth;fs; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah; Mtu;. gwq;fpf; fha;> gwq;fpg;
gl;il> gwq;fp kiy> mykhhp> [d;dy;> fLjhrp> gPg;gha;> Nkir> Nk];jphp> tuhe;jh> Kjypa
nrhw;fs; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpa nkhopapypUe;J te;jitNa.

jkpopy; lr;Rr; nrhw;fs;:

jkpo;ehl;by; lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; tUifapdhy; ff;$];> rhf;F> Jl;L> gk;gpspkh];
Kjypa nrhw;fs; jkpOf;Fs; GFe;jd.

jkpopy; gpnuQ;Rr; nrhw;fs;:

jkpo;ehl;il mLj;j GJr;Nrhp gpnuQ;R kf;fspd; epiyf;fsd; MfpaJ. nrd;idg;
gy;fiyf;fof mfuhjp gpnuQ;rpypUe;J 23 nrhw;fs; jkpopy; fye;Js;sikia vLj;Jf;
fhl;LfpwJ. MR> Frpdp> gPNuh> yhe;jh; Kjypait gpnuQ;R nkhopapypUe;J ehk; ngw;w
nrhw;fs;.

jkpopy; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs;:

Mq;fpNyah;fs; 300 Mz;Lfs; ,e;jpahit Mz;ldh;. gy;fiyf; fof mfuhjp 219
nrhw;fis Mq;fpyj;jpypUe;J jkpopy; te;jdthff; Fwpf;fpwJ. capy;> Cf;F> Vf;fh;> Xl;ly;>
fhg;gp> fhul;L> fpwp];JkR> nf[l;L> NfR> nfhf;Nfh> rk;kd;> rtud;> rpdpkh> rPy;> Nkhjpuk;>
bf;nfl;> il> jhh;> ek;gh;> gz;L> ghq;f;> gpby;> Ngg;gh;> Nghyp];> iky;> ikdh;;> Nkhl;lhh;>
yPT Kjypa gy nrhw;fs; ,d;wpaikahj jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; Mfptpl;ld.

jkpopy; kuhj;jpar; nrhw;fs;:

kuhj;jpah;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s jQ;rht+iur; rpy fhyk; Mz;lhh;fs;. ml;ltiz>
fr;rhak;> mghz;lk;> fpy;yhb> Fz;lhd;> rhk;ghh;> rhtb> Nrkpah> gl;lhzp> Ngl;il>
yhtzp> tpy;yq;fk;> Kjypa gy nrhw;fs; kuhl;bahpd; gz;ghl;il ,d;Dk; jkpo; ehl;by;
Ngrp tUfpd;wd.

jkpopy; fd;dlr; nrhw;fs;:

tp[a efu murhl;rpapd;fPo; rpy murh;fs; fd;dl ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;fshf
,Ue;jdh;. ahg;gUq;fyf; fhhpifapd; ciu \Fz fhq;Nfak;>| vd;fpd;w fd;dl ahg;G
E}iyf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. n`ha;rhsh; jkpo; ehl;lurUld; kz cwTnfhz;L Nrhbg; Nguurpd;
tPo;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; murhsTk; Kd; te;jhh;fs;. ,jd; gadhff; fd;dl
nkhopapypUe;J 38 nrhw;fs; jkpopy; ,lk; ngw;wd. ml;bif> vl;ld;> rkhspj;jy;> nrhj;J>
gl;lhf;fj;jp> mhprp> Kjyhdit fd;dlr; nrhw;fs; MFk;.
30

jkpopy; njYq;Fr; nrhw;fs;:

,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; kfs; tapw;Wg; Ngud; Ntq;if ehl;L kd;dd;. Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;f
Nrhod; Ntq;if ehl;L kd;ddhf ,Ue;J Nrhog; Nguurd; Mdtd;.
tp[ag; Nguurpd; nry;thf;fhy;> jkpo; ehl;by; njYq;F ngUk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W
tpsq;fpaJ. gy;fiyf; fof mfuhjpapd;gb 335 nrhw;fs; njYq;fpypUe;J jkpo; te;Js;sd.
mf;flh> me;juq;fk;> itgtk;> Fws; ml;b> utpf;if> yQ;rk;> yhfphp> xapy;> fl;llk;>
flg;ghiw> fe;ij> fz;zuhtp> fNghjp> fyg;glk;> fTdp> fhl;lk;> Fg;gk;> nfhYR> re;jb>
ryit> rpl;bif> nrhf;fh> nrhl;L> jlit> gl;liw> thzyp> [h];jp> re;J> Kjypad
vy;yhk; jkpo; ehl;bw;F te;j nul;bkhNuhLk;> ehaf;fkhNuhLk; njYq;F ehl;Lg; ghh;gg
; dNuhLk;
jkpo; ehl;by; FbNawpa nrhw;fs;.

