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SharingAbstracts,NotesonvariousElectricalEngineeringTopics.

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APRIL16,2011 81COMMENTS(HTTPS://[Link]/2011/04/16/CURRENT
TRANSFORMER/#COMMENTS)

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Acurrenttransformerisdefinedasasaninstrumenttransformerinwhichthesecondarycurrentissubstantiallyproportionalto
theprimarycurrent(undernormalconditionsofoperation)anddiffersinphasefromitbyananglewhichisapproximatelyzero
foranappropriatedirectionoftheconnections.
Currenttransformersareusuallyeithermeasuringorprotectivetypes.

6RPH'HILQLWLRQVXVHGIRU&7
1)Ratedprimarycurrent:
Thevalueofprimarycurrentwhichappearsinthedesignationofthetransformerandonwhichtheperformanceofthecurrent
transformerisbased.
2)Ratedsecondarycurrent:
Thevalueofsecondarycurrentwhichappearsinthedesignationofthetransformerandonwhichtheperformanceofthecurrent
transformerisbased.
[Link],secondarycurrentsof1/root
3Aand5/root3Aarealsospecified.
3)Ratedburden:
TheapparentpowerofthesecondarycircuitinVoltamperesexpressedattheratedsecondarycurrentandataspecificpower
factor(0.8foralmostallstandards)
4)Ratedoutput:
Thevalueoftheapparentpower(involtamperesataspecifiedpower(factor)whichthecurrenttransformerisintendedto
supplytothesecondarycircuitattheratedsecondarycurrentandwithratedburdenconnectedtoit.
5)Accuracyclass:
InthecaseofmeteringCTs,accuracyclassistypically,0.2,0.5,1or3.
Thismeansthattheerrorshavetobewithinthelimitsspecifiedinthestandardsforthatparticularaccuracyclass.
ThemeteringCThastobeaccuratefrom5%to120%oftheratedprimarycurrent,at25%and100%oftheratedburdenatthe
specifiedpowerfactor.
InthecaseofprotectionCTs,theCTsshouldpassboththeratioandphaseerrorsatthespecifiedaccuracyclass,usually5Por
10P,aswellascompositeerrorattheaccuracylimitfactoroftheCT.
6)CurrentRatioError:
Theerrorwithatransformerintroducesintothemeasurementofacurrentandwhicharisesfromthefactthatactual
[Link]:
Currenterrorin%=(Ka(IsIp))x100/Ip

WhereKa=ratedtransformationratio,Ip=actualprimarycurrent,Is=actualsecondarycurrentwhenIpisflowingunderthe
conditionsofmeasurement
7)Accuracylimitfactor:
ThevalueofprimarycurrentuptowhichtheCTcomplieswithcompositeerrorrequirements.Thisistypically5,10or15,which
meansthatthecompositeerroroftheCThastobewithinspecifiedlimitsat5,10or15timestheratedprimarycurrent.
8)Shorttimerating:
Thevalueofprimarycurrent(inkA)thattheCTshouldbeabletowithstandboththermallyanddynamicallywithoutdamageto
thewindings,withthesecondarycircuitbeingshortcircuited.Thetimespecifiedisusually1or3seconds.
9)Instrumentsecurityfactor(factorofsecurity):
[Link]
securityoftheCTis5,itmeansthatthecompositeerrorofthemeteringCTat5timestheratedprimarycurrentisequaltoor
greaterthan10%.Thismeansthatheavycurrentsontheprimaryarenotpassedontothesecondarycircuitandinstrumentsare
[Link],FSisapplicableforthelowestratioonly.
10)ClassPSXCT:
Inbalancesystemsofprotection,[Link]
metbyClassPS(X)[Link](KPV),themagnetizingcurrent(Imag)at
thekneepointvoltageor1/2or1/4thekneepointvoltage,andtheresistanceoftheCTsecondarywindingcorrectedto75C.
Accuracyisdefinedintermsoftheturnsratio.
11)Kneepointvoltage:
Thatpointonthemagnetizingcurvewhereanincreaseof10%inthefluxdensity(voltage)causesanincreaseof50%inthe
magnetizingforce(current).
TheKneePointVoltage(Vkp)isdefinedasthesecondaryvoltageatwhichanincreaseof10%producesanincreasein
magnetizingcurrentof50%.ItisthesecondaryvoltageabovewhichtheCTisnearmagneticsaturation.
12)CorebalanceCT(CBCT):
TheCBCT,alsoknownasazerosequenceCT,[Link]
[Link],thethreecorecableorthreesinglecoresofathreephasesystempassthroughtheinnerdiameteroftheCT.
Whenthesystemisfaultfree,[Link],theresidualcurrent
(zerophasesequencecurrent)[Link]
designtheCBCT,theinnerdiameteroftheCT,therelaytype,therelaysettingandtheprimaryoperatingcurrentneedtobe
furnished.
13)Phasedisplacement:
Thedifferenceinphasebetweentheprimaryandsecondarycurrentvectors,thedirectionofthevectorsbeingsochosenthatthe
[Link]
[Link]
14)Highestsystemvoltage:
Thehighestrmslinetolinevoltagewhichcanbesustainedundernormaloperatingconditionsatanytimeandatanypointon
[Link].
15)Ratedinsulationlevel:
Thatcombinationofvoltagevalues(powerfrequencyandlightningimpulse,orwhereapplicable,lightningandswitching
impulse)[Link]
lowvoltagetransformerthetestvoltage4kV,atpowerfrequency,appliedduring1minute.
16)Ratedshorttimethermalcurrent(Ith):
Thermsvalueoftheprimarycurrentwhichthecurrenttransformerwillwithstandforaratedtime,withtheirsecondary
windingshortcircuitedwithoutsufferingharmfuleffects.
17)Rateddynamiccurrent(Idyn):
Thepeakvalueoftheprimarycurrentwhichacurrenttransformerwillwithstand,withoutbeingdamagedelectricallyfor
mechanicallybytheresultingelectromagneticforces,thesecondarywindingbeingshortcircuited.
18)Ratedcontinuousthermalcurrent(Un)
Thevalueofcurrentwhichcanbepermittedtoflowcontinuouslyintheprimarywinding,thesecondarywindingsbeing
connectedtotheratedburdens,withoutthetemperatureriseexceedingthespecifiedvalues.

19)Instrumentsecurityfactor(ISForFs):
[Link]
higherthantheratedvalue,forthecompositeerrorofameasuringcurrenttransformertobeequaltoorgreaterthan10%,the
[Link],themoreprotectedtheconnectedinstrumentare
against.
20)Sensitivity
Sensitivityisdefinedasthelowestvalueofprimaryfaultcurrent,withintheprotectedzone,whichwillcausetherelayto
[Link],thecurrenttransformershouldhaveaKneePointVoltageatleasttwice
thesettingvoltageoftherelay.
21)FieldAdjustmentofCurrentTransformerRatio:
[Link]
moresecondaryturnsormoreprimaryturnsthroughthewindowwillincreaseordecreasetheturnsratio.
ActualTurnsRatio=(NamePlateRationSecondaryTurnsAdded)/PrimaryTurns.

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1)BarType:
Bartypesareavailablewithhigherinsulationlevelsandareusuallyboltedtothecurrentcaringdevice.

([Link]
Bartypecurrenttransformersareinsulatedfortheoperatingvoltageofthesystem.
BartypeCTsoperateonthesameprincipleofwindowCTsbuthaveapermanentbarinstalledasaprimaryconductor
2)WoundCTs:
Capacity:Therearedesignedtomeasurecurrentsfrom1ampto100amps.
[Link]
[Link],thewoundtypeisinsulatedtoonly600volts.

([Link]
SincetheloadcurrentpassesthroughprimarywindingsintheCT,screwterminalsareprovidedfortheloadandsecondary
conductors.WoundprimaryCTsareavailableinratiosfrom2.5:5to100:5.
[Link]
lowratiosandcurrents,typicallyinCTsecondarycircuitstocompensateforlowcurrents,tomatchdifferentCTratiosin
summingapplications,[Link],andspecialattentiontothesource
CTburdenshouldbeappliedwhenwoundCTsareused.
3)Window:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link],splitcoreCTscanbeinstalledaroundtheprimaryconductorwithout
disconnectingtheprimaryconductor

([Link]
RingCoreCTs:
Capacity:Thereareavailableformeasuringcurrentsfrom50to5000amps

([Link]
Size:withwindows(powerconductoropeningsize)from1to8diameter.
SplitCoreCTs:
Capacity:Thereareavailableformeasuringcurrentsfrom100to5000amps.
Size:withwindowsinvaryingsizesfrom1by2to13by30.
SplitcoreCTshaveoneendremovablesothattheloadconductororbusbardoesnothavetobedisconnectedtoinstalltheCT.
4)Bushing
BushingCTsarewindowCTsspeciallyconstructedtofitaroundabush
[Link],andtheir
nameplatesarefoundonthetransformerorcircuitbreakercontrolcabinets.
Thebushingtypeistypicallyusedaroundthebushingoncircuitbreakersandtransformersandmaynothaveahardprotective
outsidecover.
[Link],theconductorshouldbepositionedin
thecenterofthecurrenttransformeropening.
AccordingtoApplicationofCT:

0HDVXULQJ&7
TheprincipalrequirementsofameasuringCTarethat,forprimarycurrentsupto120%or125%oftheratedcurrent,its
secondarycurrentisproportionaltoitsprimarycurrenttoadegreeofaccuracyasdefinedbyitsClassand,inthecaseofthe
moreaccuratetypes,thataspecifiedmaximumphaseangledisplacementisnotexceeded.
AdesirablecharacteristicofameasuringCTisthatitshouldsaturatewhentheprimarycurrentexceedsthepercentageof
[Link]
[Link]
deviceconnectedtotheCTsecondaryissubjectedtocurrentOverload.
OntheotherhandthereverseisrequiredoftheprotectivetypeCT,theprincipalpurposeofwhichistoprovideasecondary
currentproportionaltotheprimarycurrentwhenitisseveral,ormany,[Link]
characteristicisknownastheAccuracyLimitFactor(A.L.F.).
AprotectiontypeCTwithanA.L.F.of10willproduceaproportionalcurrentinthesecondarywinding(subjecttotheallowable
currenterror)withprimarycurrentsuptoamaximumof10timestheratedcurrent.
ItshouldberememberedwhenusingaCTthatwheretherearetwoormoredevicestobeoperatedbythesecondarywinding,
[Link]
loadstobesuppliedbyavoltageorpowertransformerwherethedevicesareparalleledacrossthesecondarywinding.
WithaCT,[Link]
[Link],areductionintheburdenwillresultinareductioninthe
CTsecondaryoutputvoltage.
Thisriseinsecondaryvoltageoutputwithanincreaseinburdenmeansthat,theoretically,withinfiniteburdenasisthecasewith
thesecondaryloadopencircuit,[Link]
voltageisnotinfinitelyhigh,butcanbehighenoughtocauseabreakdownintheinsulationbetweenprimaryandsecondary
[Link],primarycurrentshouldneverbeallowedtoflowwith
noloadorwithahighresistanceloadconnectedacrossthesecondarywinding.
WhenconsideringtheapplicationofaCTitshouldberememberedthatthetotalburdenimposedonthesecondarywindingis
notonlythesumoftheburden(s)oftheindividualdevice(s)connectedtothewindingbutthatitalsoincludestheburden
imposedbytheconnectingcableandtheresistanceoftheconnections.
If,forexample,theresistanceoftheconnectingcableandtheconnectionsis0.1ohmandthesecondaryratingoftheCTis5A,the
burdenofthecableandconnections(RI2)is0.1x5x5=[Link](s)oftheconnecteddevice(s)
whendeterminingwhethertheCThasanadequatelylargeburdenratingtosupplytherequireddevice(s)andtheburden
imposedbytheconnections.

ShouldtheburdenimposedontheCTsecondarywindingbytheconnecteddevice(s)andtheconnectionsexceedtherated
burdenoftheCTtheCTmaypartlyorfullysaturateandthereforenothaveasecondarycurrentadequatelylinearwiththe
primarycurrent.
Theburdenimposedbyagivenresistanceinohms[suchastheresistanceofaconnectingcable]isproportionaltothesquareof
[Link],wherelongrunsofcablebetweenCTandtheconnecteddevice(s)areinvolved,theuseof
a1AsecondaryCTanda1Adeviceratherthan5Awillresultina25foldreductionintheburdenoftheconnectingcablesand
[Link].
Becauseoftheforegoing,whenarelativelylong[morethanaveryfewmeters]cablerunisrequiredtoconnectaCTtoitsburden
[suchasaremoteammeter][Link]
resistance,[Link]
differentsizesofconductorsat20oCperunitlength.

3URWHFWLYH&7
ThecalculatedresistanceisthenmultipliedbythesquareoftheCTsecondarycurrentrating[25for5A,1for1A].IftheVA
burdenascalculatedbythismethodandaddedtotheratedburden(s)ofthedevice(s)tobedrivenbytheCTexceedstheCT
burdenrating,thecablesizemustbeincreased[toreducetheresistanceandthustheburden]oraCTwithahigherVAburden
ratingmustbeused,oralowerCTsecondarycurrentrating[withmatchingchangeinthecurrentratingofthedevice(s)tobe
driven]shouldbesubstituted

1RPHQFODWXUHRI&7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Ratio:input/outputcurrentratio
Burden(VA):totalburdenincludingpilotwires.(2.5,5,10,15and30VA.)
Class:Accuracyrequiredforoperation(Metering:0.2,0.5,1or3,Protection:5,10,15,20,30).
AccuracyLimitFactor:
Dimensions:maximum&minimumlimits
NomenclatureofCT:Ratio,VABurden,AccuracyClass,AccuracyLimitFactor.
Example:1600/5,15VA5P10(Ratio:1600/5,Burden:15VA,AccuracyClass:5P,ALF:10)
AsperIEEEMeteringCT:0.3B0.1ratedMeteringCTisaccu
rateto0.3percentiftheconnectedsecondaryburdenifimped
ance
doesnotexceed0.1ohms.
9. AsperIEEERelaying(Protection)CT:2.5C100RelayingCTisaccuratewithin2.5percentifthesecondaryburdenislessthan1.0
ohm(100volts/100A).

&XUUHQW5DWLRRI&7
Theprimaryandsecondarycurrentsareexpressedasaratiosuchas100/5.Witha100/5ratioCT,100Aflowingintheprimary
windingwillresultin5Aflowinginthesecondarywinding,providedthecorrectratedburdenisconnectedtothesecondary
[Link],forlesserprimarycurrents,thesecondarycurrentsareproportionatelylower.
Itshouldbenotedthata100/5CTwouldnotfulfilthefunctionofa20/1ora10/0.5CTastheratioexpressesthecurrentratingof
theCT,notmerelytheratiooftheprimarytothesecondarycurrents.
Theratedsecondarycurrentiscommonly5Aor1A,[Link]
secondaryload,usuallycalledtheburden,whentheratedprimarycurrentflowsintheprimarywinding.
IncreasingorDecreasingTurnsRatioofCT:
IncreasingNumberofTurn:[Link]
witha50to5turnsratiocanbechangedtoa25to5turnsratiobypassingtheprimarytwicethroughthewindow.
IncreasingorDecreasingTurnsRatio:
Theturnsratiocanbeeitherincreasedordecreasedbywrappingwirefromthesecondarythroughthewindowofthecurrent
transformer.
Increasingtheturnsratiowiththesecondarywire,turnsonthesecondaryareessentiallyincreased.A50to5current
transformerwillhavea55to5ratiowhenaddingasinglesecondaryturn.
Decreasingtheturnsratiowiththesecondarywire,turnsonthesecondaryareessentiallydecreased.A50to5current
transformerwillhavea45to5ratiowhenaddingasinglesecondaryturn.
Decreasingtheturnsratiowiththeprimary,accuracyandVAburdenratingsarethesameastheoriginalconfiguration.
Increasingtheturnsratiowiththesecondarywillimprovetheaccuracyandburdenrating.
Decreasingtheturnsratiowiththesecondarywillworsentheaccuracyandburdenrating.
Whenusingthesecondaryofacurrenttransformertochangetheturnsratio,therighthandruleofmagneticfieldscomesinto
play.WrappingthewhiteleadortheX1leadfromtheH1sideofthetransformerthroughthewindowtotheH2sidewill
decreasetheturnsratio.WrappingthiswirefromtheH2sidetotheH1sidewillincreasetheturnsratio.