jkpopy; kiyahsr; nrhw;fs;:

kiyahs nkhop jpuhtplnkhop ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ. gioa Nru ehNl ,d;iwa
Nfus ehlhFk;. fhyd;> nfhr;rp> nrhf;fd;> jsthlk;> tQ;rp Kjypad kiyahsj;jpypUe;J
jkpOf;F te;j nrhw;fs;.

-----------000-----------

31

7. md;Gk; vd;Gk;
md;igAk; vd;igAk; gyKiw njhlh;GgLj;jpg; NgRfpwhh; ts;Sth;. md;Gilikiag;gw;wp
NgRk; N ghJ gj; J Fws; f spy; ehd; F Fws; f s; ,e; j j; njhlh; i g ntspg; g ilahf
tw;GWj;Jfpd;wd. me;j ehd;F Fws;fs; tUkhW:

md; G ilik:
md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah; md;Gilahh;
vd;Gk; chpah; gpwh;f;F.
- Fws; vz; - 72.
md;NghL ,iae;j tof;nfd;g MUaph;f;F
vd;NghL ,iae;j njhlh;G.
- Fws; vz; - 73
vd;gp yjid ntapy;Nghyf; fhANk
md;gp yjid mwk;.
- Fws; vz; - 77
md;gpd; topaJ caph;epiy m/jpyhh;f;F
vd;GNjhy; Nghh;j;j clk;G.
- Fws; vz; - 80
,f; Fws;fs; czh;j;Jk; nghUs;fs; tUkhW:
md;gpy;yhjth; vy;yhg; nghUisAk; jkf;Nf chpikahf;Fth;. Mapd; md;GilatNuh>
gpwuJ Jd;gk; fz;lNghJ> jk;nghUis kl;Lkpd;wpj; jk; clk;igAk; gpwh;f;F chpikahf;fp
kfpo;th;.
- Fws; vz; -72
,t;thpa caph; clk;NghL nfhz;l cwtpd; gad;> gpw caph; Nky; md;G
nfhz;L tho;tNj vd Md;Nwhh; $Wth;.
- Fws; vz; - 73
vYk;G ,y;yhj GOtpd; clk;ig ntapy; RLtJNghy> md;gpy;yhj fPNohhpd; capiu
mwk; RLk;.
- Fws; vz; - 77
md;gpd;top epw;Fk; clk;Ng capUs;s clk;ghFk;. mj;jifia cah;ej
; md;G ,y;yhjthpd;
clk;G ntWk; vYk;Gk; NjhYk; Nghh;jj
; pa clk;Gjhd;> caph; cs;sjhf mijf; fUjKbahJ.
- Fws; vz; - 80.