UsingtheblackorX2leadastheadjustmentmethodwilldotheoppositeoftheX1(white)lead.WrappingfromtheH1totheH2
sidewillincreasetheturnsratio,andwrappingfromtheH2totheH1sidewilldecreasetheturnsratio.

%XUGHQRI&7
CommonburdenratingsofCT:2.5,5,10,15and30VA.
Theexternalloadappliedtothesecondaryofacurrenttransformeriscalledtheburden.
TheburdenofCTisthemaximumload(inVA)thatcanbeappliedtotheCTsecondary.
Theburdencanbeexpressedintwoways.
Theburdencanbeexpressedasthetotalimpedanceinohmsofthecircuitorthetotalvoltamperes(VA)andpowerfactorata
specifiedvalueofcurrentorvoltageandfrequency.
Formerly,thepracticewastoexpresstheburdenintermsofvoltamperes(VA)andpowerfactor,thevoltamperesbeingwhat
wouldbeconsumedintheburdenimpedanceatratedsecondarycurrent(inotherwords,ratedsecondarycurrentsquared
timestheburdenimpedance).Thus,aburdenof0.5impedancemaybeexpressedalsoas12.5VAat5amperes,ifweassume
[Link],butitneedsdefiningbecauseitwillbefoundin
theliteratureandinolddata.

%XUGHQIRU0HDVXULQJ&7
TotalburdenofMeasuringCT=SumofMetersBurdeninVA(Ammeter,Wattmeter,Transduceretc.)connectedinseriesto
theCTsecondarycircuit+ConnectingSecondaryCircuitCableBurdeninVA.
Cableburden=I2xRx2L,whereI=CTsecondarycurrent,R=cableresistanceperlength,2Listhetro&frodistanceofcable
[Link],cableburdencanbeignored.
[Link],allmeters
connectedtothemeasuringCTshouldprovidecorrectreading.
InthecaseofMeasuringCurrenttransformer,theburdendependsontheconnectedmetersandquantityofmetersonthe

[Link],KWhmeters,Kvarmeters,Kwhmeters,transducersandalsotheconnectioncableburden(I2xR
x2L)tometeringshallbetakenintoaccount.
NoteMetersburdencanbeobtainedfrommanufacturercatalogue.
SelectedCTburdenshallbemorethanthecalculatedburden

%XUGHQIRU3URWHFWLQJ&7
InthecaseofProtectionCTstheburdeniscalculatedinthesamewayasaboveexcepttheburdenofindividualprotectiverelays
[Link]
TotalburdenofProtectionCT=ConnectingcableBurdeninVA+sumofProtectiverelaysBurdeninVA.
[Link],inductiondisk
[Link]
beingused,FirstSquaretheratioofminimumdividebytheactualtapsettingusedand,secondmultiplythisvaluebythe
minimumimpedance.
Supposeanimpedanceof1.47+5.34jatthe1Atap.Toapplytherelayatthe4Ataptheengineerwouldmultiplytheimpedance
atthe1Atapssettingby(1/4)2.Theimpedanceatthe4Atapwouldbe0.0919+0.3338jor0.3462Zat96.4powerfactor.
TheCTburdenimpedancedecreasesasthesecondarycurrentincreases,becauseofsaturationinthemagneticcircuitsofrelays
[Link],[Link]
voltamperesat5amperesismostconfusinginthisrespectsinceitisnotnecessarilytheactualvoltampereswith5amperes
flowing,butiswhatthevoltampereswouldbeat5amperes
[Link]
[Link],dataareprovidedonlyforonevalueofCTsecondarycurrent.
Ifapublicationdoesnotclearlystateforwhatvalueofcurrenttheburdenapplies,[Link]
suchsaturationdata,[Link],[Link]
[Link]
course,ifsuchapparentlygreaterinaccuracycanbetolerated,[Link],in
someapplicationsneglectingtheeffectofsaturationwillprovideoverlyoptimisticresults;consequently,itissaferalwaystotake
thiseffectintoaccount.
[Link],
[Link],ifagivenapplicationissoborderlinethatvectoradditionof
impedancesisnecessarytoprovethattheCTswillbesuitable,suchanapplicationshouldbeavoided.

Iftheimpedanceatpickupofatappedovercurrentrelaycoilisknownforagivenpickuptap,itcanbeestimatedforpickup
[Link],andtheresistancevaries
[Link],thereisnegligiblesaturation,andtheresistanceissmallcomparedwiththereactance.
Therefore,[Link]
turnsisinverselyproportionaltothepickupcurrent,andthereforetheimpedancevariesinverselyapproximatelyasthesquare
ofthepickupcurrent.
WhetherCTisconnectedinwyeorindelta,[Link]
neutralsoftheCTandoftheburdensareconnectedtogether,eitherdirectlyorthrougharelaycoil,exceptwhenasocalledzero
phasesequencecurrentshuntisused.
Itisseldomcorrectsimplytoaddtheimpedancesofseriesburdenstogetthetotal,whenevertwoormoreCTareconnectedin
[Link],onemustcalculate
thesumofthevoltagedropsandrisesintheexternalcircuitfromoneCTsecondaryterminaltotheotherforassumedvaluesof
[Link]
[Link]
effectiveimpedanceistheonetouse,anditmaybelargerorsmallerthantheactualimpedancewhichwouldapplyifnoother
CTsweresupplyingcurrenttothecircuit.
IftheprimaryofanauxiliaryCTistobeconnectedintothesecondaryofaCTwhoseaccuracyisbeingstudied,onemustknow
[Link]
beaddedtheimpedanceoftheauxiliaryCTburdenasviewedfromtheprimarysideoftheauxiliaryCT;toobtainthis
impedance,[Link]
willbecomeevidentthat,withanauxiliaryCTthatstepsupthemagnitudeofitscurrentfromprimarytosecondary,veryhigh
burdenimpedances,whenviewedfromtheprimary,mayresult.
Burdenisdependingonpilotleadlength
[Link]
(VA).
VA

Applications

1To2VA

Movingironammeter

1To2.5VA

Movingcoilrectifierammeter

2.5To5VA

Electrodynamicsinstrument

3To5VA

Maximumdemandammeter

1To2.5VA

Recordingammeterortransducer

Burden(VA)ofcopperwiresbetweeninstrument&currenttransformerfor1Aand5Asecondarys
Cross
Section
(mm2)

CT1AmpSecondaryBurdeninVA(TwinWire)
Distance
10meter

20meter

40meter

60meter

80meter

100meter

1.0

0.35

0.71

1.43

2.14

2.85

3.57

1.5

0.23

0.46

0.92

1.39

1.85

2.31

2.5

0.14

0.29

0.57

0.86

1.14

1.43

4.0

0.09

0.18

0.36

0.54

0.71

0.89

6.0

0.06

0.12

0.24

0.36

0.48

0.6

CrossSection
(mm2)

CT5AmpSecondaryBurdeninVA(TwinWire)
Distance
1meter

2meter

4meter

6meter

8meter

10meter

1.5

0.58

1.15

2.31

3.46

4.62

5.77

2.5

0.36

0.71

1.43

2.14

2.86

3.57

4.0

0.22

0.45

0.89

1.34

1.79

2.24

6.0

0.15

0.30

0.60

0.89

1.19

1.49

10.0

0.09

0.18

0.36

0.54

0.71

0.89

&7%XUGHQ&DOFXODWLRQ
TheActualburdenisformedbytheresistanceofthepilotconductorsandtheprotectionrelay(s).Theresistanceofaconductor
(withaconstantcrosssectionalarea)canbecalculatedfromtheequation:
R=xL/A
where=resistivityoftheconductormaterial(giventypicallyat+20C),L=lengthoftheconductor,A=crosssectionalarea
Iftheresistivityisgiveninm,thelengthinmetersandtheareainmm2,theequation1willgivetheresistancedirectlyin
ohms.
Resistivity:Copper0.0178mat20Cand0.0216mat75C

%XUGHQRI&7IRURUZLUHFRQQHFWLRQ
If6wireconnectionisused,thetotallengthofthewire,naturally,willbetwotimesthedistancebetweentheCTandtherelay.
However,inmanycasesacommonreturnconductorisusedasshowninfigurethen,insteadofmultiplyingthedistancebytwo,
afactorof1.2istypicallyused.Thisruleonlyappliestothe3phaseconnectiononly.Thefactor1.2allowsforasituation,where
upto20%oftheelectricalconductorlength,includingterminalresistances,uses6wireconnectionandatleast80%4wire
connection.

([Link]
Example:thedistancebetweentheCTandtherelayis5metersthetotallengthis2x5m=10meterfor6wireconnection,but
only1.2x5m=6.0meterwhen4wireconnectionisused.

%XUGHQRIWKHUHOD\
Example:TheDistancebetweentheCTsandtheprotectionrelayis15meters,4mm2Cuconductorsin4wireconnectionare
used.Theburdenoftherelayinputislessthan20m(5Ainputs).CalculatetheactualburdenoftheCTat75C,theinput
impedanceislessthan0.020fora5Ainput(i.e.burdenlessthan0.5VA)andlessthan0.100fora1Ainput(i.e.lessthan0.1
VA):
Solution:
=0.0216m(75C)forcopperconductor.
R=xL/A,R=0.0216mx(1.2x15m)/4mm2=0.097
BurdenofCT=0.097+0.020=0.117.
UsingCTsofburdenvalueshigherthanrequired,isunscientificsinceitleadstoinaccuratereading(meter)orinaccuratesensing
offault/reportingconditions.
Basically,suchhighvalueofdesignburdenextendssaturationcharacteristicsofCTcoreleadingtolikelydamagetothemeter
[Link](ISF)tobe5,thesecondarycurrentshouldbe
restrictedtolessthan5timesincaseprimarycurrentshootstomorethan5timesitsratedvalue.
Insuchanoverloadcondition,thecoreofCTisdesiredtogointosaturation,restrictingthesecondarycurrentthusthemeteris
[Link],whenweaskforhigherVA,coredoesntgointosaturationduetolessload(ISFismuchhigherthan
desired)whichmaydamagethemeter.
TounderstandtheeffectonAccuracyaspect,letstakeanexampleofaCTwithspecifiedburdenof15VA,andtheactualburden
is2.5VA:15VACTwithlessthan5ISFwillhavesaturationvoltageof15Volts(15/55),andactualburdenof2.5VAthe
saturationvoltagerequiredshallbe(2.5/5x5)2.5Voltsagainst15VoltsresultingISF=30againstrequiredof5.
Example:DecideWhether5A,20VACTissufficientforfollowingcircuit

([Link]

([Link]
Totalinstrumentburden=2+2+3+2+4=13VA.
Totalpilotloadresistance=2x0.1=0.2ohm.
With5Asecondarycurrent,voltdropinleadsis5x0.2=1V.
Burdenimposedbybothleads=5Ax1V=5VA.
TotalburdenonCT=13+5=18VA.
AstheCTisrated20VA,ithassufficientmargin.

$FFXUDF\&ODVVRI&7
[Link],CTaccuracyclassof
0.3meansthattheCTiscertifiedbythemanufacturertobeaccuratetowithin0.3percentofitsratedratiovalueforaprimary
currentof100percentofratedratio.
CTwitharatedratioof200/5withaccuracyclassof0.3wouldoperatewithin0.45percentofitsratedratiovalueforaprimary
[Link],foraprimarycurrentof100Aitiscertifiedtoproduceasecondarycurrentbetween
2.489ampsand2.511amps.
Accuracyisspecifiedasapercentageoftherange,[Link]
includestheinputresistanceofthemeterandtheloopresistanceofthewireandconnectionsbetweenthecurrenttransformer
andmeter.
Example:Burden=[Link]=2.0VA/5Amps=0.400Volts.
MaximumResistance=Voltage/Current=04.00Volts/5Amps=0.080Ohms.
Iftheinputresistanceofthemeteris0.010,then0.070isallowedforloopresistanceofthewire,andconnectionsbetweenthe
[Link]
maximumburden.
Ifresistanceinthe5amploopcausestheburdentobeexceeded,[Link]
lowathighercurrentlevels.
Asinalltransformers,errorsariseduetoaproportionoftheprimaryinputcurrentbeingusedtomagnetizethecoreandnot
[Link]
error.
Theessenceofgooddesignofmeasuringcurrenttransformersistoensurethatthemagnetizingcurrentislowenoughtoensure
thattheerrorspecifiedfortheaccuracyclassisnotexceeded.
[Link]
currentsof50Aandupwards,itisconvenientandtechnicallysoundfortheprimarywindingofaCTtohaveoneturnonly.
InthesemostcommoncasestheCTissuppliedwithasecondarywindingonly,theprimarybeingthecableorbusbarofthe
mainconductorwhichispassedthroughtheCTapertureinthecaseofringCTs([Link])itshouldbenotedthat
thelowertheratedprimarycurrentthemoredifficultitis(andthemoreexpensiveitis)toachieveagivenaccuracy.
Consideringacoreofcertainfixeddimensionsandmagneticmaterialswithasecondarywindingofsay200turns(currentratio
200/1turnsratio1/200)andsayittakes2amperesofthe200Aprimarycurrenttomagnetizethecore,theerroristhereforeonly
1%approximately.Howeverconsideringa50/1CTwith50secondaryturnsonthesamecoreitstilltakes2amperestomagnetize
tocore.Theerroristhen4%approximately.Toobtaina1%accuracyonthe50/1ringCTamuchlargercoreand/orexpensive
corematerialisrequired
AccuracyClassofMeteringCT:
MeteringClassCT
Class

Applications

0.1To0.2

Precisionmeasurements

0.5

Highgradekilowatthourmetersforcommercialgradekilowatt
hourmeters

Generalindustrialmeasurements

3OR5

Approximatemeasurements

ProtectiveSystem

CTSecondary

VA

Class

Percurrentforphase
&earthfault

1A

2.5

10P20Or5P20

5A

7.5

10P20Or5P20

Unrestrictedearth
fault

1A

2.5

10P20Or5P20

5A

7.5

10P20Or5P20

Sensitiveearthfault

1Aor5A

ClassPXuserelaymanufacturers
formula

Distanceprotection

1Aor5A

ClassPXuserelaymanufacturers
formula

Differential
protection

1Aor5A

ClassPXuserelaymanufacturers
formula

Highimpedance
differential
impedance

1Aor5A

ClassPXuserelaymanufacturers
formula

Highspeedfeeder
protection

1Aor5A

ClassPXuserelaymanufacturers
formula

Motorprotection

1Aor5A

5P10

AccuracyClassofLetterofCT:
MeteringClassCT
AccuracyClass
B

Applications
MeteringPurpose
ProtectionClassCT

CThaslowleakageflux.

CTcanhavesignificantleakageflux.

CTaccuracyisapplicablewithintheentirerangeofsecondary
currentsfrom5to20timesthenominalCTrating.(Typically
woundCTs.)

CTaccuracyappliesatthemaximumratedsecondaryburden
[Link]
timesgreaterthanthelistedvalue,dependingonconnected
burdenandfaultcurrent.(Typicallywindow,busing,orbar
typeCTs.)

AccuracyClassofProtectionCT:
Class

Applications

10P5

Instantaneousovercurrentrelays&tripcoils:2.5VA

10P10

Thermalinversetimerelays:7.5VA

10P10

LowconsumptionRelay:2.5VA

10P10/5

[Link](IDMT)overcurrent

10P10

IDMTEarthfaultrelayswithapproximatetimegrading:15VA

5P10

IDMTEarthfaultrelayswithphasefaultstabilityoraccuratetime
grading:15VA

AccuracyClass:MeteringAccuracyasperIEEEC37.20.2b1994

Ratio

B0.1

B0.2

B0.5

B0.9

B1.8

RelayingAccuracy

50:5

1.2

2.4

CorT10

75:5

1.2

2.4

CorT10

100:5

1.2

2.4

CorT10

150:5

0.6

1.2

2.4

CorT20

200:5

0.6

1.2

2.4

CorT20

300:5

0.6

1.2

2.4

2.4

CorT20

400:5

0.3

0.6

1.2

1.2

2.4

CorT50

600:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

1.2

2.4

CorT50

800:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

1.2

CorT50

1200:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

C100

1500:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

C100

2000:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

C100

3000:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

C100

4000:5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

C100

,PSRUWDQWRIDFFXUDF\ SKDVHDQJOH
Currenterrorisanerrorthatariseswhenthecurrentvalueoftheactualtransformationratioisnotequaltoratedtransformation
ratio.
Currenterror(%)={(KnxIsIp)x100}/Ip
Kn=ratedtransformationratio,Ip=actualprimarycurrent,Is=actualsecondarycurrent
Example:Incaseofa2000/5Aclass15VAcurrenttransformer
Kn=2000/5=400turn,Ip=2000A,Is=4.9A
Currenterror=((400x4.92000)x100)/2000=2%
Forprotectionclasscurrenttransformer,theaccuracyclassisdesignedbythehighestpermissiblepercentagecompositeerrorat
theaccuracylimitprimarycurrentprescribedfortheaccuracyclassconcerned.
Accuracyclassincludes:5P,10P