32

ts;Sth; vd;G (vYk;G)> md;G Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. md;gpd; cah;it
tpsf;f mth; ifahz;l xg;Gik ,J.
md;igg; gpwh; mwpahJ ahh; jLf;f KbAk;? fjtilj;Jg; G+l;b itf;fth KbAk;?
md;gpw;Fk; cz;Nlh milf;Fe;jho; Mh;tyh;
Gd;fz;ePh; G+ry; jUk;.
- Fws; vz; - 71.
Foe;ijapd; tUj;jj;ijf; fz;l jha; fz; fyq;fp tUe;jp epw;ftpy;iyah?
mq;nfy;yhk; md;G fz;zPUk; fk;giyAkha;g; nghq;fp tope;J> xUrpyNghJ nghpa
Muthuj;ijAk; tpistpj;J tpltpy;iyah?
jhiag;Nghy kdpjNerk; cilath;fis \\jkf;nfd thohg; gpwh;f;Fhpahsh;||; vdj;
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ghuhl;Lk;.
kpd; tpsf;F vhpahkw;Nghdhy; mJ kpd; tpsf;F MFkh? ,J xU nghk;ik vd;Wjhd;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. vdNt Nehf;fk; my;yJ yl;rpNk caph;epiyahFk;.
md;G ,y;yhjth;fs; elf;fpd;whh;fNs vd;why;> eilg;gpzk; vd;Nw fUj Ntz;Lk;
vd;whh; ts;Sth;. vYk;gpd;kPJ Njhiyg; Nghh;j;jp mjw;F tpirAk; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhy; me;jg;
nghk;ikAk; ,aq;Fk; my;yth?
md;G rpije;J epw;Fk;NghJ> Md;k tsh;rr
; p nfl;L xopfpd;wJ. vYk;gw;w cly;nfhz;l
Md;khit ,aw;if md;idNa GOitg;Nghyg; girawf; fhaitj;J thl;Lths; vd;gjid
ts;Sth; Nkw;Fwpj;j xU Fwspy; tpsf;fp epw;wy; fhz;fpNwhk;.
md;gpy;yhjth;fs; XNfhntd;W thotpy;iyah vd;W Nfl;fyhk;. ,Ug;G epiy vd;gJ
NtW> tho;jy; vd;gJ NtW. tho;tpd; Nehf;fk; ,d;gk;. cyfj;jpy; cz;ikahd ,d;gk;
vq;Nf ,Uf;fpd;wJ? md;G tho;f;ifapy;jhd; ,d;gk; kyh;fpwJ.
kdpjd; kiwayhk;. mtDila Gwf;Nfhyk; Jd;gf; Nfhykhffj; Njhd;wyhk;.
mtdpklk; md;G vd;gJ caph;epiyahf epw;Fkhdhy; mtdple;jhd; ,d;gk; G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk;.
mtd; vd;nwd;Wk; tho;fpwhd;.
VRehjh; rpYitapy; miwag;gl;lhh;. ,t;thW miwe;jth;fSf;fhf Ntz;bg; ghpe;J
mth;fis kd;dpf;Fk;gb Mz;ltdplk; kd;whbaJ mtUila md;G cs;sk;. rpYit
Vwpa ngUkhdJ Kfj;jpy; ,d;g xsp jJk;gf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,d;g xsp jJk;Gk; Kfj;NjhNlNa Fz;lhy; Rlg;gl;L tPOk;NghJk; giftiuAk;
Nerpf;f Ntz;Lk;; vd;W tho;e;J fhl;ba fhe;jpahh; Kfj;jpYk; \`hp| \`hp| vd;w ,d;g moF
g+j;jpUf;fg; ghh;j;Njhk;.

KbTiu:
md;Gilathplj;jpy; jhd; ,d;gk; cz;L. nrd;w ,lj;jpy; vy;yhk; rpwg;ig mJ
vjph;nfhs;Sk;.
33

8. mtpNuhjk;
Kd; D iu:
tpNuhjk; ,y;yhj epiy \mtpNuhjk;| vdg;gLk;. gz;ghL vd;gJ cyfj;jpw;F vy;yhk;
nghJ. ,e;jg; nghJikfspy; xt;nthU gz;ghl;Lg; gFjpAk; xt;nthU ehl;bdh; ,ilNa
mtuth;fs; tuyhw;Wr; #o;epiyf;F Vw;g Kjypy; rpwe;j epiyapy; ntspg;gl;Lj; Njhd;Wk;.
me;jg; gz;ghl;bd; ngah; me;j ,dj;jpd; ngah; nfhz;L miof;fg;gLjy; kughFk;. ve;j
,dj;jpd; gz;ghl;bYk; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F ,lkpy;iy.
jkpoh;fs; \ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;| vd tho;e;jth;fs;. \ahjhDk; ehlhkhy;
Cuhkhy;| (Fws; vz; - 397) vd;gJ jkpoh;fspd; tho;tpay; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
fhyj;ijAk; ,lj;ijAk; jhz;ba md;gh; $l;lk; ,iwabahh;f; $l;lk;. jhk; tho;e;j
,lj;jpy; gpwe;j mbahh;fis kl;Lkpd;wp> mth;f;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; vf; fhyj;jpYk; vy;yh
cyfq;fspYk; gpwe;J> \mg;ghYf;F mg;ghyhd guk;nghUis ek;gp| tho;fpd;wth;fis vy;yhk;
mbahh;fs; vdr; Nrf;fpohh; miog;gh;.
\mq;F ,q;F vdhjgb vq;Fk; gpufhrkhd nghJik epiyapidNa jhAkhdth;
ghLfpwhh;. ,uhkypq;fUk; ,e;jg; nghJik mwj;jpidr; \rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk;| vd;W
tw;GWj;Jfpd;whh;.
mtpNuhjk; vd;gJ Md;kNea xUikg;ghlhf tpsq;Fk; rkur rd;khh;f;fk; vd;w
cld;ghl;L epiyjhd;.