%\SKDVHDQJOH
Phaseerroristhedifferenceinphasebetweenprimary&secondarycurrentvectors,thedirectionofthevectorstobezerofora
perfecttransformer.
Youwillexperienceapositivephasedisplacementwhensecondarycurrentvectorleadprimarycurrentvector.
Unitofscaleexpressedinminutes/centradians.
Circularmeasure=(unitinradian)istheratioofthedistancemeasuredalongthearctotheradius.
Angularmeasure=(unitindegree)isobtainedbydividingtheanglesubtendedatthecenterofacircleinto360degequal
divisionknownasdegrees.
Limitsofcurrenterrorandphasedisplacementformeasuringcurrenttransformer(Classes0.1To1)
Accuracy
Class

+/PercentageCurrent(Ratio)
Errorat%RatedCurrent

+/PhaseDisplacementat%RatedCurrent
Minutes

Centiradians

20

100

120

20

100

120

20

100

120

0.1

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1

15

0.45

0.24

0.15

0.15

0.2

0.75

0.35

0.2

0.2

30

15

10

10

0.9

0.45

0.3

0.3

0.5

1.5

0.75

0.5

0.5

90

45

30

30

2.7

1.35

0.9

0.9

1.0

1.5

180

90

60

60

5.4

2.7

1.8

1.8

limitsofcurrenterrorandphasedisplacementformeasuringcurrenttransformerForspecialapplication
Accuracy
Class

+/PercentageCurrent(Ratio)
Errorat%RatedCurrent

+/PhaseDisplacementat%RatedCurrent
Minutes

Centiradians

20

100

120

20

100

120

20

100

120

0.2S

0.75

0.35

0.2

0.2

0.2

30

15

10

10

10

0.9

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.5S

1.50

0.75

0.5

0.5

0.5

90

45

30

30

30

2.7

1.3

0.9

0.9

0.9

limitsofcurrenterrorformeasuringcurrenttransformers(classes3and5)
Accuracy
Class

+/PercentageCurrent(Ratio)
Errorat%RatedCurrent

50

120

&ODVV;&XUUHQW7UDQVIRUPHU
ClassXcurrenttransformerisuseinconjunctionwithhighimpedancecirculatingcurrentdifferentialprotectionrelay,eg
restrictedearthfaultrelay.AsillustratedinIEC600441,theclassXcurrenttransformerisneeded.
ThefollowingillustratesthemethodtosizeaclassXcurrenttransformer.
Step1:calculatingkneepointvoltageVkp
Vkp={2xIft(Rct+Rw)}/k
Vkp=requiredCTkneepointvoltage,Ift=maxtransformerthroughfaultinampere
Rct=CTsecondarywindingresistanceinohms,Rw=loopimpedanceofpilotwirebetweenCTandthe
K=CTtransformationratio
Step2:calculateTransformerthroughfaultIft
Ift=(KVAx1000)/(1.732xVxImpedance)
KVA=transformerratinginkVA,V=transformersecondaryvoltage,Impedance=transformerimpedance
Step3:HowtoobtainRct
TomeasurewhenCTisproduce
Step4:HowtoobtainRw
Thisistheresistanceofthepilotwireusedtoconnectthe5thclassXCTatthetransformerstarpointtotherelay
[Link]
generalguideoncableresistance.
Example:
TransformerCapacity:2500kVA
Transformerimpedance:6%
Voltagesystem:22kV/415V3phase4wire
Currenttransformerratio:4000/5A
Currenttransformertype:ClassXPR10
CurrenttransformerVkp:185V
CurrenttransformerRct:1.02(measured)
PilotwireresistanceRw:25metersusing6.0mmsqcable
=2x25x0.0032=0.16
Ift=(kVAx1000)/(1.732xVximpedance)=(2500x1000)/(1.732x415x0.06)=57,968(Say58,000A)
Vkp={2xIft(Rct+Rw)}/k={2x58000(1.02+0.16)}/800=171.1.

$FFXUDF\/LPLW)DFWRU
StandardAccuracyLimitFactors:5,10,15,20and30.
[Link],ifameasuringCTclassis0.5M(or
0.5B10),theaccuracyis99.5%fortheCT,andthemaximumpermissibleCTerrorisonly0.5%.
AccuracylimitFactorisdefinedasthemultipleofratedprimarycurrentuptowhichthetransformerwillcomplywiththe
[Link](asinCurrentError),buttakesaccountof
harmonicsinthesecondarycurrentcausedbynonlinearmagneticconditionsthroughthecycleathigherfluxdensities.
Theelectricalrequirementsofaprotectioncurrenttransformercanthereforebedefinedas:
SelectionofAccuracyClass&LimitFactor.
Class5Pand10Pprotectivecurrenttransformersaregenerallyusedinovercurrentandunrestrictedearthleakageprotection.
Withtheexceptionofsimpletriprelays,theprotectivedeviceusuallyhasanintentionaltimedelay,therebyensuringthatthe
[Link]
[Link],it
[Link],inmorediscriminatingschemes,itisnecessaryto
ensurethataphasetophasefaultdoesnotoperatetheearthfaultrelay.
CalculationoftheAccuracylimitfactor
Fa=FnX((Sin+Sn)/(Sin+Sa))
Fn=RatedAccuracyLimitFactor,Sin=InternalBurdenofCTsecondaryCoil
Sn=RatedBurdenofCT(inVA),Sa=ActualBurdenofCT(inVA)
Example:TheinternalsecondarycoilresistanceoftheCT(5P20)is0.07,thesecondaryburden(includingwiresandrelay)is
0.117andtheCTisrated300/5,5P20,[Link].
Fn=20(CTdata5P20),Sin=(5A)20.07=1.75VA,Sn=10VA(fromCTdata),
Sa=(5A)20.117=2.925VA
AccuracylimitfactorALF(Fa)=20X((1.75+10)/(1.75+2.925))=50.3

6HOHFWLRQRI&7
1)IndoorsorOutDoor:
[Link],ifthe
currenttransformerisgoingtobeenclosedinanoutdoorenclosure,[Link]
errorinjudgmentwhenselectingcurrenttransformers.
2)WhatdoWeneed:
[Link],ifyousimplywanttoknowifamotoris
lightlyoroverloaded,apanelmeterwith2to3%[Link]
beonly0.6to1.2%[Link],ifwearegoingtodriveaswitchboardtypeinstrumentwith1%accuracy,wewill
[Link]
currentflowingandperANSIstandardsmaybedoubled(0.3becomes0.6%)when10%[Link]
earlier,[Link](instrument)
[Link],the
burdenoftheleadsconnectingthesecondarytotheload,[Link]
[Link]
whatrelayaccuracytherelaywillrequire.
3)VoltageClass:
[Link]
transformermustbeasexplainedearlier.
4)PrimaryConductor:
Ifyouhaveselectedacurrenttransformerwithawindowyoumustknowthenumber,typeandsizeoftheprimaryconductor(s)
inordertoselectawindowsizewhichwillaccommodatetheprimaryconductors.
5)Application:
[Link]
evolvesandplaysagreaterroleinthegeneration,controlandapplicationofelectricalenergy,newdemandswillbeplacedupon
currenttransformermanufacturersanddesignerstoprovidenewproductstomeettheseneeds

6)Safety:
Forpersonnelandequipmentsafetyandmeasurementaccuracy,currentmeasurementsonconductorsathighvoltageshouldbe
[Link]
[Link]
[Link],inducedorbreakdowncurrentbetweenthehigh
voltageconductorandthegroundshieldwillsubstantiallypasstolocalgroundratherthanthroughthesignalcabletosignal
[Link]
willalsobemeasuredbytheCT.
7)CToutputsignaltermination:
[Link]
[Link]
in50ohms,itssensitivityishalfthatwhenterminatedinahighimpedanceload.