-----------000-----------

34

9. jkpoh; jpUehs;
Kd; D iu:
jkpoh;fSila gz;ghl;bd; milahskhfj; jkpoh; jpUehs; tpsq;FfpwJ. ij gpwe;jhy;
top gpwf;Fk; vd;gJ gonkhop. jkpo;j; jpUehs; Xh; coTj; jpUehs;> cotd; jpUehs;.
kdpjdpd; rpwg;gpay;ghfpa njhopyp;d; jpUehs;.
ciof;fhky; tho;gth;fs; kdpjg; gpwptpiar; Nrh;e;jth;fsy;yh;. kdpjj; jd;ikAld;
$b cioj;J> $b tho;eJ
; > $b mDgtpj;jNy kdpjg; gpwg;gpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;. kdpjh;fSf;F
kl;Lky;yhky; ,e;jf; $l;LwT tho;itnahl;bj; jpUtpohf; nfhz;lhLk; jpUehs; \nghq;fy;
jpUehs;| MFk;.
\vy;NyhUk; Xh; epiw> vy;NyhUk; Xh; ,dk;| vd;whh; ghujp. fw;wth;> fy;yhjth; vd;w
Ntw;Wik ,d;wp> kjNgjk; ,d;wpj; jpUehisf; nfhz;lhb kfpOk; rkur> rkjh;k> rkepiyj;
jpUtpoh ,J. rhjp kj Ngjkpd;wp> gpwUila gz;ghl;Lf;F ,ilA+wpy;yhky;> jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis
xl;b> tho;e;J fhl;b> vy;NyhNuhLk; ,ize;J epw;Fk; ehs; ,e;jj; jkpoh; jpUehs;.

-----------000-----------

35

10. Nfhapy;
\Nfh| vd;gjw;F murd; vd;gJ nghUs;. Nfhapy; vd;gJ murdJ ,y;yk; my;yJ
muz;kid vd;w nghUisj; jUk;. vdNt> Kjypy; muz;kidiaf; Fwpj;j ,r;nrhw;nwhlh;
gpd;dh; cyfj;jhh;> mz;lj;jpw;Nf murd; vdf; fUjpa flTspd; Myaj;ijf; Fwpf;f
te;jJ.
Nfhapy; vd;gJ muz;kid vd;w nghUspy; rq;f fhyj;jpYk; rpyg;gjpfhu fhyj;jpYk;
toq;fpaJ. gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gjpfk; gl;lj;jurpiaf; \Nfhapyhs; |vd;Nw toq;FfpwJ.
Nfhapy; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Myak; vd;W gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ciuahrphpah; nghUs; nfhs;fpwhh;.
Mdhy; mq;Nf Nfhapy; vd;gjw;F muz;kid vd;W nghUs; nfhs;tJk; nghUe;Jk; vd;gh;
Kidth; [Link];rp Re;judhh;.
ek;kho;thh; Mz;ltd; ekf;fhf Myaq;fspy; Nfhapy; nfhs;tijg; ghLfpwhh;. Nfhapy;
vd;whNyNa irth;f;Fr; rpjk;guk; vd;gJk;> itzth;f;Fj; jpUtuq;fk; vd;gJk; epidTf;F
tuyhapd. nghpaho;thh; \Nfhapw; gps;sha; ,q;Nf NghjuhNa| vd;W ghLfpwhh;.
Nfhl;il vd;gjd; kw;nwhU tbtNk Nfhl;lk; vdyhk;. \Nfhopr; Nrtw;nfhbNahd;
Nfhl;lk;| Kjyhfg; ghLfpd;whh; jk;Kila rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfh. mjw;F Kd;ndy;yhk;
Myaj;jpw;F mk;gyk; vd;gNj ngah;. ,d;Wk; Nfusj;jpy; Nfhapy;fSf;F mk;gyk; vd;Nw
ngah; toq;FfpwJ. \jpy;iyr; rpw;wk;gyk;| vd;w ngahpy; rpjk;guk; Nfhtpy; ,d;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ me;j
; mk;gyk; ,d;Wk; epiyngw;wpUf;ff; fhz;fpNwhk;. mk;gyj;jpw;Fg;
\nghJ ,y;| vd;gJ kw;nwhU ngah;.
G+ Kjypad J}tp topgLtij \g+g;gyp| vd;W miof;Fk; tof;fhW cs;sJ. G+tpidf;
nfhz;L nra;fpd;w topghLjhd; g+ nra; = G+nra;. ,J \G+[h| vd tlnkhopapy; khwptpl;lJ.
\\ePUk; epyDk; jPAk; tspAk;
khR tpRk;Ngh ile;Jld; ,aw;wpa
kOths; nebNahd; jiytdhf
khrw tpsq;fpa ahf;ifah; r+o;Rlh;
thlhg; g+tpd;
g+tpd ,ikah ehl;lj;J||
vd kJiuf; fhQ;rp g+tpdhy; nra;Ak; topghL gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
gy;yth; fhyj;Jk; Nrhoh; fhyj;Jk; muz;kidfs; vy;yhk; nrq;fy;yhy; mike;jd.
Myaq;fs; fw;wspfshf - fy; Nfhapy;fshf Xq;fpd.