,QVWDOOLQJRI&7
Measurementsmusthavethesamepolaritytokeepthepowerfactoranddirectionofpowerflowmeasurementsaccurateand
consistent.
MostCTsarelabelledthatshowswhichsideoftheCTshouldfaceeitherthesourceortheload.

([Link]

PrimarySide:ThePrimaryofCTismarkedwithH1andH2(oronlymarkingdotononeside)
ThelabelH1ordotdefinesthedirectionasflowingcurrentintotheCT(H1orthedotshouldfacethePowersourceside).H2
sidetoloadfacingdirection
SecondarySide:TheSecondary(Theoutputwires)ofCTismarkedwithX1andX2.
X1correspondstoH1,[Link]
transformerindicatethatwhenaprimarycurrententersatthepolaritymark(H1)oftheprimary,acurrentinphasewiththe
primarycurrentandproportionaltoitinmagnitudewillleavethepolarityterminalofthesecondary(X1).
[Link]
timesthisisnotpossiblebecauseofcriticalloadssuchascomputers,laboratories,[Link]
shouldnotbeinstalledonliveuninsulatedbusbarsunderanyconditions.

0RGLILFDWLRQRI3ULPDU\ 6HFRQGDU\7XUQV5DWLR
Thenameplatecurrentratioofthecurrenttransformerisbasedontheconditionthattheprimaryconductorwillbepassedonce
[Link],thisratingcanbereducedinevenmultiplesbyloopingthisconductortwoor
moretimesthroughtheopening.
Atransformerhavingaratingof300ampereswillbechangedto75amperesiffourloopsorturnsaremadewiththeprimary
cable.
Theratioofthecurrenttransformercanbealsomodifiedbyalteringthenumberofsecondaryturnsbyforwardorbackwinding
thesecondaryleadthroughthewindowofthecurrenttransformer.
Byaddingsecondaryturns,thesameprimaryamperagewillresultinadecreaseinsecondaryoutput.
Bysubtractingsecondaryturns,thesameprimaryamperagewillresultingreatersecondaryoutput.Againusingthe300:5
example,addingtwosecondaryturnswillrequire310ampsontheprimarytomaintainthe5ampsecondaryoutputor62/1p=
310p/5s.
Subtractingtwosecondaryturnswillonlyrequire290ampsontheprimarytomaintainthe5ampsecondaryoutputor58s/5p=
290p/[Link]:
Toaddsecondaryturns,thewhiteleadshouldbewoundthroughtheCTfromthesideoppositethepolaritymark.
Tosubtractturns,thewhiteleadshouldbewoundthroughtheCTfromthesamesideasthepolaritymark.
1)ModificationsinPrimaryTurnsRatioofCT:
[Link],
thecurrentrequiredtomaintainfiveampsonthesecondaryisreduced.
Ka=KnX(Nn/Na)

Ka=ActualTurnsRation.
Kn=NamePlateT/CRatio.
Nn=NamePlateNumberofPrimaryTurns.
Na=ActualNumberofPrimaryTurns.
Exampl[Link]urrentTransformers.

([Link]
2)ModificationsinSecondaryTurnsRatioofCT:
Formula:Ip/Is=Ns/Np
Ip=PrimaryCurrent,Is=SecondaryCurrent,Np=NoofPrimaryTurns,Ns=NoofSecondaryTurns
Exampl[Link]urrentTransformer.
Theratioofthecurrenttransformercanbemodifiedbyalteringthenumberofsecondaryturnsbyforwardorbackwindingthe
secondaryleadthroughthewindowofthecurrenttransformer.
Byaddingsecondaryturns,[Link]
turns,thesameprimarycurrentwillresultingreatersecondaryoutput.
Againusingthe300:5exampleaddingfivesecondaryturnswillrequire325ampsontheprimarytomaintainthe5amp
secondaryoutputor:325p/5s=65s/1p
Deducting5secondaryturnswillonlyrequire275ampsontheprimarytomaintainthe5ampsecondaryoutputor:275p/5s=
55s/1p
Theaboveratiomodificationsareachievedinthefollowingmanner:

([Link]
CurrentTransformerRatioModification:
CTRatio

NumberofPrimary
Turns

ModifiedRatio

100:5A

50:5A

200:5A

100:5A

300:5A

150:5A

100:5A

33.3:5A

200:5A

66.6:5A

300:5A

100:5A

100:5A

25:5A

200:5A

50:5A

300:5A

75:5A

[Link]
[Link]
accuracyandburdenrating.
Youcanmakesmallerratiomodificationadjustmentsbyusingadditiveorsubtractivesecondaryturns.
Forexample,ifyouhaveaCTwitharatioof100:5A.Byaddingoneadditivesecondaryturntheratiomodificationis105:5A,by
addingonsubtractivesecondaryturntheratiomodificationis95:5A.
SubtractivesecondaryturnsareachievedbyplacingtheX1leadthroughthewindowfromtheH1sideandouttheH2side.
AdditivesecondaryturnsareachievedbyplacingtheX1leadthroughthewindowfromtheH2andouttheH1side.
So,[Link]
primaryturneachsecondaryturnvalueischanged(i.e.5Adividedby2primaryturns=2.5A).
Thefollowingtableillustratestheeffectsofdifferentcombinationofprimaryandsecondaryturns:
CTRATIO100:5A
PRIMARY
TURNS

SECONDARY
TURNS

RATIOADJUSTMENT

100:5A

1+

105:5A

95:5A

50:5A

1+

52.5:5A

45.0:5A

33.3:5A

1+

34.97:5A

31.63:5A

$GYDQWDJHVRIXVLQJD&7KDYLQJ$6HFRQGDU\
ThestandardCTsecondarycurrentratingsare1A&5A,TheselectionisbasedontheleadburdenusedforconnectingtheCTto
meters/Relays.5ACTcanbeusedwhereCurrentTransformer&protectivesdevicearelocatedwithinsameSwitchgearPanel.
1ACTispreferredifCTleadsgoesoutoftheSwitchgear.
ForExampleifCTislocatedinSwitchYard&CTleadshavetobetakentorelaypanelslocatedincontrolroomwhichcanbe
[Link],CTwithSecondarycurrentratingof0.5
Ampcanbeused.
InlargeGeneratorCircuits,whereprimaryratedcurrentisoftheorderoffewkiloamperesonly,5ACTsareused,1ACTsare
notpreferredsincetheturnsrationsbecomesveryhigh&CTbecomesunwieldy.

'DQJHUZLWK&XUUHQW7UDQVIRUPHU
WhenaCTsecondarycircuitisclosed,currentflowsthroughit,whichisanexactproportionoftheprimarycurrent,regardless
oftheresistanceoftheburden.IntheCThavearatioof1OOO/5Aandtohave1OOOAflowingintheprimaryiscarryingexactly
5A.