KbTiu:
Ntj topghl;bdpd;Wk;> Mfk topghL Ntwhfp tsh;e;jJ. vdpDk; ,e;jpa ehl;bd;
gz;ghl;bw;Nfw;g xUikg;ghL Njhd;wpaJ. Nts;tp> Mfk topghl;by; GFe;jJ. Mdhy;
caph;nfhiy ,y;yhj Nts;tp mJ.
36

Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j khwDk;> kiw Qhd Kdptuhk; jpUQhd rk;ge;jUk; Njhd;wp
NkYk; Xh; xw;Wikia epiyehl;bf; flTs; md;ig> \vy;NyhUk; NgRk; jkpopy;| tsh;jj
; hh;fs;.

-----------000-----------

37

11. Nfhapw; fiy

gytifahd mwptpay; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; gadhf mikAk; Gwf; Nfhyk; ehfhpfk;.
,e;j ehfhpfj;jpy; gOj;Jf; fdpe;J kf;fspd; th;o;f;if mDgtkhf tpsq;FtJ gz;ghL.
gz;ghl;bd; ,ay;G mjw;Nfw;w fiyfis ikakpl;L tsh;e;jJ.
fiyfs; xU rpyNghJ cyfpy; cs; s tw; i w cs; s gbNa tpsf; ; F tijNa
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sd. fpNuf;fh;fs; tbj;j mg;Nghyhtpd; Mz; tbtKk; tPdrpd;
ngz; tbtKk; ,e;j tifapy; kpfr; rpwe;jit MFk;. cs;sjd; rhayhfNt fiyg;nghUis
mikf;Fk; ,jidr; \rhay; fiy| vd;W toq;fyhk;.
[g;ghdpaUila fiyfs; NfhLfspYk;> tisTfspYk;> epwq;fspYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpd.
mq;Nf xd;wd; rhaiyf; fhz;gJ vd;gJ ,y;iy; VNjh Xh; cl;nghUisf; fhl;Lk; Kaw;rpAk;
,y;iy. NfhLfNsh> epwq;fNsh mike;j mikg;gpNyh my;yJ Nfhyj;jpNyh moF Njhd;WfpwJ.
vdNt ,j;jifa fiyiaf; \Nfhyf; fiy| vdyhk;.
fl;llq;fspy; rpwe;J tpsq;FtJ Nfhapy;fshFk;. Nfhapy;fisg; ghh;fF
; k;NghJ cauj;
Njhd;Wk; NfhGuKk; mjidr; Rw;wp mike;j gy gpufhuq;fSk; cah;e;J Xq;Fk;.
Mz;ltid eLtplkhff; nfhz;L ,aq;fp tUfpd;w mz;lj;jpd; xUikg;ghl;ilNa
Nfhapw;fiy tpsf;Ftjhff; fhz;fpNwhk;. midj;Jk; Kbtpy; (fyrj;jpy;) nghd;ndhspahf
xU Kidapy; xsph;tJk; me;jg; nghUisNa tw;GWj;Jfpd;wJ.
,e;jpag; gz;ghL xUtifapy; \Nfhapw; gz;ghNl| vdyhk;.

-----------000-----------

38

12. rka tho;T

Nrf;fpohh; njhz;lh; Guhzj;ij vOjpdhh;. me;jg; Guhze;jhd;> \rka tho;T| vd;d
vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ. Nfhapy;jhd; me;jf; fhyj;Jr; rKjhaj;jpd; caph;epiy. rka tho;T
me;jf; fhyj;jpy; rKjha tho;thf tpsq;fpaJ. kf;fsplj;jpy; vy;yhk; flTisf; fhZk;
rpwe;j kdk; gilj;j tho;Nt rka tho;T MFk;. vq;Fk; ,Uf;fpwhd; ,iwtd; vd;W
Ngr;rpNy kl;Lky;yhky;> tho;tpYk; czh;e;J tho;fpwth;fs; thOk; tho;T rka tho;T
MFk;.
kf;fisf; fz;lJk; flTisf; fz;ljhf neQ;R cUfp epw;gth;fisNa> frpe;j
njhz;lh;fs; vd;W rpj;jpahh; ghLfpwJ.
\\$Lk; md;gpdhy; Fk;gpLjNyad;wp tPLk; Ntz;lh tpwypdh;||; vd;W Nrf;fpohh; ghLtJ
,th;fisj;jhd;.
\kdj;jpd; fz; khrpyd; Mjy; mwk;|
- Fws;: 34
\khrpd;ik vd;gJ Jha;ik; J}a;ik vd;gJ mthtpd;ik; Fws;: 364
tha;ik ,Ue;jhy; J}a;ik tUk;. tha;ik vd;gJ> \\vq;Fk; epiwe;j Mz;ltd; kf;fsplj;Jk;
[Ptypq;fkhf tpsq;Ffpwhd;;|| vd;w cz;ikia mwpe;J caph; tho;jy; MFk;.

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39

13. my;ypaurhzpf; fhg;gpaq;fs;

Kd; D iu:
jkpo;ehL jd;duR ,oe;J thbaNghJ ghthzh;fs; rpw;wurh;fisg; Gfo;eJ
; tho;ej
; hh;fs;.
mr; #oypy; nghJkf;fs; ,yf;fpa mKij cz;L tho vOe;jit ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;.
,jw;Fj; Jiz nra;jit tha; topahfTk;> nrtp topahfTk; te;j my;ypaurhzp khiy
Kjypa MR ftpf; fhg;gpaq;fs; MFk;. gjpNdohtJ> gjpndl;lhtJ Ehw;whz;Lfspy; ,it
nghJkf;fspd; cs;sj;ijf; fth;e;jd.
jkpo;ehl;by; Nfhilf; fhyj;jpy; - jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; - kf;fs; Xa;thf ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ> jpUtpohf;fisf; nfhz;lhbdhh;fs;. mf; fhyj;jpy; ,uTfspy; kfhghujf; fijfisg;
gbg;gJk;> ehlfkhf ebg;gJk; ehnlq;Fk; gutpa tof;fk; MFk;.
mUr;Rdd; gy kidtpaiu kze;jhd; vd;gJ ghujk; $Wk; cz;ik. mUr;Rdd;
kze;j ghz;ba kfSf;F ,th;fs; my;yp vd;W ngahpl;lhh;fs;. mf; Foe;ij xU ngz;zpd;
tapw;wpy; gpwf;fhky; my;ypg; g+tpd; Nky; Foe;ijahf te;J Njhd;wpdhs;. my;yp> mUr;Rdid
kze;j fijjhd;> \my;yp murhzpkhiy| MFk;.
mh;r;RdDf;F Gye;jpud; vd;nwhU gps;is gpwe;jJ. mh;r;Rdd; ,e;jpud; kfd;.
,e;jpuDf;Fg; Gue;jpud; vd;w kWngah; cz;L. ghl;ld; ngauhd Gue;jpud; vd;w ngaiu
mh;r;Rdd; jd; kfDf;F itj;jhd;. Gue;jpud; vd;w ngah; jkpopy; \Gye;jpud;| vd khwp
mike;jJ.
Gye;jpud; JhpNahjddpd; jq;if kfis kzk; Ghpfpwhd;. mth;fs; tho;tpy; xU
rpf;fy; Njhd;WfpwJ. rpdq;nfhz;l JhpNahjdd; Gye;jpudpd; kidtpia mjhtJ jd;
kfisf; Nfhl;ilf; fhtypy; itf;fpwhd;.
ahUk; mwpahjgb> Gye;jpud; JhpNahjdpd; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; nrd;W jd; kidtpNahL
$Lfpwhd;. mts; fUTWfpwhs;. ,e;j cz;ik njhpahj JhpNahjdd; mts; newp jtwp
tp;ll
; hs; vd;W mtisj; jPapy; Fspf;fr; nra;fpwhd;. fz;zd; xU #o;rr
; p nra;J cz;ikia
tpsf;Ffpwhd;. ngUkio nga;J neUg;ngy;yhk; mtpe;J NghfpwJ. ,e;jf; fijiag; \Gye;jpud;
fsT khiy| vd;W jkpoh;fs; xU tha; topf; fhg;gpakhfg; ghb kfpo;e;jhh;fs;.
\fh;z kfhuh[d; rz;il>| |jpnusgjp Fwk;|> \kpd;ndhspahs; Fwk;|> \nghd;DUtp
krf;if|> \mgpkd;dd; Re;jhpkhiy| Kjypa fijfs; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa gpw tha; nkhopf;
fhg;gpaq;fs; MFk;.