([Link]
IfthesecondaryterminalsS1andS2areshortcircuited,thereisnovoltagebetweenthem.
Ifnowtheshortcircuitbereplacedbyaresistanceof,say,0.5ohmthesame5Awillflowthrough,causingavoltdropof2.5V
andaburdenof5x2.5=12.5VA.Iftheresistancewereincreasedto5ohmstheterminalvoltagewith5Aflowingwouldriseto
25Vandtheburdento125VA.
Thegreatertheresistance,thegreaterwouldbethevoltageandburdenuntil,asitapproachedinfinity(theopencircuit
condition),soalsointheorywouldthevoltage(andburden)[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
secondariesareneverfused.
[Link]
highvoltageacrossthesecondarywindingcouldalsocauseinsulationfailureinthatwinding,leadingatbesttoinaccuracyand
atworsttoburnoutorfire.
BeforeeveraninstrumentorrelayisremovedfromthesecondaryloopofarunningCT(ifsuchathinghadtobedone),thewires
feedingthatinstrumentmustfirstbesecurelyshortcircuitedatasuitableterminalboxor,better,[Link],ifa
runningCTisevertobetakenoutofcircuit,itmustfirstbefirmlyshorted.CTswith1Asecondarysaremoredangerousthan
thosewith5A,astheinducedvoltagesarehigher.
Ammeterresistanceisverylow,thecurrenttransformernormallyworksshortcircuited.
Ifforanyreasontheammeteristakenoutofsecondarywindingthenthesecondarywindingmustbeshortcircuitedwiththe
helpofshortcircuitswitch.
Ifthisisnotdone,[Link]
heatandhighvoltageacrossthesecondaryterminals
Hencethesecondaryofcurrenttransformerisneverleftopen

6L]LQJRI&7IRU%XLOGLQJ
Newconstruction:sizetheCTtohandleabout80%ofthecircuitbreakercapacity.Ifthebuildingisservedbya2000amp
breaker,use1600amp(2000x0.8)CTs.
Olderbuildings:[Link]
20to30%tothepeakdemandandsizetheCTsforthisload.Ifthepeakdemandwas500kW,thepeakcurrentona480/3/60
systemwouldbe500,000/(480x1.73x0.9pf)=669amps.Thisassumesa0.9powerfactor.(Peakcurrentwouldbehigherwitha
lowerpowerFactor.)UseCTsabout20%larger.800:5CTswouldbeagoodselection.
Forolderbuildingswithnodemandhistory,[Link],usemultitapCTs

sothattheratiocanbereducedifthemaximumloadismuchlessthan80%ofthebreakersize.
CTsthatareusedtomonitormotorloadscanbesizedfromthenameplatefullloadmotoramps.

([Link]
([Link]
([Link]
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[Link]
[Link](PowerSystemControl),B.E(Electrical)fromGujaratUniversity.Hehasmorethan13years
experienceinPowerTransmissionPowerDistributionElectricalenergytheftdetectionElectricalMaintenanceElectrical
Projects(PlanningDesigningcoordinationExecution).HeisPresentlyassociatewithoneoftheleadingbusinessgroupasaDeputy
ManageratAhmedabad,[Link]
EngineeringasperIS,NEC,IEC,[Link]
TechnicalBloggerandFamiliarwithEnglish,Hindi,Gujarati,[Link]&knowledgeand
helptechnicalenthusiaststofindsuitablesolutionsandupdatingthemselvesonvariousEngineeringTopics.

5HVSRQVHVWR&XUUHQW7UDQVIRUPHU
biassays:
June16,2011at5:08pm
greatandexcellenttopic
Reply
RajeshSBVsays:
June19,2011at3:45pm
[Link].
Regards
SBVRajesh.
Reply
Manishsays:
July18,2011at3:43am
VeryveryinformativeandcomprehensivenoteonCTs
Manymanythanksforthis..
DopostmoreofthismaybeonPTs
Regards
Manish
Reply
sanjeevKumarsays:
May3,2015at7:17pm

dearsir,

dearsir,
ihaveaquestion,howicandecidetheCTratioinRingMainUnit(HTPanel)forprotectionof630KVATransformerand
whatarefactorsonbasesCTRatiocanbecalculated.
javadahamedsays:
July29,2011at11:05am
veryeasyunderstanding,usefulandinformative
thanksforyourtechnicalsharing
javadahamed
Reply
RandolphEssandohsays:
October26,2011at3:01pm
Couldyoupleasesendmemoreinformationaboutadvantagesanddisadvantagesof1ACTsover5ACTsandrelativecosts.
Thanks
Reply
Niveditasays:
October29,2011at10:45am
Thisisusefulaswellasinformative.WhatIamlookingforisisitpossibletoconvert5ampto1000or4000ampthrough
[Link]@[Link].
Reply
SarathChandraSaisays:
October30,2011at6:44pm
[Link].
Reply
Yoganandsays:
November23,2011at9:26am
HowtocalculatephaseangleerrorforCTSpecificationare1:500Turnsratio,5Ainputcurrent,50ohmspurelyresistiveburden
[Link].
Reply
RobinMathewAssistantEngineerKeralaStateElectrictyBoardPathanamthittaRelaySubdivisionsays:
December3,2011at5:37pm
whilewiringCTsoftransformerpanelformeteringcircuitwhereshouldtheCTwirebestarred..iefacingthebusortransformer
side?Tellmeforbothimportandexport..mailmeinrrobinmathew@[Link]
Reply
RobinMathewAssistantEngineerKeralaStateElectrictyBoardPathanamthittaRelaySubdivisionsays:
December3,2011at5:45pm
HowtocalculatethefaultMVAin66kV&11kVsideoftwo66/11kV,10MVAtransformerswith%Z=10.068eachforsettingREF
relayatboth66kV&11kVsides.LetfaultMVAat66kVfeederbe1500MVA?
Reply
MilindIngale,[Link]:
January26,2012at3:33pm
[Link].
Reply
ATULsays:
January31,2012at3:09pm
howtofindoutkneevalueofctratio2500/5VA15,CLASS=PXRCT(75C)=.45OHMSVK=105V
Reply
kishoresays:
February6,2012at6:23am
howcanwecalculatectratings?itsanyformula?
Reply
KRISHNAPPANsays:
February12,2012at6:17pm
[Link].
Ifiinject100AcurrentthroughP1ofCTprimary,WhatistheangleicanexpectinP2sideofprimary.Itwillcomesame0degree
or180shift.(notinsecondary)pleasewritemekrishnappan2000@[Link]
Whatistheadvantagesofwemetionep1andp2
Reply
pradipsays:
March1,2012at8:13am
veryverygoodonedear

veryverygoodonedear
GBY
Reply
Zulfiqarsays:
March20,2012at4:43am
Couldyoupleasesendmemoreinformationaboutadvantagesanddisadvantagesof1ACTsover5ACTsandrelativecosts.
Thanks
Reply
Charliemuneysays:
March20,2012at11:45am
[Link]
Reply
Mahendrasays:
March30,2012at12:40pm
VeryGood.
CouldyousendmeinformationabouthowtocalculatecoresID,OD,Heights.
Reply
ArunKumarSinghsays:
May7,2012at6:37am
PleasetellthatjustbymeasuringthewindingresistanceoftheSecoundaryofaCTisitpossibletotellweatheritisPSor5P20
[Link]?
Thanks
Reply
gordonsays:
May7,2012at8:10pm
DoyouhaveanyinfoofZenoxandtieinresistorsinLTC?
Reply
nikhilsays:
August7,2012at4:35pm
ifratioangleerrorismore,whatwillhappen
Reply
Hanhsays:
September27,2012at6:48pm
canyoutellmepls:
Witha300/5CTratio,howmuchisthesecondarycurrentifweinject180AintoprimarywindingsWhatistheratioofa1A
currenttransformerifthereis450ampsareflowingintheprimarywinding?
Reply
[Link]:
September28,2012at4:55pm
NotgettingPoint!!!
NormallyCTRatiois300/5=60ifyourinjectcurrentis180AthanyourcurrentinCTprimarysideis180/(300/5)=3A
Reply
alisays:
October22,2012at1:36pm
whathappensif600Aisappliedto300/5Act
Abhijeetsays:
November23,2012at10:27am
[Link].
Reply
ashishsays:
January13,2013at1:36pm
iwantlearnalltypeofcurrenttransformer(b.p.l/cbct).ifsomecoachingavailableplstell.
Reply
RaviKumarsays:
February1,2013at5:33pm
sircanutellmemoreaboutyardCTandohmCT.
Reply
rajeshsays:
February21,2013at7:59pm