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40

14 mk;khidg; ghly;fs;
Kd; D iu:
ftpQh;fis murh;fs; ghuhl;lhj fhyj;jpy; nghJkf;fs; ghuhl;Lk; tifapy;> mth;fs;
Guhzf; fijfisg; ghbdhh;fs;. mit> \mk;khidg; ghly;fs;| vd miof;fg; gl;ld.
mit ngz;fSf;nfd;Nw ghlg;gl;l ghly;fs; MFk;.

,e;J kjj;jpd; topghl;L tiffs;:

,e;J rka topghL> nja;tq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L ,U tifahfg; gFf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. ngUe; nja;t topghL
2. rpW nja;t topghL

rpW nja;t topghL:

rpW nja;t topghL ghypaiy ikakhff; nfhz;L ,U tifahfg; gFf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. Mz; nja;t topghL
2. ngz; nja;t topghL
fhj;jtuhad;> kJiu tPud; Kjypa rpW nja;tq;fis - Mz; nja;tq;fistopgLjy; Mz;nja;t topghl;bw;Fs; mlq;fpaJ.
vy;iyg; gplhhp> khhpak;kd; Kjypa rpW nja;tq;fis - ngz; nja;tq;fistopgLjy; ngz; nja;t topghl;bw;Fs; mlq;fpaJ.
eLfy; topghl;bypUe;J tsh;e;jJ Mz;nja;t topghlhFk;. nfhs;is Neha;fisf;
Fzg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld; Njhd;wp tsh;e;jJ ngz; nja; topghlhFk;.

jhyhl; L g; ghly; f s; :
nfhs;if Neha;fs; tUk;NghJ khhpak;kd; jhyhl;ilg; ghLk; tof;fk; jkpofk;
vq;Fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ehNlhbg; ghly; f s; :
gytpj re;j mikg;GfSld; fzf;fpwe;j ehNlhbg; ghly;fs; jkpopy; cyh tUfpd;wd.
\Njrpq;F uh[d; fij| ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ehNlhbg; ghly; vOjpa Mrphpahpd; ngah;
ve;j E}ypYk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

ghuj ,uhkhazf; fijg; ghly;fs;:

\gtsf;nfhb khiy|> \my;ypaurhzpkhiy>| \kpd;ndhspahs; fij>| \Gye;jpud; khiy>|
\Vzp Vw;wk;| Mfpa fijg; ghly;fs; kfhghujj;ij ikakpl;Lj; Njhd;wpait.
\jrKf uhtzd; fij|> \r`];uKf uhtzd; fij>| \kapy; uhtzd; fij>| Mfpa
fijg; ghly;fs; ,uhkhazj;ij ikakpl;Lj; Njhd;wpait.
41

,yf;fpaf; fijg; ghly;fs;: Nfhtyd; fij:

rpyg;gjpfhuj; jiytdhfpa Nfhtydpd; fij jkpo;ehl;by; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,t;tha; nkhopf; fijapy; tUk; khjtp> gzj;ijg; gwpf;Fk; guj;ijahff; fhl;lg;gLfpwhs;.
fz;zfp fhspahf khWfpwhs;.

fz; z fpf; fij:

,yq;ifapy; fz;zfpapd; fhtpak; \gj;jpdp nja;Nah fijg; ghly;| vd;w ngahpy;
Gfo; ngw;W
; tpsq;FfpwJ. rpq;fsh;fs; fz;zfpiag; gj;jpdpj; nja;tkhf topgl;L tUfpd;wdh;.

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42