RespectedSir,HowtoTestBURDENofCT(Ratio60/5,VA10,Cl1).
RajeshKumar
Reply
Abhijitsays:
May12,2013at6:20am
[Link]
Suchagoodinformation,thanksforsharingtheknowledge.
Regards
Abhijit
Reply
Manikandansays:
May24,2013at9:40am
[Link],
Pleasehelpme,howtoreducePhaseangleerrorincurrenttransformer..andpleasetelmetheformulaforcalculatingphase
angleerrorincurrenttransformer..
Reply
manoharsays:
June18,2013at10:52am
whymultipletapsrequiredonprimaryofCT,like220kV,20001000/111A?whtisthereasonbehindthis?
Reply
[Link]:
June23,2013at1:57pm
siriwantworkedexamplesofmeteringcorecurrenttransformer
Reply
HandieRikiesays:
June30,2013at6:41pm
DearSir,thankyouforthegoodInformation.
ihavesomeProblem.
iusetheCT200:5andmykwhmeteris5A,butigetDifferencesoccurmeasurementresultswiththeresultsofcalculationsabout
30%,maybeyoucanhelpmeprovideinformation
Reply
Srinisays:
July6,2013at11:40am
ThanksalotSir.
Reply
Isurusays:
July15,2013at3:56pm
[Link]!andthanks!
Reply
[Link]:
July23,2013at5:58am
whatshouldbekneepointvoltageofprimarycurrenttransformerastheabovecalculationissecondrycurrenttransformer.
Reply
trajasekarsays:
July30,2013at3:51pm
sirwhyweshorttheCtseconaryterminals
Reply
PatelVasantsays:
August30,2013at11:00am
Hellosir
Itsissuchausefullarticle
Butsir,canuplztellme,exactlywhatisInsrumentSecurityFactor???
Indetails
Andhowtoitisusedindesigncalculationsofcurrenttransformer???
Reply
johnsays:
September4,2013at5:38pm
hisircanyoupleasetellmeifyoucanconnectakw/hmeterandaammeteronthesamectandifyoucanhowmuchmusttheva

hisircanyoupleasetellmeifyoucanconnectakw/hmeterandaammeteronthesamectandifyoucanhowmuchmusttheva
be
Reply
parthsays:
September5,2013at6:37am
[Link]
[Link]
Reply
parthsays:
September5,2013at6:40am
[Link]
protectionfromasinglelinediagram???
Reply
[Link]:
September9,2013at10:34am
[Link],
ThanxforaveryusefulinformationaboutCTs
[Link],IBTPLtd,Tuticorin,T.N
Reply
Thomassays:
September17,2013at1:03am
Jignesh,
InformationKnown:
300MVATransmissionLine
CTRatio2000/5
Voltage138kV
WhatCTratiowouldIpickformyprotectiverelays?
Thanks,
Reply
maxsays:
September19,2013at8:01am
thanksforthevalidinfo
Reply
Balajisays:
September21,2013at5:25pm
Hi,
Canyoutellmeimportantsofstarpointsofsecondaryanditsearthing.
Andpleasetellwhyweshort/earthsometimeS1orsometimeS2ofallphase
Reply
PNVSURESHsays:
October12,2013at11:31am
goodinformationprovidedforme
Reply
nishachodankarsays:
November6,2013at3:44pm
verygood
Reply
[Link]:
November20,2013at9:05pm
thanxfortheusefullinformation
Reply
mehulkumarsays:
December26,2013at7:37am
SIR,
[Link]
Reply
anuragsays:

January1,2014at4:52am
Hellosir,[Link].
Reply
ekosays:
January21,2014at5:12am
thanksforinformation.
whatisdifferencebetweenmulticoreandmultiratio?
Reply
SunilBhargavasays:
April8,2014at5:17pm
veryvaluablepreliminaryinformation
.
Reply
Priteshsays:
June8,2014at4:18am
Nicearticalitcovermostoftopicsregardingct
Reply
kannansays:
July22,2014at2:56pm
howcanasameratioCTshavedifferentvalueofresistance
Reply
VishnuGandhisays:
August1,2014at3:29pm
[Link],[Link]
connectedtosecondaryofprotectionCT.
Reply
adityaregundwarsays:
August4,2014at5:47am
[Link]..
Reply
PrashantVanavalesays:
August4,2014at9:08am
howtocalculateI.S.F.?
Reply
huysays:
August7,2014at2:25am
cantellmeaboutaccuracyclass1.0and3.
Reply
DhavalTamakuwalasays:
October9,2014at6:41am
ReallyusefulArticleThanks
IwanttoknowmoreaboutCurrenttransformeratmeteringside.(CTusedinsidepanelmeters).whataremajordifference
betweenexternalCT&meteringCT?Designconsiderations?etc.
CurrentTransformerhasprimary1turnandsecondarysidemultipleturns.
WhatwillhappenifvoltageisappliedonsecondarysideoftheCT,[Link]
primary?anyformula?example?
Onceagainthanksfortopic
Reply
Jimsays:
October13,2014at10:46pm
CanCThavedualaccuracy?Ihavea138kVcircuitbreakerwithabushingCTclassC800&0.3B1.8
Reply
kwamekulafesays:
November17,2014at2:36pm
pleasehelpmefindtheshortcircuitcurrentfor11KVand33KVcurrenttransformer
Reply
VishnuGandhisays:

November27,2014at10:34pm
[Link].
1.CanIuse50:5CTinplaceof10:1CTforcorebalance?Whatiskeydifferencebetweentwo?2.Inourall4kVpanelswehave
[Link]?AnyroughIdea.
Reply
dsnegisays:
November29,2014at10:52pm
howcurrentdirectionisdefinedinCT
Reply
rushabhsays:
January5,2015at2:27pm
verygoodsir,
thanksalot.
Reply
chandrakumarmangalsays:
January15,2015at1:15pm
yourctleactureisgoodformaintenanceengg&purchasetkssir
Reply
Boopathisays:
January18,2015at7:28am
[Link].
Reply
[Link]:
January22,2015at7:13am
Ifitispossibletoconnect2CTsparallel(S1intoS1)andthentothepoweranalyzer,tomeasureasharedloadoftwosidesofa
commonbusbarset?,
Reply
CALIXTUSTOCHIsays:
February5,2015at11:54am
thankyouverymuchsir
Reply
yuvarajansays:
February28,2015at10:47am
howtofindminimumcurrentenergisedintheCT.
Reply
[Link]:
March3,2015at7:12am
DearParmar:weareindebtedtoyoufortheinformationyouhavecollectedandmadeavailabletous
Reply
[Link]:
April28,2015at12:50pm
DearSir,
PleasetellmethereisoneonecustomerisrequiredPFtestterminalincaseofCT,[Link]
applicableinoilcooledCTs?
Reply
sowmyasays:
April29,2015at7:19pm
DearSir,kindlyclarifyinsimplelaymanterms.
CurrentthroughCTmeterviaTransformerfromthemainlines.
Ihaveacurrenttransformerwith1mainmeteroutsidethebuildingandacontrolpanelhaving5CTmeterswithblackround
[Link],A)whencurrentpassthroughtheTransformers,willthecurrentbereducedorbethe
sameandafterthatB)whencurrentpassthroughtheCTmeterswithblackroundcoils,willthecurrentbereducedorbethe
same.C)intheaboveprocesswillthereadingofthemainmeterbesameordifferent,fromthetotalreadingofallthe5CT
meters.
Reply
sowmyasays:
April30,2015at7:52am
Dearsir,kindlyclarifyissimplelaymanwords,

Dearsir,kindlyclarifyissimplelaymanwords,
CurrentthroughCTmeterviaTransformerfromthemainlines.
Ihaveacurrenttransformerwith1mainmeteroutsidethebuildingandacontrolpanelhaving5CTmeterswithblackround
[Link],A)whencurrentpassthroughtheTransformers,willthecurrentbereducedorbethe
sameandafterthatB)whencurrentpassthroughtheCTmeterswithblackroundcoils,willthecurrentbereducedorbethe
same.C)intheaboveprocesswillthereadingofthemainmeterbesameordifferent,fromthetotalreadingofallthe5CT
meters.
Reply
elektmsays:
May20,2015at1:07pm
Pleasehelp,Ineedtoinstall100ACTKWHmeter,sowhichsizeoftheCTineedtouse?
Reply
ravisankarsays:
July11,2015at5:55am
[Link]
connectionohhighratingwindowtypeCT
Reply
jigyeshsharmasays:
July22,2015at1:21am
HowtodecidetheshortingneutralpointinCTsecondariesfordifferentialprotection?
Reply
rangasays:
July24,2015at7:38am
vvvvvvgood
Reply
Atifsays:
July28,2015at7:49pm
SircanyouprovidesuchausefulandcomprehensiveinformationaboutPT?Icouldtfoundsucharticleinthiswebsite.
Reply
shraddharasalsays:
July31,2015at3:42am
DearSir,
[Link].
Reply
Manikandansays:
August18,2015at6:51am
[Link],
Pleasehelpme,howtoreducePhaseangleerrorincurrenttransformer..andpleasetelmetheformulaforcalculatingphase
angleerrorincurrenttransformer..
Reply

[Link].
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